Human Eye

N.H.
CLASSES
The Human Eye and The Colourful World
The human eye: The human eye is a very important part of a human
body. It is also a very sensitive part. Without eyes we are unable to see
anything. The human eye works on the refraction of light.
Parts of the human eye: There are 7 main parts of the human body
which are as follows:
Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Eye lens, Ciliary muscles, Retina and Optic nerve.
Cornea: It is the front part of the human eye. It is made up of a

transparent substance and it is bulging outwards. The outer surface of
cornea is convex in shape. The light coming from objects enters the eye
through cornea.
Iris: Just behind the cornea is the iris. It is a flat, coloured and ring
shaped membrane. It controls the amount of light entering the eyes. It
contracts and expands the pupil according to the amount of light.
Pupil: It is a hole in the middle of the iris. It is of the black colour so no

light is reflected back from it. Its size adjusted by the iris according to
the intensity of light.
Eye lens: Eye lens is a convex lens. It is made up of a transparent, soft

and flexible material like a jelly made of proteins. Eye lens is held in
position by suspensory ligaments.
Ciliary muscles: Ciliary muscles change the thickness of eye lens while
focusing. In other words, the focal length of eye-lens can be changed by
changing its shape by the action of ciliary muscles.
Retina: The screen on which the image is formed in the eye is called
retina. It is behind the eye lens and at the back part of the eye. The
retina of an eye is just like the film in a camera. The retina is a delicate
membrane having a large number of light sensitive cells called rods and
cones.
Optic nerve: With the help of optic nerve, the retina sends the signals
to the brain and gives rise to the sensation of vision. It is like a bridge
between human brain and human eye.
Working of the Human Eye: The light rays coming from the objects
kept in front of us enter through the cornea of the eye, passes through
the pupil of the eye and fall on the eye lens. The eye lens is a convex
lens, so it converges the light rays and produces a real and inverted
image of the object on the retina. The image formed on the retina is
conveyed to the brain by the optic nerve and gives rise to the sensation
of vision. Actually, the retina has a large number of light sensitive cells,
when the image falls on the retina, then these light sensitive cells get
activated and generate electrical signals and these signals are sends to
the brain through the optic nerve and give rise to the sensation of
vision.
Rods: Rods are the rod-shaped cells present in the retina of an eye
which are sensitive to dim light. An Owl has very large number of rod
cells in the retina of its eyes.
Cones: Cones are the rod-shaped cells present in the retina of an eye
which are sensitive to bright light. Because of these cells, we are able to
see colours.
Accommodation: The ability of an eye to focus the distant objects as

well as nearby objects on the retina by changing the converging power
of its lens.
Range of vision: The range of vision of a normal human eye is from

infinity to about 25 cm. Far point is infinity and near point is 25 cm at
which an object can be seen clearly.
Defects of vision: Myopia, Hypermetropia, Presbyopia and Cataract.
Myopia: It is also known as short sightedness or near sightedness. In

this defect of vision a person can’t see the distant objects clearly. The
far point of an eye suffering from myopia is less than infinity. This
defect is caused due to high converging power of eye lens. It is
corrected by using spectacles containing concave lenses.
Hypermetropia: It is also known as far sightedness or long sightedness.

In this defect of vision a person can’t see the nearby objects clearly. The
near point of an eye suffering from hypermetropia is more than 25 cm.
This defect is caused due to low converging power of eye lens. It is
corrected by using spectacles containing convex lenses.
Presbyopia: Presbyopia is that defect of vision due to which an old

person can’t see the nearby objects clearly due to loss of power of
accommodation of eye. It is a special type of hypermetropia.
Cataract: It is the medical condition in which the lens of the eye of a

person becomes progressively cloudy resulting in blurred vision. It
decreases the vision of an eye and also it can lead to the total loss of
vision.
Why do we have two eyes: With two eyes open, a person can see 1800
view and with only one eye, a person can see only 150 0 view. Two eyes
enables to judge distances more accurately.
The gift of vision: There are millions of blind people in our country who
can’t see at all. The eyesight of most of these blind people can be
restored if they are given the eyes donated by other persons after their
death. In this way, our eyes can live even after the death. In fact, our
two eyes can give eyesight to two blind persons and make them see
this beautiful world.
Glass prism: A glass prism is a transparent object having two triangular

ends and three rectangular sides. When a ray of light enters the glass
prism it gets deviated two times. First when it enters the glass prism and
second when it comes out of the prism.
Dispersion of Light: The band of seven colours formed on a white

screen, when a beam of white light is passed through a glass prism is
called spectrum of white light. It occurs because colours of white light
travel at different speeds through the glass prism. The seven colours of
spectrum are denoted by the word VIBGYOR.
The Rainbow: It is an arch of seven colours visible in the sky which is

produced by the dispersion’s of sun’s light by raindrops in the
atmosphere. Each raindrop acts as a tiny glass prism splitting the
sunlight into a spectrum. Rainbow shows that white sunlight consists of
a mixture of seven coloured lights.
Atmospheric Refraction: The refraction of light caused by the earth’s
atmosphere is called atmospheric refraction. Some of the optical
phenomenon in nature which occur due to the atmospheric refraction
of light.
i) Twinkling of Stars,
ii) The stars seem higher than they actually are,
iii) Advance sunrise and delay sunset.
Tyndall Effect: The scattering of light by particles in its path is called

Tyndall effect. When a beam of sunlight enters a dusty room through a
window, then its path becomes visible to us. This is because the tiny
dust particles present in the air of room scatter the beam of light all
around the room.
Why the sky is blue: It appears blue because the molecules in the air
scatter blue part of the sunlight much more than they scatter red light.
Why the Sun appears red at sunrise and sunset: The Sun and the
surrounding sky appear red at sunrise and at sunset because at that
time most of the blue colour present in sunlight has been scattered out
and away from our line of sight, leaving behind mainly red colour in the
direct sunlight beam that reaches our eyes.

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N.H.

Cornea: It is the front part of the human eye. It is made up of a

Pupil: It is a hole in the middle of the iris. It is of the black colour so no

Eye lens: Eye lens is a convex lens. It is made up of a transparent, soft

Accommodation: The ability of an eye to focus the distant objects as

Range of vision: The range of vision of a normal human eye is from

Myopia: It is also known as short sightedness or near sightedness. In

Hypermetropia: It is also known as far sightedness or long sightedness.

Presbyopia: Presbyopia is that defect of vision due to which an old

Cataract: It is the medical condition in which the lens of the eye of a

Glass prism: A glass prism is a transparent object having two triangular

Dispersion of Light: The band of seven colours formed on a white

The Rainbow: It is an arch of seven colours visible in the sky which is

Tyndall Effect: The scattering of light by particles in its path is called

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