TECHNICAL DRAFTING

TABLE OF CONTENT

TOPICS PAGE/S

Objectives of the Module 2

Introduction 3
Review on lettering, drafting tools, materials and equipment, their uses and care 4-14
Alphabet of Lines 15-18
Accurate measurements and calculation 19-21
Orthographic Projection 22-44

Isometric Drawing 45-53

Perspective Drawing 54-65

Architectural Drawing and Design 66

• Architectural Working Drawings 67-76

• Vicinity Map 77
• Site Development Plan 78-83
• Floor Plan 84-104
• Roof Plan 103-109
• Schedule of Doors and Windows 110-117
• Elevation 118-131
• Architectural Section 112-124

Two-Dimensional AutoCAD Application 125-153

Plate Samples in Technical Drawing (Manual Drawing) 154-172

Plate Samples in Technical Drawing (AutoCAD Application) 173-198

References 199
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OBJECTIVES OF THE MODULE

After completing this module, you should be able to:
• Recognize the relevance of the course;
• Illustrate basic concepts in Technical Drafting;
• Discover the opportunities for a career in Technical Drafting;
• Identify the list of hand tools and equipment based on job requirement;
• Apply the use of hand tools and equipment in Technical Drafting
• Identify the safety procedures in maintaining hand tools, drawing instruments, equipment,
and paraphernalia;
• Perform safety procedures in maintaining hand tools, drawing instruments, equipment, and
paraphernalia in a given task;
• Define Orthographic Projection and its views and apply the steps in making Orthographic
Projection;
• Identify and apply the step-by-step procedure in making isometric drawing;
• Identify and apply the step-by-step procedure in making one-point perspective drawing;
• Interpret blueprint according to architectural layout drawing/job requirements following
SOP and work instruction;
• Define vicinity Map and site development plan and create vicinity map and site
development plan;
• Draw a building footprint according to the architectural drafting standard;
• Indicate dimension lines, dimensions, and drawing titles according to architectural drafting
standards;
• Draw walls, windows, doors, fixtures, and fittings according to architectural design
standards;
• Draw roof plans according to drafting standards and use standard architectural symbols in
roof plan
• Draw windows and door according to architectural design standard;
• Draw windows and door according to architectural design standard; and
• Project cross and longitudinal section views from the floor plan.
• Apply AutoCAD shortcut keys in job requirement.
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INTRODUCTION

People around the world speak with different languages but they come up with common
understanding on drawing. That’s the reason why drawing becomes a universal language.

What is drafting? Drafting is the primary method of communication between designers

and clients, architects, and builders, engineers and production personnel and between advertisers
and customers. A drawing, when used to show the material, dimensions, and shapes of product, is
known as a technical drawing (French 1974).

This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical drawing for use as a
classroom text and/or as a reference manual. Performing pictorial drawing, architectural drafting
and design, the process in creating scale model and AutoCAD architectural design. Equipped with
all the concepts, the student can then competently transmit the ideas through a drawing.

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LETTERING
Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a student in drawing. He must be exposed to the
lettering activities to orient him on the quality standard in printing letters.
Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing, it adds beauty if it
is well-printed. Likewise, it can destroy the appearance of the drawing once it is not done well.
THE FOUR GROUP OF LETTERS
1. GOTHIC LETTERS. They are the most simple and readable among the four groups of
letters. It has a uniform stem. It should be applied only for poster and advertisement purposes.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo
Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
TWO FORMS OF GOTHIC LETTERS:

a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with heavy stem. It is used for advertisement purposes
only.
b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for engineering drawing purposes.
2. ROMAN LETTERS. The thickness of these letters is not uniform. They have pointed
stem which is called “serif”. They must be used for books, magazine, newspapers, and text
matters.

THE THREE CLASSICS OF ROMAN LETTERS:

a. Old Roman Letters. They are printed by means of layout form using the flexible
lettering pen. The thickness of the thin stem must be ½ from the thickness of the heavy
stem.
b. Modern Roman Letters. They are printed in single stroke using the speedball pen.
c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Roman, they are printed in single stroke using
the speedball pen. However, this style must be printed in the absence of serif.

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3. SPANISH SCRIPT. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely used for certificates,

diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.

4. TEXT OR OLD ENGLISH. This style is the most artistic among the four groups of
letter. Similar to Spanish script, it is also used for certificates, diplomas, citations,
greetings and invitation cards.

THE RULE OF STABILITY OF LETTERS

This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the letters particularly on the
following:

1. Upper Case letters. They are letters which are printed in capital form. Three guidelines
are cap line, waist line, and base line.

CAP LINE
Example:

ABCDEFG
WAIST LINE

BASE LINE

2. Lower Case Letters. These are the letters which are printed in small letters printed with
the use of four guidelines such as cap line, waist line, base line, and dropped line.
Example: CAP LINE

WAIST LINE

abcdfgy BASE LINE

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THE GENERAL PROPORTION OF LETTERS

1. Compressed or Condensed. This particular proportion should be applied only when the
space is limited. The letters are printed with closer distance and its width is narrower than
the normal size.
Example:

COMPRESSED
2. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is a more space. The width of the letter
is wider than the height.
Example:

3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The letter is printed in the
normal size.
Example:

NORMAL
THE TWO PROPORTION OF THICKNESS

1. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with heavy stem.
Example:

BOLDFACE
2. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with thin stem.
Example:

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These are the suggested LETTERING TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS and their uses:

1. Pencil - used for lettering and sketching

2. Technical Pen - used for Gothic letters

3. Speed Ball - used in writing different various styles of letters

4. Lettering Brush - used for sign painting

5. Felt Point Pen - used for sign painting

6. Letter Template - used as guide for letter transfer

7. Letter Transfer - used to direct letter transfer

8. Leroy Lettering Pen - used for engineering and architectural lettering

ORDER OF STROKES IN LETTERING

The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, and H. These letters are the
easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and horizontal. You should practice making
these letters according to the models.

The next group P, R, B, U and J requires close study because of the introduction of the
curved line aside from the three already given.

The last group of letters is C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the circle.

The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters. It is suggested therefore that

its width should be greater than the other letters by 25 percent. The letter I is the thinnest letter.
MAKING NUMERALS

All mechanical drawings involve the use of numerals; hence, they should be studied
closely. Notice that in the figures below are all 6 units and 5 units wide except 1. All figures are

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composed of the essential strokes found in the letters which are straight and curved. See Figure
1.1

Single stroke vertical upper-case letters and numerals

Figure 1.1

Single stroke vertical lower-case letters

Figure 1.2

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Single stroke inclined upper case letters

Figure 1.3

Single stroke inclined lower case letters

Figure 1.4

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LETTERING

ACTIVITY NO. 1
NAME: _______________________________________________DATE:_________________
GRADE & SECTION: ___________________________________

INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Prepare the materials needed: Oslo paper, pencil, ruler or triangle and eraser.
2. In an Oslo paper, create horizontal lines with distance of 2mm. or 0.2cm. The lines will serve
as guidelines.
3. Write your favorite song lyrics, Life Bible verses or Love letter using the SINGLE STROKE
UPPER CASE GOTHIC LETTERS.
4. This will be recorded as first written works; you will be graded according to the scoring
rubrics:

5 8 10
Needs Much Work Meets Expectation Exceeds Expectation

Less than 3 letters

Many letters are
are incorrectly
LINE incorrectly over or All letters are correctly
placed per line over
under the line. on the line.
or under the line.

Writing sample No more than

All letters and words in
contents uneven 3examples of
writing sample have
SPACING spacing between uneven spacing
consistent and even
letters and most between letters or
spacing.
words. words.

There are many Words are mostly Words are all within
erasures, cross-cuts, within the margin the margin and writing
NEATNESS smudges, etc. in exceptionally neat.
are writing in
generally clean.

TOTAL: _______/30

Note: Kindly attached this in your Oslo paper before passing the activity to your teacher.

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COMMON DRAWING TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, AND MATERIALS

1. Drawing Paper - is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream, light green and buff.
It comes in different sizes of various sheet thicknesses.
2. Ruler - is used for marking out distances as well as for measuring purposes.
3. Pencil - is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from 9B which is very soft up
to 9H. The lead of pencil is a mixture graphite, clay and wax. The clay makes the lead hard.
The harder the pencil is, the lighter the line is produced.

4. Drawing Pen – is an instrument for inking drawings.

5. Drawing Table – may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or in the home with
convenient height that will make you comfortable while working. Its main purpose is to
provide you a place where you can fasten your paper.
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6. Drawing Board - is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The common size of drawing
board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm.
7. Triangle - is used to draw vertical, oblique, and isometric lines. It is the 45-degree triangle and
the 30-60-degree triangle.

8. Drawing Tape - is used before any drawing activity is to be started the drawing paper has to
be fastened on the drawing board. The acceptable method of fastening is with the use of tape.

9. Eraser – has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum of the two kinds of eraser the
yellow art gum is better to use for it correct errors easily and removes unwanted lines.
10. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The common kinds of compass are
the pencil compass and the drawing compass. The pencil compass has an opening for the pencil
while the drawing compass has a piece of lead fitted intone of its leg. These are the parts of a
compass:

Legs Handle

Needle

Pencil Holder

Pencil
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Procedures in cleaning, tightening and simple repair of hand tools, drawing instruments,
equipment, and paraphernalia:

1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean.

2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger keeps your drawing tools and
instruments in proper places before and after using.
3. Lay out all the drafting tools that you use and separate them into piles of like items. Place all
pencils together, markers, erasers, rulers, and paper. Using the cleaner, spray the cloth and
wipe down supplies that have residue on them.
4. Take the erasers and rub out any black marks. Do this by rubbing the eraser against a clean
piece of paper until the black smudge has disappeared. For kneaded erasers, these can simply
be stretched and remodeled into a ball, similar to bread dough, to get the black smudge marks
out.
5. Run your hands through your drafting brush to remove any loose debris. Then, wipe it down
with the cleaning cloth to remove any residue from the handle.
6. Roll up your drafting papers into a tight roll. Secure them with a rubber band at each end. Place
the roll into a drafting tube for storage.
7. Place the pens and markers into the long slots of the organizer tray. Place the erasers in the
smaller cube slots. Fill in with any other drafting materials, such as lead refills, push pins,
paper clips, small rulers and mounting stickers.
8. Take your compass and wipe it off with the cleaning cloth.

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRAWING TOOLS

Measuring Dividing Inscribing Straight Edge

T-square Compass Compass T-square

Triangles Divider Divider Triangles

Triangular Scale Circular Templates Foot Rule

Foot Rule

Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools

• Do not use compass or divider as pick.
• Never use the edge of straight ledge in cutting with knife or cutter.
• Use clean dump cloth in cleaning the T – Square & Triangle.
• Never use the triangular scale in drawing lines.
• Always use a sharp pencil.
Proper Handling of Drafting Tools & Equipment
• Use T-Square in drawing horizontal lines.
• Use triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines.
• Hold the compass by the handle while making circular features.
• Hold the pencil 60º angle while drawing.
Safety Reminders to Remember while Drawing
• Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean.
• Never sharpen pencil over your board while working.
• Avoid eating sticky and wet food while drawing.
• Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing will be done.
• Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be able to do work
accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the given time frame.

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As basic requirement in performing drawing activities, the students must have the basic
knowledge on alphabet of lines.

The following are the basic alphabet of lines that are used in orthographic drawing.

1. Visible lines – Used to show visible edges or contours of an object (NOTE: Visible lines
are sometimes called object lines.)

MEDIUM

2. Hidden lines – Represented by a series of medium weight dashes used to show the
hidden or invisible edges of an object.

MEDIUM

3. Center lines – Used to show the centers of holes of circular object or shape.

THIN

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4. Section lines – Used to show a surface that has been cut in a section view. The surface
indicated with section line is presumed to be solid portion.

MEDIUM

5. Extension lines – Indicates the limit of a dimension line.

THIN

6. Dimension lines – Used to show the size (dimensions) of an object; spans from one
extension line to the next, has arrowhead at both ends, and is broken in the middle fro the
measurement number (dimension).

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THIN
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7. Leader lines – Used to direct descriptive major information, notes, or special dimensions
to features on the drawing and done mechanically.

LEADER LINE
THIN

Both are
THICK
cutting plane lines

8. Cutting-plane lines – Used to show where a section has been taken; arrows on the end
show the direction in which the section was taken.

9. Break lines – Used to show that part of the object has been removed or broken away.

a. Short break lines are for freehand, jagged lines and applicable for small objects
only.

MEDIUM

b. Long break lines are solid with a Z symbol inserted in several places and done
mechanically and applicable for big objects only.

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MEDIUM
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10. Reference line – an irregular fine curve line with an arrowhead at one end used for
indicating the measurement and name of a part.

THIN

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ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION

TRADE MATHEMATICS/MEASUREMENT

The word measurement comes from the Greek word "metron," meaning limited proportion.
The metre (U.S.: meter) was standardized as the unit for length after the French Revolution, and it
has been adopted throughout the world. Metric scale is applied when the meter is used for linear
measurement. Accurate measurement is essential in many fields, and since all measurements are
necessarily approximations, a great deal of effort must be taken to make measurements as accurate
as possible.

Measuring accurately is a skill that should be developed. Inaccurate measurement would

mean waste of time, effort and materials. The development of the skill in measuring starts with the
ability to read measurements.

Two systems of measurement

There are two systems of measurement: the English system which originated in England
and the Metric system or Systems International (S.I) which originated in France.
The basic unit in the S.I. measurement is called the meter. The meter is divided into 100
centimeters. Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters. They are abbreviated as follows:

Millimeters mm
Centimeters cm
Decimeters dm
Meters m

In the English system , the inch is divided into 16 graduations and the smallest graduation is
read 1/16

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To read measurement exceeding 1 inch say 2” and for smaller graduations, it is read and
written as: 2 4/16 or 2 ¼.

1 Foot + 2 inches + 3 smaller graduations, it is read and written as: 14 3/16

In the S.I measurement , the meter is divided into 10 millimeters. as shown below:

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TRY THIS: Carry out measurements and calculation

Directions: Write the correct measurements starting from the end of ruler at the left to the points
as indicated by extension lines. Use a separate sheet of paper.

A. English System
2

1
3

1 INCH

1 2 INCH

B. Metric System
8

1 2 3 4 5 CM

10
9

1 2 CM
OPERATION SHEET # 2.
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ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION
and
ISOMETRIC DRAWING

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• The Six Principal Views (see Fig. 2)

1. Top View - It is drawn above the front.
2. Front View- It is drawn vertically aligned and below the top view
3. Right Side View - This located at the right side and aligned with the front view.
4. Left Side View - The opposite of the right-side view. It is located at the left side and
aligned with the front view.
5. Rear View - The opposite view of the front view. It is located aligned after either at the
right-side view or left side view.
6. Bottom View - The opposite view of the top view. This must be drawn vertically aligned
and below the front view.
TOP VIEW

LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT RIGHT SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW

VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW

Fig. 2 shows the six principal views. Further, it shows the proper location of
the top view, front view, right side view, left side view, rear view, and bottom
view

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Plan View or Top View

This can be little more difficult to visualize because you have to imagine yourself moving
over the top of the object and looking vertically downward. The left-hand and right-hand
illustration on the next page show how the plan is placed above the front. Again, sketch the light
vertical construction lines to locate the plan in its proper position. Draw these upward from each
corner of the front view and line-in the plan of the right.

TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

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Front View

Concentrate on the front view. If you look at it correctly the effect will be seen below at
the left, while the below right illustration shows what you will actually see. Notice that in the left-
hand drawing, you can only see the dark-inked front “face” of the object. Notice also that you
cannot see any of the other sides of the object. This is because all those sides are “going away”
from you in your line of sight and are simply not visible from your view point. They are still there,
of course, but are hidden behind the outer edges of the first face.

FRONT VIEW

CORRECT VIEWING OF THE THE FRONT VIEW AS SEEN

FRONT FACE

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Right-Side View

Right-side view should be drawn at the right side of front view. Imagine moving around
the object to look directly at its right side. How you see it is shown below-left and what you see is
shown below-right. Again, the faces you actually see are heavily outlined.

FRONT VIEW RIGHT- SIDE VIEW

The right-side view drawn at the right of the front view

CORRECT VIEWING OF THE RIGHT- SIDE VIEW AS SEEN

RIGHT-SIDE FACE

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STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page)

To draw orthographic views of the given pictorial view, first determine the number of
views needed, then identify which surface will become the front view. Establish the space needed
between views for dimensioning and calculate the center of the drawing, then proceed to the
following steps.

PICTORIAL DRAWING

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STEP 1. Draw the vertical and horizontal axis.

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Space between top view and front view

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 2. Divide the axis by indicating marking lines

according to the given dimensions of the width of

the top view, height of the front view and space

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Space between top view

and front view

FRONT VIEW

STEP 3. Construct the enclosing box of the top view and front view by

projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.

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Space between top

view and front view

450

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 4. Construct diagonal line at 45 degrees angle using

45 deg. X 45 deg. Triangle from the upper right

corner of the enclosing box of the front view.

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INTERSECTING POINT

450

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 5. Project down the two intersecting points to get the

width of the right-side view and to form its

enclosing box.

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INTERSECTING POINT

450

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 6. Divide proportioning distance of top view and

front view by indicating marking lines.

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INTERSECTING POINT

450

FRONT VIEW

STEP 7. Draw the details of top view front view and side

view by projecting the marking lines horizontally

and vertically.

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INTERSECTING POINT

450

FRONT VIEW

STEP 8. Darken the final edges of the top view, front view

and right-side view

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INTERSECTING POINT

450

FRONT VIEW

STEP 9. Divide the provided space for dimensioning by

indicating marking lines.

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INTERSECTING POINT

450

FRONT VIEW

STEP 10. Sketch light lines for dimension lines and

extension lines by projecting the marking lines

horizontally and vertically.

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INTERSECTING POINT

40
450

FRONT VIEW

STEP 11. Draw final dimension lines and extension lines.

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INTERSECTING POINT

10 10 30

40 10
450

16

40

12

FRONT VIEW

STEP 12. Indicate the measurements.

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TOP VIEW

10 10 30

40 10

16

40

12

FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

STEP 13. Label the top, front and right side views.

Finally, erase the construction lines.

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EXERCISE 1

Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the pictorial drawings below.

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CONSTRUCT ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Axonometric Drawing is a pictorial drawing which shows the front side and top faces of an
object in one view. The receding lines in isometric are always parallel.

Three Divisions of Axonometric Drawing:

o Isometric
o Dimetric
o Trimetric drawing
Principles of Isometric, Dimetric and Trimetric Drawing

o Isometric - All receding edges are 30º.

o Dimetric - One receding edge is 15º and the other one is 45º.
o Trimetric - All receding edges are 15º.
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
The term isometric came from the two Greek word “iso” means equal and “metron” means
to measure. The word isometric thus means “equal measure”. In other words, the size of an
isometric drawing view is in equal measure to the size of the orthographic drawing. An isometric
drawing is one which clearly shows three surfaces of an object. The drawing consists of three axes,
one of which is vertical and the other two drawn to the right and left of 30⁰ to the horizontal.

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STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE OF CREATING AN ISOMETRIC DRAWING

Procedure:

1. Draw the three isometric axes. Be sure that the angle of the cross axis is
30º from the lower edge of the paper.

30 degrees 30 0

2. Layout the principal measurements. Get the measurements from the

Orthographic drawing.

30 0

3. Draw the box or crate lines.

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30 0

4. Draw the details of the object.

5. Trace the visible edges with heavier lines.

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6. If required, show hidden lines.

7. Put dimension and Label the isometric drawing.

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EXERCISE 2
Directions: Create the isometric drawing of the given orthographic projection.

TOP VIEW

15 30

50 9 12
50

16

FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

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PERSPECTIVE
DRAWING

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CONSTRUCT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

Perspective is a pictorial view seen by observer’s eye. Anything we see is in fact a

perspective view. If on a vertical window glass plane we draw what we can see through it using a
pentel pen, the result in drawing will be a perspective. Picture plane (PP) is therefore define as an
imaginary vertical plane where a perspective view is assumed or imagined to be projected or
drawn. The paper having a perspective view can also be called the picture plane if it is held
vertically in front of your eyes.

In the study of perspective drawing, one must first know the meanings of other key terms
associated with it. There is the horizon eye level, ground level, vanishing point, point of sight or
vision, and station point. To a man on earth, Horizon (H) is the imaginary intersection of the sky
and the open scale. Any edge or line of an object parallel to the horizon is considered horizontal.
To an astronaut or traveler in space, however, the horizon will appear as a straight line but a curve-
the curvature of the earth.

Eye level (EL) is an imaginary horizontal plane which is in level with the observer’s eyes
and the horizon. The eye level of a man who is standing would be higher than that of one who is
seated. Ground Level (GL) is a plane of the ground. Vanishing point (VP) is the imaginary point
or intersection of lines projected from the receding horizontal edges of an object. Point of Sight
or Point of Vision is the point on the horizon or on the object with the observer is directly looking
at. Station Point (SP) is the observer’s eye, not the station point on the ground where the observers
stands
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The two kinds of perspective are the parallel and the angular. In the parallel (or one-
point) perspective, one surface of the object is drawn parallel to the picture plane; but in angular
(or two point) perspective, no surface of the object is parallel to the picture plane.

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The position of a perspective maybe bellow the eye level or the horizon (bird’s eye view), above
eye level (man’s eye level), and on the eye level (worm’s eye view) or the eye level passes through
it (man’s eye view).

Perspective may also be classified as the artist’s the mechanical, and the semi artist or semi-
mechanical. The artist’s perspective is sometimes called inaccurate or false perspective because
the horizontal receding lines or edges of the object, if extended or prolonged, may not vanish in
the horizon. But the view is pleasing to most people and hence its defect is hardly noticeable. The
mechanical perspective is an accurate or through perspective because it is done mechanically and
systematically, but the process is too complicated to introduce in a beginner’s course in drafting
or in engineering drawing.

The semi-artists or semi-mechanical perspective is recommended for beginners. It is called semi-

artists because the sizes of the objects in the perspective drawing are visually estimated or
proportioned while the receiving horizontal lines are drawn mechanically so that they would meet
in the horizon if sufficiently prolonged.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE OF ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

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Procedure in Constructing One-Point Perspectives or Parallel Perspective.

1. Draw top and front view, picture plane, horizon line and ground line

TOP VIEW

PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON LINE

GROUND LINE

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2. Locate station point and project lines of visual rays from the corners of the top
view to station point.

TOP VIEW

HORIZON LINE

FRONT VIEW
STATION POINT

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3. Project vertically from station point for single vanishing point.

TOP VIEW

PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON LINE VANISHING POINT

GROUND LINE

STATION POINT

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4. Project corners to the vanishing point.

TOP VIEW

PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON LINE
VANISHING POINT

GROUND LINE

STATION POINT
FRONT VIEW

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5. Drop projectors at picture plane to determine depths and completeness.

TOP VIEW

PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON VANISHING POINT

GROUND LINE
STATION POINT

PARALLEL PERSPECTIVE

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STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE OF TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

Procedure in Constructing Two-Point Perspective or Angular Perspective

1. Estimate location of horizon, vanishing points and leading

corners of the objects.

2. Get the height of the object and project the upper and lower
vanishing lines to the vanishing points.

UPPER VANISHING LINES

LVP RVP

HEIGHT OF THE OBJECT

LOWER VANISHING LINES

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3. Estimate the width and length.

INTERSECTING
POINTS

1. Complete the construction box by projecting the two intersecting

points between vanishing lines and vertical lines.

LVP

RVP

5. Estimate position of features towards the vanishing points.

RVP

6. Connect intersecting lines.

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7. Complete drawing. Add shading if desired and finally erase the construction
lines.

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STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE OF ANGULAR PERSPECTIVE

Mechanical procedures in drawing Angular or Two-Point Perspective:

PLAN

600 300 PICTURE PLANE

HORIZON
LVP RVP

FRONT VIEW PERSPECTIVE RIGHT SIDE VIEW GROUND LINE

1. Using T-square, draw the picture plane (PP). From PP, draw the top view of an object in
oblique position at 300 and 600 (vice-versa) of its sides using 30O x 600 triangle.
2. Draw a vertical line along center-edge of the top view to locate the station point (SP) at a
distance of not less than twice the scales length of an object. From station point, project a
line along all corners of the top view. Mark a point as a piercing point on the picture plane.
3. From station point (SP), project a line right 300 cross axis and left 600 cross axis (vice-
versa) touching the picture plane.
4. Establish a ground line. Draw the front and side views of the object at the right or left side
of the ground line.

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5. Locate the horizon between the picture plane (PP) and ground line (GL).
6. From Step-2 at piercing points on the picture plane, project vertical lines along horizon line
to establish the left and right vanishing points.
7. From piercing points in the picture plane (PP), project vertical lines along the ground line
to create all measuring lines of width & depth.
8. Project horizontally all the heights of the front view and side view along measuring lines
of width and depth respectively.
9. Connect all corner horizontal heights to LVP and RVP to complete the perspective
drawing.
10. Finalize the drawing.

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ARCHITECTURAL
DRAWING and
DESIGN

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ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWINGS

The architectural working drawings together with the specifications are the most important
parts of the documents constituting the contract. Information on the designs, locations, and
dimensions of the elements of a building is found on the architectural working drawings while
information on the quality of materials and workmanship is found in the specifications. A good
architectural working drawing gives the contractor the exact information he needs. It should be
clear, simple, and orderly arranged, and accurately drawn so that scaled measurements will match
with dimensions.

The finished drawings made by the architect, or draftsman and used by the contractor are
called architectural working drawings. The architectural working drawings, together with the
specifications and the general conditions, form the legal contract between the owner and the
contractor. Since the working drawings are a major portion of the contract documents, they should
be very carefully drawn.

Students will be able to interpret, identify tools and materials used in working drawings
and fully understand the standard procedure in layouting and detailing architectural working plans
and drawings.

One of elements of Architectural working drawing

A complete architectural working drawing of a house generally includes the following:
ARCHITECTURAL SHEETS
a. Sheet # 1 - Title page and index (Exterior perspective, site development plan or plot
plan, and vicinity map or location plan is often included in the plan).
PERSPECTIVE is the view as seen by the eyes or it shows the appearance of the finished
building. This drawing represents the actual form of the proposed building. (See
perspective on the next page)
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN is the outline and measurements of the proposed building
and its placement on the property. it shows the position and the location of the building
with property line, setbacks, approaches, grade contours, landscape and other pertinent data

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in relation to the site. A site development plan is drawn using a scale not smaller than
1:200meters. (see site development plan on the next page.)

LOCATION PLAN is the top view of the site or lot where the proposed house will be
built. It shows the position of the house inside the lot, the number of the adjacent lots,
streets or lanes before or beside the lot, and the North sign. The location plan is usually
located near the title block. The main line symbol of the North sign is generally parallel to
the side border line of the drawing paper and points upward.

Sheet # 1

SAMPLE BLUEPRINT OF A ONE-STOREY HOUSE

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Title Page and Index generally includes title block, table of contents, labels, and the name of the
duly licensed and registered Geodetic Engineer who approves the lot survey plans.
Title Block in House Plan
The title block in house plans includes the following information:
1.Owner’s name
2. Location or address of the proposed house
3. Lot and block numbers
4. Signature of architect or civil engineer who approves the
plan
5. Draftsman’s name or initials
6. Date when plan was drawn or completed
7. Scale as shown
(See title block in sheet #1)

b. Sheet # 2 – Floor plan, of a 2 Storey House. It includes the Ground Floor Plan and
Second Floor Plan with complete Elevation.

FLOOR PLAN is the top view of the floor area of a house. The cutting plane line for
this top view passes between the upper and lower window sills. It represents the
arrangement of rooms, doors, windows and other features located in the floor plan.

ELEVATION is the front or side view of a building. It shows the design of the house,
height dimension, materials finish and complete information on specification.

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b. Sheet # 2

SAMPLE FLOOR PLAN AND ELEVATION OF A ONE-STOREY HOUSE

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b. Sheet # 3
SECTION is the view showing the inside part of the building either in cross- section or
longitudinal section.
ROOF PLAN is one showing the outline of the roof and the major object lines indicating
ridges, valleys, hips, and openings.
REFLECTED CEILING PLAN is the complete plan design of house ceiling.
BALUSTER DETAIL is the detail of the vertical railing along a staircase or balcony
railing.
SECTION is the view showing the inside part of the building either in cross- section or
longitudinal section.
ROOF PLAN is one showing the outline of the roof and the major object lines
indicating ridges, valleys, hips, and openings.
REFLECTED CEILING PLAN is the complete plan design of house ceiling.
BALUSTER DETAIL is the detail of the vertical railing along a staircase or balcony
railing.

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c. Sheet # 3
SAMPLE SECTIONS, ROOF PLAN, AND REFLECTED CEILING LIGHT

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d. Sheet # 4 - Doors and Windows Schedule, Detail of kitchen, and

Detail of Toilet and Bath
DOORS and WINDOWS SCHEDULE is a complete specification of doors and
windows in terms of width, height, types, materials and quantity.
KITCHEN DETAIL is a drawing of kitchen floor plan with complete specifications.
TOILET and BATH DETAIL is a drawing of toilet and the floor plan that shows
complete features of toilet and bath.
d. Sheet # 4
SAMPLE DOORS AND WINDOWS SCHEDULE, DETAIL OF KITCHEN

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ARCHITECTURAL ABBREVIATIONS:

BALCONY – BALC CEILING LINE – CL METER – M

BATHROOM – B ELEVATION – ELEV. MILIMETER – MM

BEDROOM – BR SECTION – SEC. AT - @

MASTER BEDROOM - MBR FLOOR – FLR DOWN SPOUT –DS

LIVING ROOM – LR CONCRETEHOLLOW BLOCKS – CHB VERTICAL – VERT.

DINING ROOM – DR CORRUGATED – CORR NOT TO SCALE – NTS

KITCHEN – K CEMENT – CEM FLOOR LINE – FL

LAVATORY – LAV BOTH WAYS – B.W. GROUND LINE – GL

TOILET & BATH – T & B ON CENTER - OC FINISH FLOOR LINE – FFL

BUILDING – BLDG DOWN – DN FINISH GROUND LINE - FGL

BUILT-IN – BLT-IN

CABINET – CAB

Architectural Symbols

Familiarizing all the architectural symbols is a prerequisite for all students in architecture
and drafting technology programs considering that their future works will be on the architectural
activity. It would be difficult for them to interpret drawing or blueprint unless they have
familiarized all the architectural symbols.

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The following illustrations are the architectural symbols:

a. Doors and windows symbols that are shown in the floor plan.

b. Doors and windows symbols that used to represent doors on floor plans and elevation
drawings

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a. Door, window and staircase symbols that are shown in the elevation plans.

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VICINITY MAP

The location of a lot is an important factor you have to consider in planning a house. The
best location is one having beautiful landscape with much fresh air and sunlight, good neighbors
and sanitary surroundings. It must also be accessible to transportation, water, light, sewerage
system, market, school, church, hospital and office.

Vicinity map shows the approximate location of the site and landmarks. It is drawn
approximately or not scaled. Illustrated hereunder is an example vicinity map. The arrow indicates
the site or the lot where a building is to be located.

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SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN is the outline and measurements of the proposed building and its
placement on the property.

This shows the position and the location of the building with property line, setbacks,
approaches, grade contours, landscape and other pertinent data in relation to the site.
A site development plan is drawn using a scale not smaller than 1:200meters.

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

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SITE is an area of land available for construction or the lot on which a building is constructed.
Building site maybe a single lot, a series of lots, or a subdivision. A lot is a piece of ground
of specific size. A subdivision is a large tract of land that is being developed

PLANNING CONSIDERATION IN DEVELOPING THE SITE

▪ Location of a proposed house on the lot. The location of the house must be considered in
order to determine the locations of the rooms and the house itself on the lot. Some lots are
located on swampy grounds and others on hilly or rugged terrain. Still others are sited near
rivers, highways, streets and squatter areas. The front part of the house generally faces the
street or away from ugly views like the back parts of neighboring houses, a swampy area, and
thick bushes.
▪ Many want their bedrooms to face the sunrise – which is, on the eastern side of the lot. Others,
especially those who work at night, prefer their bedrooms located on the west side. The breeze
at the site may determine the location of the living room and toilet or bathrooms. The height
of the flood waters in the locality should also be considered in determining the distance of the
first floor from the ground. This is especially true in low areas. In high locations the floor
may be 20 cm. only from the ground level.
▪ As earlier mentioned, the house may be located at the center of the lot. Or one of its sides
may be exactly on a lot line or fence. In this case, a firewall which is made of concrete, adobe,
and concrete hollow blocks should be constructed on this side of the house.

▪ Like and dislikes of the family member. This factor is usually considered when the family
is rich and can afford to pay for the services of an architect or draftsman. Before he designs
the house, the architect or draftsman has to first interview the members of the family to get
information about their interests, hobbies, and the like. From such interviews, he will get to
know whether the family wants a library or study room, a social hall, a playroom, a music
room, a swimming pool, a carport or garage, servant’s quarters, a driver’s room, a landscaped
garden, a balcony, and a roof garden.

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Property Lines are those lines working outside of the lot area.

Setback refers to the distance at how far a building can be built within the property lines.

Zoning refers to the legal restrictions on size, location, and type of structures to be built on a
designated area.

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Zoning Laws

One major area covered by building code is the zoning laws. Zoning laws are designed to
keep different areas of a community from interfering with each other. In some cities or towns,
separate areas are set aside for specific uses. Examples are residential, commercial, and
industrial. These are established and protected by zoning laws.

In addition, zoning laws establish standards for construction in different sizes and uses.

One of the first things an architect must do before designing a building is to read the
building codes. The intended use of the building has to be within the limits of zoning laws.
Also, the size of the lot must be large enough to meet the requirements.

Building Code are local laws that set standard for structural design within the community.

This is a collection of local laws that regulate the building of homes and other
structures. These legal requirements are intended to protect the safety and health of the
people who live and work in the buildings. They regulate restrictions concerning the
construction of buildings to provide safety to the occupants.

All constructions in an area must meet the requirements of building codes. Some of
the designs and construction features covered by building codes include:

▪ Qualifications of persons who can design building within the area.

▪ Structural design that can be used
▪ Lot sizes for certain types of buildings
▪ Types and sizes of materials that can be used.

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National Building Code Rules:

1. For one-storey wooden or frame house, the height of the floor plan from the ground should
not be less than 1.50 m.

2. Walls with window opening should not be less than 2.00 m. from the lot line of fence. In
other words, adjacent houses should not be at least 4.00 m. from each other.

3. The front part of a house should not be less than 3.00 m. from the lot line along the street.

4. No windows should be constructed along a wall of a house if this wall is flush with or
exactly on the lot line.

*Read the other notes about the building codes

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FLOOR PLAN FEATURES

Floor Plan

Floor plan is the top cross-sectional view of the floor area of a house. The horizontal cutting
plane line for this top view passes between the upper and lower window sills or one meter above
the floor line. It shows the size and arrangement of the rooms. It also presents the sizes and
locations of the stairs, door and windows openings, and partitions and walls. Sometimes it includes
the kind of furnishings in each room. However, the materials required for constructing permanent
or integral parts of each room such as bedroom closets, kitchen cabinets, etc., should also be
accounted for in the bill of materials.

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In multi-storey buildings, a separate floor plan is drawn for each floor level when the layout of
the room is not in each floor. However, when two or more floor levels have the same arrangement
and features, one typical floor plan representing all the identical floors will suffice to be drawn.

Room Requirements and pointers in planning a floor plan

1. Living Room is the center of the living area in most homes. It should be centrally located
and should be adjacent to the outside entrance and to the dining area, but the entrance
should not lead directly into the living room. Recommended sizes should be at least 2.00m
x 3.00 small, 3.7m. x 5.5m. average or optimum size would be 6.1 x 7.9 m. in rectangular
shape.

2. Bedroom is a room for sleeping and taking rest of the family. Ideal number of rooms for
low cost housing should be two bedrooms, master’s bedroom and bedroom. Preferably,
there should be a toilet and bath in master’ bedroom and a built-in cabinets or closets.

3. Dining Area is the area where greatly depend on eating habits of the occupants. This
should be located between the living room and kitchen.
Its size and shape are determined by the size of the family.

4. Kitchen is the place for preparation of food and connecting the work triangle area for
storage and mixing center, preparation and cleaning center and cooking center. There
should be a storage hanging kitchen cabinet with a minimal width of 0.60 meter.

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Types of Kitchen

1. U-shaped kitchen

2. L-shaped type

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3. Corridor type

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1. Bathroom is where the toilet and tub or shower are separated to save economically in
plumbing. As much as possible keep the toilet near the kitchen. The bath and toilet must
be near the bedrooms, accessible to the living room even without passing through other
rooms. The toilet and bath are generally located between bedrooms. In a two-storey
residential house, the bedrooms, toilet, and bath are often located on the second floor. In
this case, the stair must go up from the living room or hall if there is any. The stair is
generally L or U-shaped and has a landing.
Bathroom Doors and Windows Bathroom door could be small as 55-60 cm. except for
utility bathroom which requires not less than 70.cm. wide to allow passage of equipment
as required. In general, bathroom wall contain only one door.

2. Entrances Entrance is divided into several different types; the main entrance, the service
entrance, and the special- purpose entrance. The entrance is composed of an outside
waiting area like the porch, marquee or lanai and an inside waiting area like foyer or
entrance hall. It provides for and controls the flow of traffic into and out of a building.

The main entrance provides access to the house. It is the one through which guests are welcomed
and from which all major traffic patterns radiate. The main entrance should be readily identifiable.
It should provide shelter to anyone awaiting entrance.

The service entrance provides access to the house through which supplies can be delivered to the
service areas going through other parts of the house. It should also provide access to parts of the
service area like the garage, laundry or workshop.

The special-purpose entrances and exits do not provide for outside traffic. Instead they provide
for movement from the inside living area of the house to the outside living areas. A sliding door
from the living area to the patio is a special-purpose entrance. It is not an entrance through which
street, drive, or sidewalk traffic would have an access.

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3. Garage and Carports.

A garage is an enclosed structure designed primarily to shelter an automobile. It maybe
used for many secondary purposes – as a workshop, as a laundry, or for storage space. It is
usually attached to the house in some manner to provide a sheltered entry.

A carport is a garage with one or more of the exterior walls removed. It may consist of a
free-standing roof completely separate from the house, or it may be built against the
existing walls of the house.

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ARCHITECTURAL DRAFTING DESIGN STANDARDS

Legal Provisions:

• Section 806 of the National Building Code (NBC). Size and Dimension of Rooms:
a. Room for human habitations should be 6.00 square meters with at least a dimension of 2.00
meters.
b. Kitchens should be 3.00 square meters with at least a dimension of 1.50 meters.
c. Bath & Toilet – 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90 meters.
• Section 1207. Stairs, Exit, and Occupant Loads.
Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall have a size to permit the installation
of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width and not less than 2.00 meters in height.

Stairways width. Stairway serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall not be less than
1.10 meters. While stairway serving an occupant load of 50 or less shall be 900 millimeters
wide.

Rise and run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 200 millimeters and the
run shall not be less than 250 millimeters.

Other guidelines must be observed in the arrangement of rooms in drawing floor plan:

1. Built-in cabinets or closets are usually found in the bedrooms, kitchen, and dining room. Open
shelves may be constructed in the kitchen and dining room.
2. In some one-storey houses, the bedrooms toilet, and bath are elevated from the other rooms.
In this case, the stairs leading to these rooms must be indicated on the floor plan. Two or three
steps, each has 18 or 19 cm high from each other and 25 cm wide, may be shown in the plan.
All these measurements must be drawn to scale.
3. Since most of the time is spent by the members of a family in the bedrooms at home, these
rooms must be located far from noise, dust, and polluted air coming from garbage pits or from
the kitchens and toilets of the neighboring houses.
4. If furnitures and house appliances are to be shown in each room, these furnishings should be
drawn on the same scale in the floor plan.

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5. If the floor plan will be traced on tracing paper in order to indicate the electrical or water
connections, these furnishings should not be shown on the tracing.
6. In presentation drawings, the landscaping around the floor plan may be added.
7. It is on the floor plan where the cutting plane lines for at least two full-sectional elevations
(cross and longitudinal) are indicated. These sectional elevations are usually labeled as Section
A-A and Section B-B, depending on the capital letter used at the extremities of the cutting plane
lines. These cutting plane lines need not be continuous or straight. They are often drawn in
colored ink. ( see illustration)
8. Windows and Doors symbols should be indicated in the outer walls of the floor plan opposite
to door and windows openings to determine the total number and specification.
Entrance and Exit. There shall be at least one entrance and another one for exit.
Windows opening should be 10% of the total floor square area according to the
National Building Code.

Example: Bedroom size of 3.00m x 40.00 = 12 square meters x 10% = 1.20m window
width opening.

Wall Openings

Entrance door is preferably with 0.90 cm. to 1.00 m. width.

Bedroom door has a minimum width of 0.80 cm.
Toilet and Bath door have a minimum width of 0.70 cm. to 0.80 cm.
Minimal width of windows is preferably 0.60 cm.

Other appliances and fixtures are required to be drawn in the floor plan for space requirements

Eave lines are hidden roof lines which also indicated in the floor plan.

Trees, Plants symbols are required to be drawn in the development of site plan if needed.

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STEPS IN DRAWING A FLOOR PLAN

• Prepare the needed tools and materials.

1. Use the correct scale.

2. Construct the wall thickness. Use 0.15cm. CHB for the major walls. Start from the
center of the wall.

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3. Divide the floor area to other areas of the house. Use a 10 cm interior wall partitions.
Compute each area of the house, then check the total floor area

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4. Lay out the position of doors and windows by center line and by their widths with a 4H
pencil. The standard width of doors is 90-95 centimeters like the main entrance door.
While 80 centimeters for bedrooms and service doors and 0 .75 centimeters for toilet
and bath doors.

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5. Label each part of the floor plan. Draw the kitchen and apply the work triangle
principle in designing the kitchen. Draft the toilet and bath draw the fixtures properly.

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6. Lay-out extension lines. Use any dimension limits and lay out dimensions legibly and
never repeat dimensions.

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7. Draw the schedule of doors and windows. Name doors and windows by sizes. Finally,
draw the roof line of the floor plan.

DRAFT ROOF PLAN

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ROOF. It is the external upper covering of a house or building. It shows the size, shape
and the type of materials that should be used in the roofing system. One of the most significant
parts of any home is its roof. If there is planning a new build or a significant roof remodelling or
replacement project, they should know about the various types of roofs as well as the pros and
cons of each. Below is some information that will be very helpful to you during the planning stage.

1. FLAT ROOF
Most flat roofs are not really 100% flat, but rather they are
low-sloped roofs that appear flat, but have a little bit of a
slope to allow for the run-off water. Flat roofs are commonly
found in modern architecture style homes, commercial
buildings, or home additions such as a sunroom.

2. GABLE ROOF
The term ‘gable’ refers to the triangle spot that is
formed when the two pitched areas of your roof meet. It
makes sense then that a gable style roof is basically one side
up and the other side down similar to the roof on a traditional
dog house.

3. HIP ROOF
A hip roof is one that contains a slope on all four
sides that meets at a common ridge at the top. Think of a
hip roof as being two separate gable roofs on a single
structure. Hip roofs are often found on homes with
wraparound porches, as well as traditional farmhouses and
multi-story structures.

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4. MANSARD ROOF
Sometimes referred to as a French roof, a Mansard
roof consists of four sides that each have two slopes. Each
slope joins at the top to form a flat panel. Mansard roofs
are often found on older homes, particularly those built
constructed just after the Civil War.

5. SHED ROOF
A shed roof consists of a single, sloping panel that
is sometimes attached to a taller, adjacent wall. Shed roofs
are sometimes known as skillion roofs or lean-tos. They are
often used on rustic homes and cabins, as well as on storm
shelters and hunting retreats.

6. BUTTERFLY ROOF
When two inward sloping panels meet at a common
valley, the result is known as a butterfly roof. A butterfly
roof is the opposite of a gable roof, and somewhat
resembles a butterfly’s wings while in flight. Their design
makes them very popular on homes located in areas that
receive a great deal of sunlight but very little rain.

7. A-FRAME ROOF
An A-frame When viewed from the front, this
roof will somewhat resemble the letter “A”. A-frame roofs
may be placed on single or multi-story houses, and are
often found on cabins, vacation homes, and guest
cottages. They are ideal for locations that routinely
receive a great deal of snow fall, which is why you may see
them at ski lodges.

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8. SKILLION ROOF
The skillion roof is in form of a singular flat surface
that slopes in one direction. It has a distinctive pitch, and its
slope is far steeper than that of a flat roof. The skillion roof
is very cheap and easy to construct compared to most other
kinds of roofs. It is also better than roofs with gentler slopes
when it comes to drainage. It can be used alongside other
types of roofs, particularly on segments such as verandas.
Its main disadvantage is that if its pitch is too steep, the ceiling height would have to be a bit low.

9. SALTBOX ROOF
The saltbox roof has two sides of different lengths, which
slope outwards from a central ridge. In a typical saltbox
house, one side of the roof covers the top floor of the house
while the other side slopes all the way down to the ground
floor.

10. DORMER ROOF

A dormer roof contains vertical windows within its pitch.

Dormer roofs are usually very complex, and they often
combine different roofing styles. Each window has its own
little roof which is joined to the main roof of the house.

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PROCEDURE IN DRAFT A ROOF PLAN

SAMPLE ROOF PLAN

Roof plan is the upper part of the building. This can be drawn through the following steps
(see the operating steps):

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1. Given: a scaled floor plan.

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2. Draw or trace the given scale floor plan into a form of hidden lines
without doors and windows.

3. From end line of the floor plan, lay out a standard 1.00 m. eave lines
around the floor plan.

1.00 m. Eave line

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4. From eave lines, extend a 0.20 m. lines for gutter width, and analyze how
many and where to indicate a 0.10 m. circular holes for downspout.

0.20 m.

0.20 m.
.

5. Select roof types required. From rectangular form of floor plan, get the
center and project a line along the eave lines.

center
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6. If hip roof types will be

used, project a 450 angle
in all corners of eave
lines intersecting the
center line to create a hip
roof. From drawn hip
roof layout, draw two
lines at 0.10 m. width on
both sides representing
the ridge roll width.

7. Project a symbol (thin

lines) for roof covering
materials to be used,
indicate from the center
of roof slopes a
perpendicular arrowhead
with word label of slopes.

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8. Complete the drawings with proper dimensioning and labels, then

finalize the drawing.

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DRAFT ELEVATIONS AND SECTION

Procedure in drafting elevations:

1. Lay-out the elevation very lightly using a sharp, hard pencil. Using a divider or a
scale, transfer horizontal dimensions from the floor plan. A scale of 1: 100 or 1:50
meter is used and indicated in the title block or near the drawing. If the plan and
section are drawn to the same scale as the required elevation, the floor plan may be
taped in position and dimension projected directly using triangle and T-square.
Windows and door are located horizontally by projecting from the plan,
they are located vertically by projecting from the window and door details or simply
by aligning the top of the window with the top of the door.

2. Locate the vertical distance of ceiling from floor line, ridge to ceiling line and
natural ground to finished ground line. indicate also the height of doors and
windows.

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3. Indicate the thickness of walls, fascia board and other materials seen on elevation
and darken the lines to highlight them.

4. Draw the elevation details and other architectural materials.

The elevation details to be included will vary depending upon the style of the
house, in the case of a residence, the following details are added:

1. roof fascia
2. roof beams
3. window representation
4. gradelines
5. material representation
6. darkened building outline

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5. Indicate the dimension of the vertical distance from

the natural ground line to the floor line and the floor line ceiling, and ceiling
line to ridge line.

Added elevation dimensions and notes are.

1. height of roof
2. height of other features such as masonry wall
3. heights of wall
4. roof slope indication
5. window schedule
6. title and notes indicating materials

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SAMPLE FRONT ELEVATION O

FLOOR PLAN

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Full Sections

Architects prepare drawings that show the building cut in to half to show the internal
structure. This is known as longitudinal section, meaning lengthwise. When it is cut across, it is
called transverse section. It is imagined that a plane is passed through the building cutting it in half
by a cutting plane line.

There are different ways of drawing the cutting plane line, most especially if it interferes
with dimensions as shown in these figures.

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TWO – DIMENSIONAL

AUTOCAD
APPLICATION

bbek2018

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AUTOCAD

What is AutoCAD?

AutoCAD is a 2-D and 3-D Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) software application used in
architecture, construction and manufacturing to assist in the preparation of blueprints and other
engineering plans. Professionals who use AutoCAD are often referred to as drafters.

Three main ways you can use CAD to help you with your projects:

1. You can use AutoCAD to create 2D drafting drawing, which will be used by all the
professionals involved in the implementation of a project. For example, if your project
involves the construction of a kitchen, you will need to give the fitter a plan, elevations and
sections of the kitchen, with annotations and measurements for them to be able to built it
and understand your design intent.

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2. You can use CAD to visualize the space you have to work with 3D and manipulate the
drawing to quickly different views that you can print. You can then use those prints to
sketch with, develop you design ideas and create, for example a perspective drawing or
even build a model, using the floor plan as template.

3. You can use CAD to create a screen on 3D models of your space of building, complete
with walls, furniture, etc. This is powerful feature that enables you to present design from
different angles and add rendering, textures and create walkthrough animations.

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AUTOCAD INTERFACE

AUTOCAD INTERFACE FUNCTION

1. APPLICATION MENU
This is the first thing you see on launching AutoCAD,
located in the far left corner at the top of the screen. It is
represented by a big red “A” button with a downward
facing black arrow. Single-clicking this button opens a
drop-down menu which contains some number of the
same options in the quick access toolbar, and more. More
importantly, it contains links to most recently opened
drawings and sheet sets. With the click of a button you
can change this to a list of currently open drawings.
Double-clicking the application menu is not advised
unless you mean to close AutoCAD application.

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Another feature of the Application Menu is the

Search Commands part. Here you may type the
full name or partial name of AutoCAD
commands you are not sure of, and AutoCAD
will carry out a search for related commands in
the menu. The figure below shows the results
you get when you type ‘poly’ in the Search
Commands part.

2. Quick Access Toolbar (QAT)

This is next to the application menu at the top of the screen in the title bar. The quick access toolbar
(QAT), by default, contains icons for a number of commands, such as New, Open, Save, Save As,
Undo, Plot and Redo. Like most user interface elements, it can be customized to meet the user’s
desires. The figure below shows a highlighted QAT.

3. Ribbon

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The ribbon is a user interface element that contains various AutoCAD commands arranged in
panels and tabs. The tabs are quite powerful. They have panels of commands as well as options
that relate to any task at hand. For instance, if you select a HATCH object, a contextual tab appears.
The tab contains a Hatch editing command that appears automatically.

4. In-Editor elements

These are elements found inside the drawing

panel. The user can control their visibility. In the

upper left corner are the view port controls that

allow the user to alter the view and visual styles.

The View Cube, Navigation bar and the UCS icon

are positioned as shown in the figure below.

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5. Status Bar
At the bottom of the screen, is the
Status Bar. It contains only icons.
Several icons, by default, are not
enabled, but the user can decide to
turn on some of them.

The figure below shows a status

bar, with an expanded control icon on
the far right, to show you the other
available icons.

When you hover the cursor over any

icon, you will find out its purpose.
The gray ones mean the toggle is off,
and blue means the toggle it on.

6. File Tabs
File tabs give access to all open documents. Each document that is open has a tab. Left-clicking
on a tab makes it the current open document. Right-clicking on a tab gives access to more options,
including Save As and Close. The tab that has a plus sign allows the user to open a new document.
File Tabs are located just below the Ribbon. The figure below shows three File Tabs.

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7. Layout Tabs
Layout tabs give access to different Model Spaces of each Layout in any given document. Left-
clicking on a tab to makes it the current open layout. Right-clicking on a tab gives you access to
more options that include Print, Move, or Rename. The tab that has a plus sign allows the user to
create a new layout. Layout Tabs, by default, are located at the bottom of the drawing panel below
the command line, in the area around status bar.

8. Drop-Down Menus
A drop-down menu is a top level name that is clickable. On left-clicking the menu reveals a list of
commands or sub menus below it. When a command is selected, the menu vanishes. An example
of a drop-down menu is shown in the figure below.

9. Toolbars
Toolbars are flat panels containing buttons or drop-down lists. Each button has an icon and macro
that performs a either a command or a macro. The figure below shows two toolbars.

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10. Command Line

This is a palette in which you can input command names. When docked, it has some fixed number
of visible lines. When floating, the command line can expand to show more data. The figure below
shows an example of a floating command line:

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TO MODIFY DRAFTING SETTING IN AUTOCAD

On the Status Bar, right-click any of the following and choose Settings.

➢ Snap Mode Find

➢ Grid Display Find
➢ Polar Tracking Find
➢ Object Snap Find
➢ 3D Object Snap Find
➢ Object Snap Tracking Find
➢ Dynamic Input Find
➢ Quick Properties Find
➢ Selection Cycling Find

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In the Drafting Settings dialog box, modify settings as needed.

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SETTING LAYERS IN AUTOCAD

One of the important elements in creating orthographic projects, isometric drawing and floor
plan etc. you must know how to set up the line weights and line types of a line. In doing this,
here’s the process:

➢ In command line type “LA” then enter.

➢ There is a dialog box that will pop up.

➢ To add new layer, click the color yellow. Double click the “layer” and rename it. Set the

color, line weight and line type.

➢ Back to “0” as you click the add new layer. The zero is the default setting of the layer.

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DIMENSION STYLE IN AUTOCAD

Creates new styles, sets the current style, modifies styles, sets overrides on the current style, and
compares styles.

DIMSTYLE (Command)

List of Options. The following options are displayed.

➢ Current Dimension Style

Displays the name of the

dimension style that is current.

The default dimension style is

STANDARD. The current style

is applied to dimensions you

create.

➢ Styles

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Lists dimension styles in the drawing. The current style is highlighted. Right-click in the list to

display a shortcut menu with options to set the current style, rename styles, and delete styles. You

cannot delete a style that is current or in use in the current drawing.

The icon before the style name indicates that the style is annotative.

➢ List

Controls the display of styles in the Styles list. Select All Styles if you want to see all dimension

styles in a drawing. Select Styles in Use if you want to see only the dimension styles currently

used by dimensions in the drawing. Don’t List Styles in Xrefs. When selected, suppresses display

of dimension styles in externally referenced drawings in the Styles list.

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Preview of:

Shows a graphic representation of

the style selected in the Styles list.

Description

Describes the style selected in the

Styles list relative to the current style.

If the description is longer than the

space provided, you can click in the

pane and use arrow keys to scroll down.

➢ Set Current

Sets the style selected under Styles

to current. The current style is

applied to dimensions you create.

➢ New

Displays the Create New

Dimension Style dialog box, in

which you can define a new

dimension style.

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➢ Modify

Displays the Modify Dimension Styles dialog box, in which you can modify dimension styles.

Dialog box options are identical to those in the New Dimension Style dialog box.

➢ Override

Displays the Override Current Style dialog box, in which you can set temporary overrides to

dimension styles. Dialog box options are identical to those in the New Dimension Style dialog

box. Overrides are displayed as unsaved changes under the dimension style in the Styles list.

➢ Compare

Displays the Compare Dimension Styles dialog box, in which you can compare two dimension

styles or list all the properties of one dimension style.

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MODIFY DIMENSION STYLE IN AUTOCAD

To modify the dimension setting, select the “modify” in the dimension style manager.

➢ Lines – this concern to the line setting of the dimension, you should set it “by layer” to

manifest the color and line weight of the dimension. You can also adjust the extension line

and its offset or spacing from the origin.

➢ Symbols and arrows – this setting is concern for specific used of alphabet of lines in

dimensioning. You can set it by arrow head, architectural tick and etc. It can also be set the

leader line into specific kind of alphabet of lines.

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➢ Text – this concern in setting the text font, text height, text spacing, text alignment and

text placement in dimensioning. You can choose the font style by clicking the three dots

beside the standard.

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Once you already set the font style and height, click “apply” and “set current” to apply.

➢ Primary Units – this is for the decimal places of the dimension, unit format, decimal

separation and measurement scale of the dimension.

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MODIFY THE LAYOUT TAB

➢ Click the layout tab for which you want to set the paper size.

➢ Click Output tab Plot panel Page Setup Manager. Find

➢ In the Page Setup Manager, Page Setups area, select the page setup that you want to modify.
➢ Click Modify.
➢ In the Page Setup dialog box, under Paper Size, select a paper size from the list. Click OK.
➢ In the Page Setup Manager, click Close.

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In plot style table, you can assign the “monochrome” as the default setting for the you work/
project. It sets all the lines or images into black.

Make sure the once you set it, always click the “apply layout”

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HOW TO SAVE AS IN CAD

This save as is a save a copy of the drawing. The default extension file of CAD is “.dwg”

➢ Go to the application menu

➢ Click “Save as” click other formats
➢ Click “Drawing” and browse the location where you want to save the file and write the
name of the file

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PLATE SAMPLES
IN TECHNICAL
DRAFTING
FOR MANUAL
DRAWING

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LINE EXERCISE NO. 1 Page 155 of 199

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LINE EXERCISE NO. 2

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CIRCLE EXERCISE NO. 1 Page 157 of 199

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GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION
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SCHEDULE OF

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SCHEDULE OF W

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CROSS SECT

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LONGITUDINAL S

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PLATE SAMPLES
IN TECHNICAL
DRAFTING
FOR
AUTOCAD
APPLICATION
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REFERENCES:

• Competency-Based Learning Materials First year, Technical Drawing 1 Module 3

“Constructing Orthographic Projection” Copyright Department of Education 2008. First
Published JUNE 2008.
• Competency-Based Learning Materials Second year, Drafting Technology 2 Module 4
“Constructing Pictorial Drawing” Copyright Department of Education 2008. First Published
JUNE 2008.
• Competency-Based Learning Materials Second year, Drafting Technology 3 Module 1
“Drafting Architectural Layout and Details” Copyright Department of Education 2008. First
Published JUNE 2008.
• www.pinterest.com
• https://demoscad.net/gettingstarted/4-documentation
• https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/autocad/learn-
explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2019/ENU/AutoCAD-Core/files/GUID-39D6E54F-E12F-
46A4-9DD1-68D9357289E4-htm.html
• https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/autocad-lt/learn-
explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2020/ENU/AutoCAD-LT/files/GUID-AB71072A-C588-
4182-BE5C-66476C13FE63-htm.htm
• All the Plates’ samples are from Mr. Brian Foronda and former student of TVL, Marc Luis
Dela Cruz

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