PRESENT SIMPLE

USES:
- To describe repeated actions (habits or routines)

Affirmative statements
Note: Remember that verbs in third person changes (review the rules of verb
formation)
I get up at 7 a.m.
She wakes up at 6:00 in the morning.
He cleans his house twice a week.
They go to school from Monday to Friday.
Structure:
SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS:
DO NOT (DON’T) I , you , we , they
DOES NOT (DOESN’T) he , she, it

I don’t get up 7 a.m

She doesn’t wake up at 6:00 in the morning.
He doesn’t clean his house twice a week.
They don’t go to school from Monday to Friday.

Structure:
SUBJECT + DON’T / DOESN’T + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Note: verbs in third person in negative statements don’t change.
YES/NO QUESTIONS
DO I , YOU , WE, THEY
DOES He , she , it

Do I get up 7 a.m? Yes, I am. /No, I don’t. depending of the context the question
can also be
Do you get up 7 a.m? Yes, I am./ No, I don’t.
Does she wake up at 6:00 in the morning? Yes, she does. / No , she doesn’t.
Does he clean his house twice a week? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
Do they go to school from Monday to Friday? Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.
Note: Verbs in questions don’t change.
INFORMATION QUESTIONS
What time do you get up?
How often does she study English?
When do you relax?
Where does she study?
Structure
Question word + do/does + subject + complement + question mark (?)

WHO AS SUBJECT
When you want to know who does the action the verb change in this kind
of questions
WHO + VERB IN THIRD PERSON + OBJECT + ?
Who cleans the house? My sister does.
Who does the laundry? I do.
Who cooks dinner? My father does.

FREQUENCY ADVERBS AND OTHER TIME EXPRESSIONS

Describe the frequency of the action.
I always do homework.
She usually plays volleyball at school.
He teaches math at Royal Academy.
My sister takes out the garbage twice a week.
They like to eat fish for lunch once a week.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. actions in progress
TIME EXPRESSIONS:

- now , right now , at the moment, today , at present , tonight, this

afternoon/ evening/ morning

Affirmative
- The students are taking notes.
- The English teacher is talking.
subject+ verb to be + verb(ing) + c
Negative

-The students aren’t taking notes.

-The English teacher isn’t talking.

Subject+verb to be+ not +verb in ing +c

Yes/no questions

-Are the students taking notes? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

-Is the English teacher talking? Yes, he is./ No, he isn’t

Verb to be + subject + ver(ing) + complement +?

Information questions

Why are the students taking notes?

Question word+verb to be + s + verb ing+c+ ?

2. FUTURE PLANS
Time expressions: Tonight , tomorrow , this weekend , this
summer/winter /spring/ fall
Next month/ next year/ week
On Monday/ Tuesday , etc.
Next Monday / Tuesday , etc

- I am studying math tomorrow morning.

-She is helping her mother the day after tomorrow.

PRESENT PERFECT
Use: Describes an action that took place at an indefinite or unspecific time in
the past.
-Form the present perfect with have/has + verb in past participle
She has gone to the airport.
They have taken the final English test.
-Form the negative statements haven’t /hasn’t + verb in past participle
We haven’t met the new teacher.
He hasn’t left the office.
-Form the question have/has + subject + verb in past perfect+?
Have they called a few times?
Yes, they have. / No, they haven’t.
Has she gone to the airport?
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn’t.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form the present perfect continuous have been / has been + verb present
participle.
She has been teaching English for six years.
My son has been studying for his driving test.
Form the negative statement haven’t been / hasn’t been + verb in present
participle.
She hasn’t been teaching English for six years.
My son hasn’t been studying for his driving test.
Form the questions have been / has+ subject + been + verb in present
participle.
Have you been living in Mexico?
Has she been teaching English for six years?
SUFFIXES
-FUL
You use -ful to form nouns that refer to the quantity of a substance that an
object contains or can contain.
Handful , spoonful
Full of “charatized by” example beautiful, shameful
-ISH
is added to adjectives to form adjectives which indicate that someone or
something has a quality to a small extent.
Tallish , youngish, greenish
-ENT
Use ‘-ent’ with words ending in
‘ce’ or ‘ge’ (urge-urgent, reminisce-reminiscent).
Key exceptions: pageant, sergeant.
‘er’ or ‘ere’ (defer-deferent, revere-reverent).
Note: Words in which there is an ‘id’ are usually followed by ‘ent’ (accident,
evident, incident). ‘Ent’ is also usually used after ‘u’ (fluent, subsequent,
delinquent).
-IOUS
is used to form adjectives from nouns or verbs. It indicates that something
possesses a quality or characteristic. Examples famous, curious.
-IVE
is used to form adjectives from verbs or nouns. It often implies a tendency or
capacity for a particular action or quality, examples creative, talkative.

PRESENT PERFECT VS SIMPLE PAST

When we talk about the past, we can use both tenses
1. Use past simple when we talk about something specific from the past.
I lived in Piura until I was 27.
Past time expressions:
Last weekend, in the past, in 2016, yesterday, a few days ago, when I was a
child.
2.Use present prefect to show a connection between the past and the
present.
He has lived in Piura all his life. (Event that started in the past and continues)
Present perfect time expressions:
Ever, so far, just, over the past three months, this year, since I was a child, yet,
before, already, recently.

UNIT 2 PAST TENSES

We use several different tenses when we narrate a story in the past.
Past simple:
1. To describe the main events in a sequence, one event after other.

After a long day at work he changed his clothes, put his pajamas and
made a cup of tea.

2. To talk about something in the past.

It was the hottest summer, I remembered.

Past continuous:
We use the past continuous to describe an activity in progress in the past. It can
be:
the background to an event within the story. I was sleeping when the phone
rang. (event interrupts background activity) It was raining when we arrived.
(background activity continues after event)

* the background to the main story. It was 2015, and I was living in Paris.
PAST PERFECT:
We use the past perfect:
* when we need to make it clear that one past event happened before another
one. When the police arrived, the thieves had already left.
to describe something that happened (or a state that was true) before the main
event(s) or story. I couldn't believe it when I saw the plane tickets in his hand.
I'd always wanted to visit Australia!

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

We use the past perfect continuous to describe a longer activity in progress in
the past:
* before a main event.
It had been snowing all night, and my flight was canceled.
*up to a main event. We'd been enjoying a morning on the beach when
something strange happened.
We form the past perfect continuous with had + been + verb-ing.
He had been studying for weeks for the test. (+)
She hadn't been waiting for long. (-)
Had you been expecting the news? (?)
We use both past continuous and past perfect continuous to talk about an
activity in progress in the past. With the past perfect continuous, there is more
emphasis on the duration of the activity.
I'd been walking all morning, so I had really sore feet. I was crossing the road
when I saw him.

Do or make?
When we use do and make with noun phrases, do focuses on the process of
acting or performing something, make emphasizes more the product or
outcome of an action:
When I was [action]doing the calculations, I [outcome]made two mistakes.
I [action]did some work for her last summer; I [outcome]made a pond in her
garden.
Examples of nouns used with do and make
Nouns which combine with do

activity damage favour job task

busines
drawing gardening laundry test
s

one’s
cleaning duty harm washing (up)
best

homewor
cooking exam(ination) painting work
k
course exercise ironing shopping

I do the shopping on Fridays usually.

Could you do a job for me next week?
Who does the cooking in your house?
Nouns which combine with make

excus
apology coffee love offer remark
e

assumptio phone
comment friends lunch sound
n call

complain
bed guess mess plan soup
t

mistak
breakfast dinner law profit speech
e

statemen
cake effort list money progress
t

change error loss noise promise tea

They made me an interesting offer of a job in Warsaw.

Not many building firms will make a profit this year.
I have to make a phone call.

The passive
Form
We form the passive with the correct form of the verb be and the past participle
of the main verb. To change the tense, we change the form of be.
The photography exhibition is held every year.
has been held here since 2010.
was held in June.
had been held just days before.
There are also infinitive (with and without to) and -ing forms of the passive.
I didn't expect to be criticized so much.
My article might be published in the magazine. I enjoy being photographed.

We don't normally use the passive with the present perfect continuous or past
perfect continuous.
Use
When we use the active form, the focus of the sentence is on the agent (the
person or thing that does the action).
Ansel Adams took this photo.
When we use the passive, the object of the active sentence becomes the
subject.
Ansel Adams took this photo.
(OBJECT)
This photo was taken by Ansel Adams.
(SUBJECT)
In passive sentences, we often don't mention the agent at all. We do this:
 When the agent is unknown or unimportant, e.g., in news reports.
The story was published in over thirty languages.
The car was stolen in the middle of the night.

 When we prefer not to directly mention someone by name, e.g., because

they did something wrong.
We often use the passive to add some follow-up information.

The photo of Albert Einstein sticking his tongue out is one of the most
famous in history. It was taken in 1951 by photographer Arthur Sasse.

If we want to mention the agent, we introduce it with the preposition by

The photo was shared by over ten million people.

Here you have a chart that will help you understand better, in passive voice
every grammar structure has a specific form.
UNIT 3: FUTURE FORMS

Making predictions

We use will, might, be going to, and be about to / to make predictions.

We use will (or won't) when we are confident about a prediction. We can add
probably if we are slightly less certain.

A: I'm sure you'll do really well in the exam.

B: Well, I'll probably pass. But there's still a lot of work to do.

We use might (or might not) when we are less confident about a prediction.
Take an umbrella- it might rain later.

We use (not) be going to when we have some evidence for a prediction.

Look at the line we're going to be here forever!

We use be about to + base verb to make a prediction that something will

happen very soon.

Oh, no! I think the car's about to break down.

Plans and arrangements

We use be going to and the present continuous to talk about plans and
arrangements. There is often little difference between them.

We use be going to + base verb to talk about a plan or an intention. We

normally use be going to when we have decided to do something, but it is
still an intention rather than a fixed arrangement.
Are you going to watch the tennis match later?
I'm going to visit my cousin in Australia this summer. (= I have decided to
go, but I haven't booked my ticket yet.)

We use the present continuous to talk about a fixed arrangement to do

something at a specified time in the future. Often the arrangement involves
someone else, or we have already taken some kind of action such as buying
a ticket, signing a contract, etc.
I'm starting my new job next week.
She's flying to New York on Tuesday.

We also use the present continuous to find out if people are free.

Are you doing anything tonight? (= Do you want to do something

together?)

We can also use be about to / to talk about something we plan to do very

soon, and might when we feel less confident about a plan.
I'm about to leave work, so I'll be home soon.
I might come tonight, but I'm not sure yet.

Instant decisions and offers

We use will:
1. For a decision we make at the time of speaking.

A: Do you want a ride to the movies?

B: No, thanks. I'll get the bus.

2. To make offers and promises.

I'll send you a message later to confirm.

Future continuous and future perfect

Future continuous: form

We form the future continuous with will + be + -ing.

We'll be sitting on a beach this time tomorrow! (+)
We won't be leaving until 5 p.m. (-)
Will you be working when I get home tonight? (?)

Future continuous: use

We use the future continuous to describe an action in progress at or around

a certain time in the future.
I'll be watching TV at 8:30 tonight.

We also use the future continuous to predict events we expect to be in

progress at a certain time in the future.
In ten years, we'll be using computers in very different ways.

We often use time phrases (e.g., this time next week, tomorrow at 8 p.m.,
until) with the future continuous. This time next week, I'll be taking my final
college exam.

Future perfect: form

We form the future perfect with will + have + past participle.

We'll have arrived by 1 p.m. (+)

We won't have finished the report before Monday. (-)

Will people have stopped using social networks in fifty years' time? (?)

Future perfect: use

We use the future perfect to describe an action completed before a certain

time in the future.
I'll have finished my college project by the end of the summer.

We often use the future perfect with time expressions like in five years, in
ten years' time, by, by the time, before, and already.

I'll have gone to bed by the time you get home.