ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
MATHEMATICS & PHYSICS DEPARTMENT

Module for Math Analysis II

Definite Integrals

This prepared module presents introductory notions, concepts and definitions necessary
for understanding definite integrals. It is a helping tool in establishing foundation for
evaluating definite integrals.

This module provides detailed explanation and examples that are easy to comprehend.
Many problems are also presented to facilitate an active participation in the learning
process which will enable the reader to solve and practice new thoughts obtained, solve
problems confidently and master the lesson accordingly.

The reader is expected to finish this module gaining the different conceptualization and
application of integration rules in evaluating definite integrals. He/ she is also expected
to clear all the problems presented in this entire module.

Hard work and perseverance…let these values play their role in your learning.
 MODULE 7: Definite Integrals

This module presents introductory notions, concepts and definitions

necessary for understanding definite integrals

Objectives: After reading this module, the learners should be able to:
1. Define and interpret definite integral as a limit.
2. Enumerate the different properties of the definite integral.
3. Evaluate definite integrals using the fundamental theorems of Calculus.

The previous modules allows us to determine indefinite integral of a given

function using various properties and rules of integration. We have learned about
properties of integral and basic rules of integration like simple power rule and
general power rule. We were also able to practice change of variable approach and
𝑢 −substitution like algebraic and trigonometric substitutions. We have dealt with
rules of integration involving exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse
trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. We were also able to acquire integration
techniques suitable for dealing with particular cases. Would you rather say that
you are tired as to say you are happy with all these new knowledge you added to
your “arsenal” of mathematical and logical abilities?
Generally, we work with the assumption that the function that corresponds
to a given integrand is differentiable or also continuous. That is, we forego
defining the possible values of the independent variable. What if we add that
particular condition the we are to deal with integrals in a given interval say [𝑎, 𝑏]?
That is the simplest way of rephrasing “What if we solve for definite integral?”.

Definite Integral
Definition of Definite Integral

If 𝑓 is defined on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and the limit of Riemann

sums over partitions ∆
𝑛

lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖

‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1
exists, then 𝑓 is said to be integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] and the limit is denoted by
𝑛 𝑏
lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
‖∆‖→0
𝑖=1 𝑎

The limit is called the definite integral of 𝑓 from 𝑎 to 𝑏.

The number 𝑎 is the lower limit of integration and the number 𝑏 is the upper
limit of integration

Definite Integrals Page | 1

To interpret the limit, we only need to learn the mathematical symbols
presented. We will do this by exemplification. Consider the given figure on the
right which is the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥.
The bounded region by the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥
on interval [−2, 1] and the 𝑥 − axis is partitioned
using rectangles.
Now, the given interval on the figure is [−2, 1].
Saying, 𝑎 = −2 and 𝑏 = 1.
Next, 𝑛 is defined to be the number of
subintervals created by partition (you can say
number of rectangles).
If we have equal width for each subintervals
(which is more convenient), then ∆𝑥𝑖 = ∆𝑥
where ∆𝑥𝑖 represents width of each subintervals.
It also imply that ∆𝑥𝑖 may vary, but in our given
example, ∆𝑥𝑖 ′𝑠 are equal hence we have
𝑏 − 𝑎 1 − (−2) 3
∆𝑥𝑖 = ∆𝑥 = = =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
On the other hand, the norm of partition
denoted by ‖∆‖ is the largest subinterval width (∆𝑥𝑖 ) and since the subintervals
in our example have the same width, we have
𝑏−𝑎
‖∆‖ = ∆𝑥 =
𝑛
The notation 𝑐𝑖 is the right end value for each subinterval. Hence we have the
formula
3
𝑐𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑖(∆𝑥) = −2 + 𝑖 ( )
𝑛
Additionally, we give note that in simple sense, we are estimating the total area
of the bounded region where above 𝑥 −axis is “positive area” while below
𝑥 −axis is negative area”. The larger the value of 𝑛, the more accurate is the
estimate. Further, ‖∆‖ → 0 is equivalent to 𝑛 → ∞ when we have equal
subinterval width(we call such partition a regular partition).
1
Thus, by definition, solving for the definite integral ∫−2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is the same as
solving the limit
1 𝑛

∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖

‖∆‖→0
−2 𝑖=1

Definite Integrals Page | 2

 𝑛
For convenience of
= lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥 computation, choose
𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
regular partition
𝑛

= lim ∑ 2(𝑐𝑖 )∆𝑥 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 ) = 2𝑐𝑖

𝑛→∞
𝑖=1
𝑛
3 3
= lim ∑ 2 (−2 + 𝑖 ( )) By substitution
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
6 3𝑖
= lim ∑ (−2 + ) Simplify
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
6 3 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
= lim (−2𝑛 + ( )) Summation
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 2
18 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) Simplify:
= lim (−12 + ( )) 6
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 2 Distribute 𝑛
9 Simplify:
= lim (−12 + 9 + ) 18
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 Distribute𝑛2
= −3 Limit
Hence we have
1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −3
−2
Answer.

That is about the definition of definite integral in terms of limit. However, we

will give more emphasis in evaluating definite integral using integration.
The following notation is also used for definite integral.
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎
Clearly, the meaning is already implied that we can also evaluate definite
integrals using integration.
It also important to know the following theorem on about integrability of a
function

Continuity Implies Integrability

Theorem: If a function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then 𝑓 is

𝑏
integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏]. That is ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 exists.

Definite Integrals Page | 3

 Properties of Definite Integrals
Recall that we defined definite integral on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] which clearly
imply that 𝑎 < 𝑏. That is, given the following notation
𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥,
𝑏
we have 𝑎 < 𝑏. The following cases give us the idea on what to do when 𝑎 >
𝑏 or 𝑎 = 𝑏.

Two Special Definite Integrals

i. If 𝑓 is defined at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then we define

𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
ii. If 𝑓 is integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏], then we define
𝑎 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑎

Example 1:
 Using the two special definite integrals
5
∫ (𝑒 𝑥 √1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
 5
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 √1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 is defined at 𝑥 = 5, and the upper and lower
limits of integration are equal.
2 4
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
 4 2
2
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is continuous on the closed interval [2, 4].

SAQ1: Test yourself.

Determine whether the following is true or false. On the space provided,
write T if the equation is true F otherwise. If your answer is false, provide
a reason.
2
1. ∫ √𝑥 − 3𝑑𝑥 = 0
2
−7 7
2. − ∫ 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
7 −7

Definite Integrals Page | 4

 Additive Property of Definite Integral

If 𝑓 is integrable on three closed intervals determined by 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐,

then
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑎<𝑐<𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

Consider the illustration on the right. The function 𝑓(𝑥)

is continuous on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] hence, it is also
integrable on that interval. If we have a 𝑐 between
𝑎 and 𝑏, the function is still integrable whether we
consider the interval [𝑎, 𝑐], [𝑐, 𝑏] or [𝑎, 𝑏]. The definite
𝑏
integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 can be represented by the shaded
region(since the shaded region above 𝑥 −axis, the definite
integral is positive, negative otherwise) . At 𝑥 = 𝑐, recall
that
𝑐
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑐
Hence, the sum of the two separated region which is
𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is still the same with ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

Example 2:
 Using additive property of definite integral
1 0 1
∫ (2𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (2𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (2𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟
 −1 −1 0
1
1
2
= ∫ (2𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (2𝑥 3 + 1)𝑑𝑥
1
−1
2
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 1 is continuous on the entire set of
real numbers, it would clearly imply it is integrable 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 1
on closed intervals determined by −1, 1/2, and 1.
3𝜋
 2𝜋
2
2𝜋
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
2
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 1 is continuous on the entire set of
real numbers and is integrable on closed intervals
3𝜋
determined by 𝜋, and 2𝜋.
2

Definite Integrals Page | 5

 SAQ 2: Test yourself.
3
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be continuous on the set of real numbers. Given ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5
6
and ∫3 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 7, evaluate the following integral.
𝟔 𝟑
𝟏. ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝟑. ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝟎 𝟔
𝟔 𝟔
𝟐. ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝟒. ∫ −𝟒𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝟔 𝟔

Properties of Definite Integrals

If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑘 is a constant, then the

functions 𝑘𝑓 and 𝑓 ± 𝑔 are integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏], and
𝑏 𝑏
𝑖. ∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑖𝑖. ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Notice the second property can be extended to cover any finite number of
functions. For instance,
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫ [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫ ℎ(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Example 3:
 Applying properties of definite integrals
Given the following equations;
4 4 4
15 14
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = , ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 21, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
1 2 1 1 3
4
2 6
∎ ∫ ( 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 3√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 3 7
4
2 6 2 4
2 4
6 2 4 Definite Integral
∫ ( 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Property ii.
1 3 7 1 3 1 7 1

Definite Integrals Page | 6

 2 4 6 4 2 4 Definite Integral
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Property i.
3 1 7 1 1
2 15 6 14
= ( ) + (21) + 3 ( )
3 2 7 3 Substitution
= 5 + 18 + 14 Simplify
= 37 Answer

4
1 9
∎ ∫ ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 5 7
4
1 9 4
1 4 4
9 Definite Integral
∫ ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 5 7 1 5 1 1 7
Property ii.
1 4 4
2
9 4 Definite Integral
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 1 1 7 1 Property i.
1 15 9 14
= ( ) − (21) + ( )
5 2 7 3 Substitution
3
= − 21 + 6
2 Simplify
3 42 12 Same
= − +
2 2 2 denominator
27 Answer
=−
2

SAQ 3: Test yourself.

Given the following equations;
4 4 4
15 14
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = , ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 21, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
1 2 1 1 3
Evaluate the following integrals
4
1 5
1. ∫ (−2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 6 28
4
6√𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
3. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
1 12

Definite Integrals Page | 7

 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
After familiarizing with the properties of definite integrals, we then start
introducing the previous lessons discussed about indefinite integrals. In
relation to definite integrals.

First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

If a function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝐹 is an

antiderivative of 𝑓 on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

We now have a way of evaluating definite integral without having to use

the limit of a sum definition. Of course, provided that we can still recall the
process of antidifferentiation.
When applying the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, we can use the following
notation:
𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)]
𝑎 𝑎

= 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

For instance, we have

3 3
𝑥3
2
(3)3 (1)3 26
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ] = − =
1 3 1 3 3 3

Notice that the addition of 𝐶 on our antiderivative 𝐹(𝑥) is basically not necessary
since
𝑏 𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶)]
𝑎 𝑎

= 𝐹(𝑏) + 𝐶 − (𝐹(𝑎) + 𝐶)

= 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

Definite Integrals Page | 8

Example 4:
 Evaluating definite integral using the First Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
3
∎ ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥
1
3
𝑥4 𝑥3
3 Fundamental
∫ (𝑥 3 2
+ 𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = ( + + 3𝑥)] Theorem of Calc.
1 4 3 1
(3)4 (3)3 (1)4 (1)3
=( + + 3(3)) − ( + + 3(1)) 𝐹(3) − 𝐹(1)
4 3 4 3
81 1 1
=( + 18) − ( + + 3)
4 4 3 Simplify
104 Answer
=
3
Alternative solution is to first apply properties of definite
integrals:
3 3 3 3
Properties of
∫ (𝑥 3 2 3 2
+ 𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
definite integrals
𝑥4
3
𝑥3
3
𝑥3 Fundamental
= ] + ] + 3( ] ) Theorem of Calc.
4 1 3 1 11
34 14 33 13
= ( − ) + ( − ) + 3(3 − 1) 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
4 4 3 3
104
=
3 Answer

9
𝑥+1
∎∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
3 2𝑥 + 𝑥
Recall that using integration by partial fraction then
integration resulting to logarithm, we have
𝑥+1 1 1 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 − ln(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
2𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 2
Hence,
9
𝑥+1 1
9 Fundamental
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (ln 𝑥 − ln(2𝑥 + 1))] Theorem of Calc.
3 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 3
1 1
= (ln 9 − ln(2(9) + 1)) − (ln 3 − ln(2(3) + 1))
2 2 𝐹(9) − 𝐹(3)
1 1
= ln 9 − ln(19) − ln 3 + ln(7)
2 2 Simplify

Definite Integrals Page | 9

 1 Laws of Log.
= ln 3 − (ln(19) + ln(7))
2
3√133
= ln Answer
19

3
𝜋
2
∎ ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Recall that by using 𝑢-substitution, we have
1 1 1
∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 ⟹ sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 2
Hence,
3
3
2
𝜋 Fundamental Theorem
𝜋
2 1 of Calc.
∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( sin 2𝑥)]
0 2
0
1 3 1 3
= ( sin 2 ( 𝜋)) − ( sin 2(0)) 𝐹 ( 𝜋) − 𝐹(0)
2 2 2 2
=0 Answer

4
∎ ∫ 32𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥
5
2
Recall that by using exponential formula, we have
32𝑥−5
∫ 32𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2 ln 3
Hence,
4
32𝑥−5
4 Fundamental Theorem
2𝑥−5
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ( )] of Calc.
5 2ln 3 5
2
2
5
32(4)−5 32(2)−5
=( )−( ) 5
2ln 3 2ln 3 𝐹(4) − 𝐹 ( )
2
33 30
=( )−( ) Simplify exponents
2ln 3 2ln 3
27 − 1 Property of Exponents
=
2ln 3
13 Answer.
=
ln 3

Definite Integrals Page | 10

 7
∎ ∫ |𝑥 − 4|𝑑𝑥
−3
Recall that
𝑥 − 4, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 4| = {
−𝑥 + 4, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
Hence,
7 4 7
∫ |𝑥 − 4|𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (−𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 − 4𝑑𝑥
−3 −3 4
Additive Property
4 7
𝑥2 𝑥2
4 7
Fundamental
∫ (−𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 − 4𝑑𝑥 = (− + 4𝑥)] + ( − 4𝑥)] Theorem of Calc.
−3 4 2 −3
2 4
42 (−3)2
= [(− + 4(4)) − (− + 4(−3))] 𝐹(4) − 𝐹(−3)
2 2
72 42
+ [( − 4(7)) − ( − 4(4))] 𝐹(7) − 𝐹(4)
2 2
9 49
= [2(8) + ( + 12)] + [( − 28)]
2 2 Simplify
= 29 Answer
.

SAQ 4: Test yourself.

Evaluate the following Integrals. Show your complete and neat
solutions.
3
∫ (2𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
−3
5
∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1

 Definite Integral as a Function

We defined definite integral on a closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] previously using

the constant 𝑏 as the upper limit. However, some cases suggests the use of a
variable 𝑥 in the upper limit of the integral. This will lead us to the notion of
definite integral as a function of 𝑥.

Definite Integrals Page | 11

To avoid confusion on variable 𝑥, we use 𝑡 as the variable of integration in the
following theorem.
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

I If a function 𝑓 is continuous on an open interval 𝐼 containing 𝑎, then,

for every 𝑥 in the interval
𝑥
𝑑
[∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡] = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎

Example 5:
 Applying the Second Fundamental theorem of Calculus
𝑥
𝑑
∎Evaluate [∫ 𝑒 𝑡 √1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡]
𝑑𝑥 −3
Notice that 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 √1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 is continuous on the entire number line since
division by zero is not possible and 1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 ≥ 0. Hence we can apply the
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
𝑥
𝑑
[∫ 𝑒 𝑡 √1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡] = 𝑒 𝑥 √1 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 −3
𝑥 2
𝑑
∎Evaluate [∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
𝑑𝑥 0
𝑥2
Let 𝐹(𝑥) = [∫0 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
𝑑𝐹 𝑑𝑢
𝐹′(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 Chain rule
𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= [∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
𝑑𝑢 0 𝑑𝑥 Replace 𝐹
𝑢
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
= [∫ sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
𝑑𝑢 0 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 Second Fundamental
= sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 Theorem of Calculus
= 2𝑥 sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Definite Integrals Page | 12

 SAQ 5: Test yourself.
Determine 𝑭′(𝒙) and 𝑮′(𝒙) given the following equations.
𝑥
𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ (2𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥3
𝐺(𝑥) = ∫ (2𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
2

 Wallis’ Formula
This formula may be used in determining particular definite integrals
involving sine and cosine function.

Wallis’ Formula

2 2
𝜋 [(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 5) … 𝑜𝑟] [(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3)(𝑛 − 5) … 𝑜𝑟]
2 1 1
∫ sinm 𝑥 cos n 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼
0
2
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 4) … 𝑜𝑟
1
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
where 𝛼 { 𝜋
, 𝑖𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
2

In addition if we only have sinn 𝑥 or cos n 𝑥, we can use the following:

Wallis’ Formula
If 𝑛 is odd (𝑛 ≥ 3), then
𝜋
2 2 4 6 𝑛−1
∫ cosn 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ( ) ( ) ⋯ ( )
0 3 5 7 𝑛
𝜋
2 2 4 6 𝑛−1
∫ sinn 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ( ) ( ) ⋯ ( )
0 3 5 7 𝑛
If 𝑛 is even (𝑛 ≥ 2), then
𝜋
2 1 3 5 𝑛−1 𝜋
∫ cos n 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ( ) ( ) ⋯ ( )( )
0 2 4 6 𝑛 2
𝜋
2 1 3 5 𝑛−1 𝜋
∫ sinn 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ( ) ( ) ⋯ ( )( )
0 2 4 6 𝑛 2

Definite Integrals Page | 13

Example 6:
 Evaluating integrals using Wallis’ Formula
𝜋
2
∎ ∫ cos 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
Since 𝑛 = 4 is even and the lower limit is 0 and the upper limit is 2 ,
𝜋
2 1 3 𝜋 3𝜋
∫ cos 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ( ) ( ) ( ) = Wallis’ Formula
0 2 4 2 16

𝜋
4
∎ ∫ sin5 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
𝑛 = 5 is odd and the lower limit is 0 but the upper limit is 6 . However, let 𝑢 = 2𝑥,
we’ll have
𝜋
1 2
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 0
𝜋
2 1 2 4 4
∫ sin5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ( ) ( ) ( ) = Wallis’ Formula
0 2 3 5 15

𝜋
2
∎ ∫ sin5 𝑥 cos 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
5 is odd while 4is even, so 𝛼 = 1.
𝜋
2 [(4)(2)][(3)(1)] 8 Wallis’ Formula
5 4
∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (1) =
0 (9)(7)(5)(3)(1) 315

SAQ 6: Test yourself.

Evaluate the following integrals using Wallis’ Formula
𝜋
2
∫ sin8 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
6
∫ cos11 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋
2
∫ sin8 𝜃 cos13 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0

Definite Integrals Page | 14

 Definite Integral of Odd and Even Function

One simple distinction of odd functions is that they are “symmetric about
the origin” while even functions are “symmetric about the y-axis”. Observe
following figure of odd(on the left) and even(on the right) function.

–𝜋 𝜋

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

The shaded regions represent definite integrals on an interval. Above the 𝑥-axis,
we say the value of the region is positive while below the 𝑥 –axis, the value is
negative. As we can see, for 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 on the interval [– 𝜋, 𝜋], the two shaded
region cancels each other out leaving nothing. On the other hand, the shaded
region for 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is doubled. This gives us the idea on the definite integral of
odd and even function

Odd and Even Function

If 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function, that is, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥), then

𝑎 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 0
If 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function, that is, 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), then
𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
−𝑎

Definite Integrals Page | 15

Example 7:
 Evaluating definite integrals of odd and even functions
5
∎ ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
−5
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 implies 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)3 = −𝑥 3 = −𝑓(𝑥), it follows that 𝑓 is an
odd function, Hence
5
∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
−5

3
∎ ∫ (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥
−3
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 implies 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)4 − (−𝑥)6 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 = 𝑓(𝑥), it
follows that 𝑓 is an even function, Hence
3 3
∫ (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 )𝑑𝑥
−3 0
Even function
3
𝑥5 𝑥 7
= 2 ( − )] Fundamental
5 7 0
Theorem of Calc.
35 37 05 07
= 2 [( − ) − ( − )]
5 7 5 7 𝐹(3) − 𝐹(0)
35 37
= 2( − )
5 7 Answer.

 Net Change Theorem

This Theorem follows from the first fundamental theorem of calculus.

Net Change Theorem

The definite integral of the rate of change of a quantity 𝐹′(𝑥) gives the total
That
change, or ends our Module
net change, 7: Definite
in that quantityIntegrals. We hope
on the interval [𝑎,that
𝑏]. you did analyzed
and internalized the
𝑏 discussions, and accomplished all SAQs. To further check

your learning, try∫answering

𝐹′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =the
𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) assessment.
following 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹
𝑎

Example 8:
 Using the net change theorem
 A chemical flows into a storage tank at a rate of 160 + 3𝑡 liters per minute,
where 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 60. Find the amount of the chemical that flows into the tank
during the first 20 minutes.

Definite Integrals Page | 16

 Solution: Let 𝑐(𝑡) be the amount of the chemical in the tank at time 𝑡. Then 𝑐′(𝑡)
represents the rate at which the chemical flows into the tank at time 𝑡. During the
first 20 minutes, the amount that flows into the tank is
20 20
∫ 𝑐′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (160 + 3𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
20
3𝑡 2
= (160𝑡 + )]
2 0
3(20)2 3(0)2
= (160(20) + ) − (160(0) + )
2 2
= 3200 + 600 = 3800
So the amount that flows into the tank during the first 20 minutes is 3800
liters.

Another way to illustrate the Net Change Theorem is to examine the

velocity of a particle moving along a straight line where 𝑠(𝑡) is the position at
time 𝑡. Then its velocity is 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑠′(𝑡) and
𝑏
∫ 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠(𝑏) − 𝑠(𝑎)
𝑎
This represents the net change in position or displacement of the particle.

On the other hand, when calculating the total distance travelled by the particle,
we must consider the intervals where 𝑣(𝑡) ≤ 0(we can say 𝑣(𝑡) is on or below 𝑥
axis, and the intervals where 𝑣(𝑡) ≥ 0 (we can say 𝑣(𝑡) is on or above 𝑥 axis,
If 𝑣(𝑡) ≤ 0, it means the particle moves to
the left, but if 𝑣(𝑡) ≥ 0, it means the particle moves
to the right. To calculate the total distance traveled,
integrate the absolute value of velocity |𝑣(𝑡)|.
To illustrate, notice the figure on the right, region 𝐴2
is a negative value as it is below the 𝑥 axis but it still
represents travelled distance to the left. Hence, as
the shaded regions 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , and 𝐴3 represents
distance on an interval, we have

𝑏
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏] = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3
𝑎
As compared to Displacement
𝑏
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏] = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 + 𝐴3
𝑎

Definite Integrals Page | 17

Example 8:
 Solving for total distance
 A particle is moving along a straight line so that it velocity is
𝑣(𝑡) = 2𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 − 3 feet per second at a time 𝑡. What is the total
distanced travelled by the particle on the time interval 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5?
5
Solution: To find the total distance travelled, we have to solve for ∫0 |𝑣(𝑡)|.
Notice that bay factoring,
2𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 − 3 = (2𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 3)
which would imply that the graph intersects 𝑥 axis at
1
𝑥 = 2 , 1, 3. With the help of the figure on the right,
𝑣(𝑡) ≤ 0 on interval [1, 3] and 𝑣(𝑡) ≥ 0 on interval
[3,5], hence we have total distance travelled on [1, 5]

5 5 3
∫ |𝑣(𝑡)| = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
0 3 1
5 3
= ∫ (2𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ (2𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 − 3) 𝑑𝑡
3 1
𝑡 4
𝑡
5 4 3 Fundamental
= ( − 3𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 2 − 3𝑡)] − ( − 3𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 2 − 3𝑡)] Theorem of Calc.
2 3
2 1
54 14 Simplified to
= ( − 3(5) + 5(5) − 3(5)) − ( − 3(1)3 + 5(1)2 − 3(1))
3 2
2 2 𝐹(5) − 𝐹(1)
95 1
= − (− )
2 2 Simplify
= 48 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 Answer.

SAQ 7: Test yourself.

Refer to Example 8 and answer the following.

i. What is the displacement of the particle on the interval [1, 5]?

1
ii. What is the total distance travelled on the interval [2 , 5]?

Definite Integrals Page | 18

 That ends our Module 7: Definite Integrals. We hope that you did analyzed
and internalized the discussions, and accomplished all SAQs. To further check
your learning, try answering the following assessment.

“Success is stumbling from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm.”

― Winston S. Churchill

Definite Integrals Page | 19