Optical Fiber Technology 80 (2023) 103405

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Optical Fiber Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yofte

Adaptive bias layered optical OFDM based on precoding for IM/DD systems
Jia Lu a, b, c, Nan Jia a, b, c, Jie Ma a, b, c, *, Jianfei Liu a, b, c, Yaqi Hu a, b, c, Yang Wang a, b, c
a
School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
b
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials & Devices, Tianjin 300401, China
c
Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology and Equipment, Tianjin 300401, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: An adaptive bias layered optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (ABLO-OFDM) scheme based on
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing real-valued precoding is proposed in the intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) system. In ABLO-
Intensity modulation and direct detection OFDM scheme, multilayer subcarriers are used to transmit data, which can achieve high spectral efficiency
Adaptive bias
(SE) and reduce the peak average power ratio (PAPR). Compared with layered asymmetrically clipped O-OFDM
Real-valued precoding
(LACO-OFDM) scheme, only one inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) block is needed in ABLO-OFDM. At the
same time, the signal can be demodulated directly using the standard OFDM receiver. In addition, to resist the
selective fading effect of the system, low-complexity real-valued precoding, namely discrete cosine transform
(DCT) and discrete Hartley transform (DHT), are used to effectively balance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
between subcarriers and further reduce the PAPR. The result shows that the PAPR of the ABLO-OFDM system is
reduced by 2.7 dB after adaptive bias layering, and the PAPR is further reduced by 2.4 dB at most after pre­
coding. For the layered ABLO-OFDM system with DCT precoding, as the number of subcarrier layers decreases
from L = 8 to L = 1, the required receiver optical power (ROP) is reduced by 6 dB. It proves that the ABLO-OFDM
system with DCT precoding can achieve higher SE and effectively improve receiver sensitivity.

1. Introduction overall transmission performance [10]. Therefore, researchers have

studied several optical OFDM (O-OFDM) schemes that can generate non-
With the increasing demand for high quality communication, optical negative signals. The first scheme is direct-current-biased O-OFDM
fiber communication technology has developed rapidly. But restricted (DCO-OFDM) [11] scheme. Compared with conventional schemes, this
by current conditions, it is still unable to meet the continuous growth of scheme adds direct-current bias, so the power efficiency is lower.
bandwidth demand. In this case, it is essential to use a modulation Another common scheme is asymmetrically clipped O-OFDM (ACO-
format with higher SE [1]. Domestic and foreign researchers have OFDM) [12], which uses a quarter of the subcarriers to transmit the
studied different modulation formats, as follows: pulse amplitude effective information, so the SE of the system is relatively low. On this
modulation (PAM) [2], quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) [3], basis, some O-OFDM schemes are studied to balance power efficiency
carrierless amplitude/phase modulation (CAP) [4], OFDM [5]and so on. and SE. In another scheme called the hybrid adaptive bias optical OFDM
OFDM has relatively high SE, bandwidth can be flexibly allocated ac­ (HABO-OFDM) scheme [13], some subcarriers transmit QAM signals
cording to demand, strong inter symbol interference (ISI) resistance and and some subcarriers transmit PAM signals. Although the complexity of
robustness to chromatic dispersion [6–8]. Compared with the coherent the system is low, some subcarriers are still not used [14] also proposed
optical communication system, IM/DD based optical fiber transmission another superimposed O-OFDM scheme, namely ABLO-OFDM. In this
system has simple architecture, easy integration, low energy consump­ scheme, subcarriers are divided into different layers for data trans­
tion. It is commonly used in high-speed and long-distance optical mission in order to improve SE. In addition, a new superposition
communication systems. It is also considered to be one of the most structure can be obtained by using a well-designed bias. Using this bias,
suitable solutions in the future optical access network [9]. the signal obtained is a real-valued signal, and the multilayer signal can
The signals transmitted by OFDM are generally bipolar, but non- be immediately superimposed. The superimposed signal requires only
negative signals can achieve higher power efficiency and improve the one IFFT operation, which greatly reduces the complexity compared

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Ma).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103405
Received 29 March 2023; Received in revised form 22 May 2023; Accepted 16 June 2023
Available online 20 June 2023
1068-5200/© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
J. Lu et al. Optical Fiber Technology 80 (2023) 103405

with LACO-OFDM. In addition, the well-designed bias is selected frequency domain signal after superposition is represented as {Pz}. The
adaptively according to the amplitude of the transmitted signal. It can original signal is layered according to the layering principle in Table 1.
generate unipolar signal without affecting the transmitted symbol. The The number of transmission layer L is required L ≤ log2M. In Table 1, L
generated non-negative signal can reduce the PAPR and improve the = 3 is taken as an example. The positions of effective subcarriers
system performance. In addition, the ABLO-OFDM signal is easy to transmitted at each layer are shown in Table 2. Then, the layered sub­
demodulate, and its complexity and delay are significantly lower than carriers are superimposed, which can be directly superimposed without
the conventional scheme. interference between different layers. The time-domain signal after
In IM/DD-OFDM system, the SNR is reduced due to bandwidth superimposed can be represented as pi. The superposed principle can be
limitation and channel fading, resulting in signal attenuation and the expressed as:
deterioration of the received signal. Precoding technology can effec­ ⎧
tively balance SNR and alleviate the bit error rate (BER) deterioration ⎪
⎪
⎪ ′
⎪ Sj′ +M 1− 2− l+1 ,
⎪ z = 2l− 1 (2j + 1),
caused by bandwidth limitation. Relevant researchers have proposed ⎪
⎪
⎨ 2( )
different precoding methods to equalize the SNR in the channel [15]. Pz = Sj*′ +M 1− 2− l+1 , z = N − 2l− 1 (2j + 1),
′
(4)
⎪ 2( )
Common precoding matrices mainly include discrete Fourier transform ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
(DFT) [16], constant amplitude zero autocorrelation sequence (CAZAC) ⎪
⎪
⎩ 0, z = 2L v
[17], orthogonal cyclic transformation matrix (OCT) [18], DCT [19],
DHT [20], etc. Precoding technology can not only balance the SNR of
Where j = 0, 1, …, M/2l+1-1 and v = 0, 1, …, M/2L-1.
′

OFDM subcarriers, improve the anti-noise capability of high-frequency

According to Eq. (4), the original subcarriers are layered to obtain
subcarriers, but also reduce PAPR in different degrees. Compared with
the superposed signal ABLO-OFDM. Similar to the traditional DCO-
complex-valued precoding, real-valued precoding has lower complexity.
OFDM, the proposed ABLO-OFDM requires only one IFFT module to
Therefore, an adaptive bias layered O-OFDM (ABLO-OFDM) scheme
generate superposed signals, which is simple in structure and reduces
based on real-valued precoding is proposed in this paper. The PAPR
the complexity of the system. So, Fig. 1(a) shows the schematic diagram
performance, BER performance and transmission rate of the system
of the transmitter.
under different layers are studied. This ABLO-OFDM scheme signifi­
To ensure the non-negative of the superposed signal pn, adaptive bias
cantly reduces the PAPR. Besides, real-valued precoding DCT and DHT
is added to the superposed signal. The well-designed adaptive bias is set
are added to balance the SNR of the subcarriers, improve the anti-noise
as shown in Eq. (5):
capability of the subcarrier, and further improve system performance.
{ }
ri = max − pi+qM/2L , i = 0, 1, …, M/2L − 1 (5)
2. Principle 0⩽q⩽2L − 1

Finally, the well-designed bias is added to the signal after super­

2.1. Precoding technology position, and the obtained signals are all non-negative. The whole ABLO-
OFDM signal is expressed as:
In contrast to complex-valued precoding, real-valued precoding is
based on a digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) operating in RF module pABL
i = pi + ri , i = 0, 1, …, M − 1. (6)
and does not require additional digital or analog signal processing.
The schematic diagram of the receiver is shown in Fig. 1(b). In the
Moreover, the real-valued precoding has low complexity and easy to
receiver, PD is first used to convert the transmitted optical signal into
implement. Real-valued precoding can not only balance the SNR of the
electrical signal, and then the training sequence (TS) is used for timing
subcarriers, improve the anti-noise ability of the subcarriers, but also
synchronization so that the signal can be successfully demodulated.
reduce the PAPR. Therefore, two kinds of real precoding, DCT and DHT,
Then a series of digital signal processing is performed, including series
are added in this paper.
parallel (S/P) transformation, cyclic prefix (CP) removal, FFT operation.
The principle of precoding is: before IFFT, multiply the precoding
After FFT, a simple inverse transformation is carried out according to the
matrix with the signal to redistribute the signal energy, after the receiver
layering at the transmitter to recover the signal before stratification.
FFT, multiply the inverse precoding matrix with the signal to be
After the signal recovery, a part of the output is the effective subcarrier
demodulated to restore the signal. The precoding scheme does not need
signal and a part of the output is 0. The number of effective subcarriers is
to consider the channel information, and does not need to add additional
determined by the number of layers L in the system. The more layers
redundant information, greatly reducing system complexity.
transmitted at the transmitter, the more effective signals will be output
The precoding matrix is expressed as:
at the receiver. After restoring the layering, timing synchronization is
⎡ ⎤
c ⋯ c1N required to demodulate the signal accurately. In the system, TS based
1 ⎣ 11
C = √̅̅̅̅ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎦ (1) cross-correlation is adopted to achieve timing synchronization. After
N c ⋯ c
N1 NN using TS to estimate the channel accurately, we also need to equalize the
signal in frequency domain. It uses the intra-symbol frequency-domain
where, N is the number of data subcarriers, and the precoding matrix is averaging (ISFA) method to reduce the noise interference. Finally, the
set as an N × N matrix. For real-valued precoding DCT and DHT matrix, original signal was obtained by pre-decoding and QAM de-mapping.
it can be constructed by the following formula: In the ABLO-OFDM scheme, the adaptive bias can reduce the PAPR
{ and improve the system performance. When the subcarrier phases in
1, m = 1
pDCT
m,n =
√̅̅̅ (2) OFDM symbols are similar, the power of each modulated symbol is
2 cos(π(2n − 1)(m − 1)/2M ), m ∕
=1
superimposed, which makes the instantaneous power larger and leads to
2πmn 2πmn higher PAPR. Generally, clipping operation is usually used to reduce
pDHT
m,n = cos( ) + sin( ) (3) PAPR, but this process leads to SNR penalty. In the ABLO-OFDM scheme,
M M
the bias is adaptively selected according to the amplitude of the signal
and it is periodic. Adding adaptive bias can break the phase congruency
2.2. ABLO-OFDM
between subcarriers and avoid the instantaneous power increase caused
by the similar phase of subcarriers, so it can effectively reduce PAPR.
A new superposed method is proposed in ABLO-OFDM, the fre­
Wherein, PAPR of ABLO-OFDM signal obtained by Eq. (7):
quency domain signal of the original signal is represented as {Sm}, where
m = 0,1… M− 1, the number of transmitted subcarriers is M, and the

2
J. Lu et al. Optical Fiber Technology 80 (2023) 103405

Table 2

S*0

S*0
Subcarrier index after stratification.

0
Layer Number of Subcarriers Subcarrier Index

S*M

S*M
4

4
1 M/2 {1, 3, 5, …, M− 1}

0
2 M/4 {2, 6, 10, …, M− 2}
3 M/8 {4, 12, 20, …, M− 4}

S*1

S*1
0

0
… … …
log2M 1 {M/2}

S*3M

S*3M
8

8
0

0 max|y(m) |2
PAPR = (7)
S*2

S*2
0

0
E|y(m) |2
Among them, max|y(m)| 2 is the maximum power ratio of the ABLO-
+1

+1
OFDM signal, E[.] is to express the expectations of the signal [21].
S*M

S*M
4

4
0

3. System simulation and numerical analysis

S*3

S*3
0

3.1. System simulation

0

Table 3 shows the system parameters, the length of IFFT is 512, and
…

the modulation format is 16QAM. The number of the effective data

subcarriers is selected according to the layering rule. Fig. 2 shows the
system simulation diagram of the ABLO-OFDM system based on real-
− 1

− 1

valued precoding. First, at the transmitter, a pseudo-random binary

S*3M

S*3M
8

sequence (PRBS) is generated and modulated into QAM, and then the
0

real-valued precoding matrix is multiplied with the mapped signal.

Then, the signals with precoding are layered using the stratification
− 1

− 1

rules. The total subcarriers length after stratification is still 512, but the
S*M

S*M
4

4
0

number of effective data subcarriers is related to the number of layers in

the stratification. The stratified signal obeys the Hermitian symmetry.
0

Then IFFT is used to convert the QAM signal of complex-valued into real-
valued signal for transmission in the IM/DD system. After IFFT, adaptive
− 1

− 1

bias is added to ensure the non-negative signal, a 16-length CP is

SM

SM
4

inserted before signal transmission to reduce ISI. Finally, a TS is inserted

0

in front of the entire transmission frame, which can be synchronized in

− 1

− 1

the receiver and can be used to estimate channel.

The generated ABLO-OFDM signal with real-valued precoding is
S3M

S3M
8

8
0

loaded into the arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). To generate an

optical signal, the output electrical signal in the AWG drives the Mach-
…

Zehnder modulator (MZM). Continuous wave (CW) laser with wave­

length of 1550 nm is used to provide light source for the modulator. The
0

optical signal passes through a standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). An

optical amplifier (OA) is used to control the transmitted optical power in
S3

S3

the fiber and a variable optical attenuator (VOA) controls the received
0

optical power. Photodiode (PD) is used to convert optical signals into

electrical signals. Then, the electrical signal is sampled at the digital
+1

+1

storage oscilloscope (DSO). Finally, a series of signal demodulation

SM

SM
4

4
0

processes are carried out. The demodulation process mainly includes:

synchronous processing of the received signal, channel estimation,
S2

S2
0

removal of CP, FFT, recovery layering, channel equalization, pre-

decoding, QAM de-mapping, parallel-serial (P/S) conversion and BER
S3M

S3M
ABLO-OFDM stratification principle when L = 3.

analysis.
8

8
0

0
S1

S1

3.2. Analysis of results

0

0
SM

SM

Fig. 3 illustrates complementary cumulative distribution function

4

4
0

(CCDF) and PAPR in ABLO-OFDM signal on DCT precoding, DHT pre­

coding and without precoding. The number of ABLO-OFDM symbol is
S0

S0
0

set to 104. In Fig. 3, the PAPR of ABLO-OFDM decreases significantly

with the increase of the number of layers. When L = 1, the value of PAPR
0

without precoding is 17.2 dB; when L = 2, the value of PAPR is 14.5 dB,
and the value of PAPR is reduced by about 2.7 dB. This indicates that
2nd Layer

3rd Layer
1st Layer

ABLO-OFDM has better performance in suppressing nonlinear distor­

1
z=0
Table 1

{Pz }M−

tion, significantly reducing the PAPR and improving the transmission

performance. Moreover, in the same number of layers, adding precoding

3
J. Lu et al. Optical Fiber Technology 80 (2023) 103405

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the transmitter and receiver.

SNR after precoding is about 12 dB; the overall SNR of the system de­
Table 3
creases by 3 dB. With the increase of the number of layers, the number of
System parameters.
effective data subcarriers transmitted increases, the average SNR of the
Parameters Corresponding Values system decreases, the BER performance decreases.
Modulation format 16-QAM To study the influence of precoding on ABLO-OFDM system, ROP
Modulation order 4 and BER performance diagrams with or without precoding are compared
IFFT/FFT 512 in the three layers of L = 1, L = 2, and L = 3, where the length of fiber is
CP 16
Number of TS 1
50 km. Fig. 5(a) shows that when L = 1, compared with ABLO-OFDM
Number of OFDM per frame 500 signal without precoding, the BER after precoding is reduced by about
Maximum Sample Rate 15 GHz one order of magnitude, and the required ROP when ABLO-OFDM signal
The length of SSMF 50 km without precoding reaches the soft decision forward error correction
Maximum effective 255
(SD-FEC; i.e., 2.4 × 10-2) is − 14 dBm. After adding precoding DCT and
subcarriers
Maximum Transmission 15 × 4 × [500/(500 + 1)] × [255/(512 + 16)] = 28.9 DHT, when the BER reaches SD-FEC, the required ROP is − 17.8 dBm and
rate Gbit/s − 17 dBm respectively, and the ROP is reduced by about 3.8 dB and 3 dB.
Maximum Bandwidth 15 × 255/512 = 7.47 GHz It can be seen that the performance of DCT precoding is better than DHT
SE 28.9/7.47 = 3.87 bit/s/Hz precoding, and the BER performance of the system is improved after
precoding. Similarly, when L = 2, the BER performance is also improved
after precoding in Fig. 5(b). This is because the precoding can equalize
the non-uniform SNR, so that the SNR of all subcarriers is within a small
fluctuation range. The precoding can improve the anti-noise capability
of the subcarriers and improve the BER performance. When L = 3, the
number of data subcarriers transmitted increases, the overall SNR of the
system decreases. In Fig. 5(c), even if precoding is added to balance the
SNR between different subcarriers, it still cannot be demodulated well,
and the effect of precoding cannot be well reflected.
Since DCT precoding performs better than DHT among the two
precoding methods, Fig. 6 shows the ROP and BER performance curves
of ABLO-OFDM system based on DCT precoding. The results show that
as the number of layers decreases, the number of transmitted data
subcarriers decreases and the system performs better. It can be seen that
the BER is minimized when L = 1. As can be seen from the figure, when
L = 1, The BER of ABLO-OFDM signal just reaches hard decision forward
error correction (HD-FEC; i.e., 3.8 × 10-3), the required ROP is − 17.9
dBm, while when L = 8, the required ROP is − 11.8 dBm. After strati­
fication, the required ROP is reduced by 6.1 dB, which can be said to be a
Fig. 2. System diagram of ABLO-OFDM system based on real-valued precoding. certain improvement in receiver sensitivity of the layered signal.
Therefore, the BER decreases with the decrease of the number of layers.
still improves PAPR. When L = 1, compared with the scheme without When ROP = -14 dBm, the BER performance of the first four layers is
precoding, PAPR decreases by about 2.4 dB and 1.4 dB when adding relatively better, and all of them are lower than HD-FEC.
DCT and DHT precoding, respectively. Among them, in L = 1, L = 2, and To increase the SE of the ABLO-OFDM system with DCT precoding,
L = 3, the PAPR decreases significantly after adding precoding. three layers L = 1, L = 2 and L = 3, are selected to increase the modu­
The system performance of ABLO-OFDM signal with precoding lation order of the system and analyze the BER performance. Among
through the optical fiber transmission system is considered. SNR and them, Fig. 7 shows the BER curve of 16QAM, 32QAM and 64QAM
subcarrier index in L = 2, L = 3 and L = 4 with or without precoding are modulation formats after passing through the Gaussian channel when L
showed in Fig. 4. It can be seen from the figure that in the ABLO-OFDM = 1, L = 2 and L = 3. It can be observed that when the SNR is constant,
signal without precoding, the SNR curve fluctuates greatly with the in­ the BER increases with the increase of modulation order. When SNR =
crease of subcarriers due to the bandwidth limitation and channel 15 dB and L = 2, the BER of 32QAM is much higher than that of 16QAM.
fading. And the maximum fluctuation range is up to 20 dB. However, In addition, it can be seen that no matter the modulation mode is
after adding the real-valued precoding DCT and DHT, the SNR of the 16QAM, 32QAM or 64QAM, the BER increases with the number of
subcarriers is equalized, so that the SNR curve is basically maintained in layers at the same SNR. When the modulation format is 16QAM and the
a small fluctuation range, about 15 dB. This shows that the precoding SNR is 15 dB, it is no bit error when L = 1, the BER at L = 2 is 2.3 × 10-4
can equalize the SNR of the subcarriers in ABLO-OFDM system. It seems and the BER at L = 3 is 2 × 10-3. The result shows that with the increase
that when L = 2, the SNR after precoding is about 15 dB; when L = 4, the

4
J. Lu et al. Optical Fiber Technology 80 (2023) 103405

Fig. 3. Relationship between CCDF and PAPR with DCT precoding, DHT precoding and without precoding.

of modulation order, the SE increases and the BER performance

deteriorates.
To further study the overall performance of the ABLO-OFDM system
with precoding, change the number of data subcarriers and sample rate

Fig. 4. Relationship between SNR and subcarrier index with and without
precoding when L = 2, L = 3, and L = 4.

Fig. 6. ROP and BER ABLO-OFDM signal with DCT precoding.

Fig. 5. Performance diagram of BER and ROP with or without precoding. (a): L = 1; (b): L = 2; (c): L = 3.

5
J. Lu et al. Optical Fiber Technology 80 (2023) 103405

Table 4
Sample rate and number of effective subcarriers at the same rate.
Sample Rate (GHz) Number of Subcarriers Transmission Rate (Gbit/s)

15 128 (L = 1) 14.5
10 192 (L = 2) 14.5
8.575 224 (L = 3) 14.5
8 240 (L = 4) 14.5
7.75 248 (L = 5) 14.5
7.625 252 (L = 6) 14.5
7.55 254 (L = 7) 14.5
7.525 255 (L = 8) 14.5

Fig. 7. BER curves of ABLO-OFDM signals based on DCT precoding under

different modulation orders.

so that system has the same transmission rate. Table 4 shows the rela­
tionship between the sample rate and the number of subcarriers. In
Fig. 8, the BER and ROP relationships among different layers of the
ABLO-OFDM signal with DCT precoding at the same transmission rate
are showed. In the figure, when system transmission rate is the same, the
BER decreases with the decrease of the number of layers. When ROP =
-16 dBm, the BER of L = 1 is 10-4, and that of L = 8 is 3.5 × 10-3. As the
number of layers decreases, the BER decreases by one and a half orders
of magnitude. When the BER is 10-4, the ROP for L = 1 is − 16 dBm, and
the ROP for L = 8 is − 13.7 dBm at the same transmission rate. The ROP Fig. 8. BER and ROP relationships between different layers under the same
decreases by 2.3 dB as the decrease of layers. In addition, the BER ob­ transmission rate.
tained by ABLO-OFDM scheme based on DCT precoding are all lower
than the HD-FEC. The result shows that the scheme has good BER
performance. Table 5
Finally, we compare our scheme with other schemes in terms of SE, Comparison of different schemes.
transmitter and receiver complexity, and PAPR, as shown in Table 5. Scheme SE Transmitter Receiver PAPR
Through the comparison of the three schemes, it can be seen that SE of complexity complexity
our scheme is higher than ACO-OFDM scheme, the system complexity is ACO- 1/4 O(Nlog2N) O(Nlog2N) high
lower than LACO-OFDM scheme, and the PAPR of the system is the OFDM
lowest. LACO- 1/4 < SE < O(KNlog2N) O(2KNlog2N) medium
OFDM 1/2
Our 1/4 < SE < O(Nlog2N) O(Nlog2N) low
4. Conclusion Scheme 1/2

In this paper, ABLO-OFDM system based on real-valued precoding is

proposed. In ABLO-OFDM system, layered subcarriers can be directly Declaration of Competing Interest
superimposed and the complexity of the transmitter is relatively low. In
addition, the receiver of the signal can directly demodulate like the The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
standard OFDM system. The research result shows that ABLO-OFDM interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
scheme has obvious effect on reducing PAPR and improve SE. To alle­ the work reported in this paper.
viate the effects of bandwidth limitation and channel fading, real-valued
precoding DCT and DHT with simple structure and low complexity are Data availability
added. It can balance the SNR between subcarriers, improve the anti-
noise ability between subcarriers, further reduce the PAPR and The authors do not have permission to share data.
improve the overall performance of the system.
Acknowledgements
CRediT authorship contribution statement
This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hebei
Jia Lu: Methodology, Software, Investigation, Project administra­ Province (Grant No. F2019202294, A2020202013 and F2021202054),
tion. Nan Jia: Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft. Jie Ma: Hebei Provincial Key Research and Development Project (Grant No.
Conceptualization, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & 21320301D), Spring Sunshine Program of the Ministry of Education
editing. Jianfei Liu: Resources, Validation. Yaqi Hu: Resources, Vali­ (Grant No. HZKY20220259), Scientific and Technological Research
dation. Yang Wang: Writing – review & editing. Program of Tianjin Municipal education Commission (Grant No.
2022KJ090), this work was also the key project supported by Depart­
ment of Education of Hebei Province (Grant No. ZD2020304).

6
J. Lu et al. Optical Fiber Technology 80 (2023) 103405

References [11] L. Xia, X. Wang, Z. Sun, Z. Cheng, J. Jin, Y. Yuan, G. Liu, T. Jiang, Y. Huang, Signal
clipping at transmitter and receiver of O-OFDM for VLC under optical power
constraint, China Commun. 19 (6) (2022) 154–168.
[1] G. Stepniak, M. Schüppert, C.-A. Bunge, Advanced modulation formats in
[12] K. Wang, Y. Liu, Z. Hong, Z. Zeng, Efficient timing offset estimation method
phosphorous LED VLC links and the impact of blue filtering, J. Lightwave Technol.
tailored for ACO-OFDM VLC systems, J. Lightwave Technol. 40 (8) (2022)
33 (21) (2015) 4413–4423.
2307–2320.
[2] N. Eiselt, et al., Performance comparison of 112-Gb/s DMT, nyquist PAM4, and
[13] H. Hong, Z. Li, Hybrid adaptive bias OFDM-based IM/DD visible light
partial-response PAM4 for future 5G ethernet-based fronthaul architecture,
communication system, Photonics 8 (7) (2021) 257.
J. Lightwave Technol. 36 (10) (2018) 1807–1814.
[14] B. Li, X. Xue, S. Feng, W. Xu, Layered optical OFDM with adaptive bias for dimming
[3] J. Cho, X.i. Chen, S. Chandrasekhar, G. Raybon, R. Dar, L. Schmalen, E. Burrows,
compatible visible light communications, J. Lightwave Technol. 39 (11) (2021)
A. Adamiecki, S. Corteselli, Y. Pan, D. Correa, B. McKay, S. Zsigmond, P.J. Winzer,
3434–3444.
S. Grubb, Trans-atlantic field trial using high spectral efficiency probabilistically
[15] M. Chen, L. Wang, D. Xi, L. Zhang, H. Zhou, Q. Chen, Comparison of Different
shaped 64-QAM and Single-carrier real-time 250-Gb/s 16-QAM, J. Lightwave
Precoding Techniques for Unbalanced Impairments Compensation in Short-Reach
Technol. 36 (1) (2018) 103–113.
DMT Transmission Systems, J. Lightwave Technol. 38 (22) (2020) 6202–6213.
[4] J.L. Wei, D.G. Cunningham, R.V. Penty, I.H. White, Study of 100 gigabit ethernet
[16] M. Chen, et al., Experimental demonstration of an IFFT/FFT size efficient DFT-
using carrierless amplitude/phase modulation and optical OFDM, J. Lightwave
spread OFDM for short reach optical transmission systems, J. Lightwave Technol.
Technol. 31 (9) (2013) 1367–1373.
34 (9) (2016) 2100–2105.
[5] W. Shieh, OFDM for flexible high-speed optical networks, J. Lightwave Technol. 29
[17] Z. Feng, et al., Dispersion-tolerant DDO-OFDM system and simplified adaptive
(10) (2011) 1560–1577.
modulation scheme using CAZAC precoding, J. Lightwave Technol. 34 (11) (2016)
[6] Y. Hei, Y. Kou, G. Shi, W. Li, H. Gu, Energy-spectral efficiency tradeoff in DCO-
2743–2751.
OFDM visible light communication system, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 68 (10)
[18] Y. Hong, X. Guan, L.-K. Chen, J. Zhao, Experimental demonstration of an OCT-
(2019) 9872–9882.
based precoding scheme for visible light communications, Optical Fiber
[7] Meng Shi, Fumin Wang, Mengjie Zhang, Zhixin Wang and Nan Chi, “PAPR
Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC) 2016 (2016) 1–3.
reduction of 2.0Gbit/s DFT-S OFDM modulated visible light communication system
[19] O. Bulakci, M. Schuster, C. -A. Bunge and B. Spinnler, “Reduced complexity
based on interleaved sub-banding technique,” 2017 IEEE International Conference
precoding based peak-to-average power ratio reduction applied to optical direct-
on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), 2017, pp. 337-342.
detection OFDM,” 2008 34th European Conference on Optical Communication,
[8] Q. Wang, Z. Wang, L. Dai, Asymmetrical hybrid optical OFDM for visible light
2008, pp. 1-2.
communications with dimming control, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27 (9) (2015)
[20] A.W. Azim, Y. Le Guennec, G. Maury, Spectrally augmented hartley transform
974–977.
precoded asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM for VLC, IEEE Photon. Technol.
[9] S. Hu, et al., 112-Gb/s PAM-4 IM/DD optical transmission over 100-km single
Lett. 30 (23) (2018) 2029–2032.
mode fiber with linear equalizer, Optical Fiber Communications Conference and
[21] Z. Xing, K. Liu, A.S. Rajasekaran, H. Yanikomeroglu, Y. Liu, A hybrid companding
Exhibition (OFC) 2022 (2022) 1–3.
and clipping scheme for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems, IEEE Access 9 (2021)
[10] K. Vejandla, S. Kollikonda, V.M. Vakamulla, Performance analysis of PAM-DMT
61565–61576.
under double sided signal clipping in IM/DD based systems, National Conference
on Communications (NCC) 2020 (2020) 1–6.