INTRODUCTION

This book is based on our experience over the past few

years. This material covers extensively the fundamental
principles and concepts involved, solved problems which
highlight the application of these concepts, exercises and
assignments for practice by the students.

In order to get maximum benefit from this material, ‘word of

Advice’ given overleaf has to be carefully followed.

The book besides IITJEE will also prove useful to students

for other Engineering examinations as well as their school
curriculum.

Wishing you all success.

 A WORD OF ADVICE

 Try to do the solved problems and exercises given, after

completion of related topics in the chapter. Attempt the
assignments.

 The purpose of the assignments is to give you a practice in

solving various levels and varieties of problems. Each problem
has some important concept which it highlights. When you do a
problem from an assignment, make sure that you have completed
the study material, have committed the formulae to your memory
and have solved the solved problems (most of them on your own
before seeing the solution). Do not open the study material to
refer to formulae/theoretical concepts while doing the
assignment problems unless it is absolutely essential to do so.

 Do full justice to the exercises and assignment problems. Even

if you do not get the answer to a problem, keep trying on your
own and only approach your friends or teachers after making lot
of attempts.

 Do not look at the answer and try to work backwards. This would
defeat the purpose of doing the problem. Remember the purpose
of doing an assignment problem is not simply to get the answer
(it is only evidence that you solved it correctly) but to develop
your ability to think. Try to introduce twists and turns in given
problem to create similar problems.
 ABOUT THE CHAPTER

Knowledge of the determinants is very useful for almost all the

topics of Mathematics especially in the vectors, coordinate
geometry and calculus.

Some of the formulae are easy to remember in determinant form

as compared to their other style.

This chapter deals with the evaluation of determinants mainly by

application of properties with proper technique for speedy results.
All theoretical aspects are supported with adequate number of
illustrations of different levels of application.

The application of properties of determinants in solving linear

equations has been dealt with in a unique way and discussed by
illustrations in depth.

The complete chapter has been clarified through a number of

solved and unsolved problems, both subjective and objective of
different levels and involving concepts of other topics of
Mathematics.
 CONTENT

JEE Syllabus …1
DEFINITION …1
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS …1
Solved Problems …3
Subjective …3
Objective …4
Exercise - 1 …5
PRODUCT OF DETERMINANTS …7
Differentiation of Determinant …7
Summation of Determinants …8
Solved Problems …9
Subjective …9
Objective …10
Exercise - 2 …10
Special Determinants …11
Solution of System of Linear Equations …12
Homogeneous System …13
Solved Problems …14
Subjective …14
Objective …15
Exercise - 3 …15
Miscellaneous Solved Problems …16
Subjective …16
Objective …17
Answers to Exercises …19
Formulae and Concepts at a Glance …20
Chapter Practice Problems …22
Subjective …22
Objective …22
Assignments …24
Section-I …24
Section-II …25
Section-III …33
Answers to CPP and Assignments …35
D ETERMINANT
Syllabus
Determinants of order upto three and, solutions of simultaneous linear
equations in two or three variables.

Definition
a1 y a 2 a a2
Consider the equations a1x + b1y = 0, a2x + b2y = 0. These give    1 
b1 x b2 b1 b2
 a1b2 – a2b1 = 0.
a1 b1
We express this determinant as = 0.
a2 b2
a1 b1
The expression is called a determinant of order two, and equals a1b2 -a2 b1.
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1
A determinant of order three consisting of 3 rows and 3 columns is written as a2 b2 c 2 and is equal to
a3 b3 c 3
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2
a1  b1  c1  a1  b2 c 3  c 2 b3   b1  a2 c 3  c 2 a3   c1 a2 b3  b2 a3  .
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3
The numbers ai, bi, ci ( i = 1,2,3 ) are called the elements of the determinant.
The determinant, obtained by deleting the ith row and the jth column is called the minor of the element at
ith row and jth column. The cofactor of this element is (-1)i+j (minor). Note that:
a1 b1 c1
 = a2 b2 c 2 = a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1 where A1, B1 and C1 are the cofactors of a1, b1 and c1
a3 b3 c3
respectively.
We can expand the determinant through any row or column. It means we can write
  a2 A 2  b2 B2  c 2 C2 or   a1A1  a2 A 2  a3 A 3 etc.
Also a1A 2  b1B2  c1C2  0
 ai A j  biB j  c i C j  if i  j,
0 if i  j.
These results are true for determinants of any order.

Properties of Determinants
(i) If rows be changed into columns and columns into the rows, then the values of the determinant
remains unaltered.

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
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(ii) If any two row (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the resulting determinant is the
negative of the original determinant.
(iii) If two rows (or two columns) in a determinant have corresponding elements that are equal, the
value of determinant is equal to zero.
(iv) If each of the elements of one row (or columns) of a determinant is multiplied by non-zero
constant ‘k’, then the new determinant is k times the original determinant.
(v) If each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is written as the sum of two or more terms
then the determinant can be written as the sum of two or more determinants.
1 a a2  bc
Illustration 1: Without expanding, show that 1 b b2  ca  0 .
1 c c 2  ab

1 a a2 1 a bc
Solution: L.H.S. = 1 b b2  1 b ca
1 c c2 1 c ab
On the second determinant operate aR1 , bR2 , cR3 ,and then take abc common out of C3
1 a a2 a a2 1
2 2
 L.H.S.  1 b b b b 1.
2 2
1 c c c c 1
Interchange C1 and C3 and then C 2 and C3
1 a a2 1 a a2
So that L.H.S.  1 b b2  1 b b2  0.
1 c c2 1 c c2
(vi) If to each element of a line (row or column) of a determinant be added the equimutiples of the
corresponding elements of one or more parallel lines, the determinant remains unaltered
a1  la2  ma3 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3
i.e. b1  lb2  mb3 b2 b3 = b1 b2 b3 .
c1  lc 2  mc 3 c 2 c 3 c1 c 2 c 3

1  2
Illustration 2: Evaluate  2 1 where  is cube root of unity.
2
  

Solution: Applying C1  C1 + C2 + C3 we get

1    2  2 0  2
 = 1    2 2 1 = 0 2 1 ( 1++2 = 0)
1    2 1  0 1 

= 0.
(vii) If each element in any row (or any column) of determinant is zero, then the value of determinant
is equal to zero.
(viii) If a determinant D vanishes for x = a, then (x-a) is a factor of D, In other words, if two rows (or two
columns) become identical for x = a. then (x- a) is a factor of D.
r-1
In general, if r rows (or r columns) become identical when a is substituted for x, then (x - a) is a
factor of D.

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
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SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
bc ca  ab ca  ab
3
Problem 1: Show that ab  bc ca ab  bc = (ab) .
bc  ca bc  ca ab

Solution: Applying R1  R1 + R2 + R3
 ab  ab  ab 1 1 1
= ab  bc ca ab  bc = ab ab  bc ca ab  bc
bc  ca bc  ca ab bc  ca bc  ca ab

(applying C1  C1 – C2 and C2  C2 – C3)

0 0 1
= ab  ab  ab ab  bc = (ab) .
3

0  ca ab

x3  1 x2 x
3 2
Problem 2: If y  1 y y  0 and x, y, z are all different, then prove that xyz  1.
3 2
z 1 z z

x3 x2 x 1 x2 x
Solution: L.H.S.  y3 y2 y 1 y2 y
3 2 2
z z z 1 z z

x2 x 1 1 x2 x x2 x 1
2 2 2
 xyz y y 11 y y  (xyz  1) y y 1
2 2 2
z z 1 1 z z z z 1
 (xyz  1)(x  y)(y  z)(z  x)  0, given x  y  z
 xyz  1  0  xyz  1.

Problem 3: Without expanding a determinant at any stage,

x2  x x 1 x2
2
show that 2x  3x  1 3x 3x  3  Ax  B , where A and B are determinants of
2
x  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1

order 3 not involving x.

x2  x x 1 x2
2
Solution: L.H.S.  2x  3x  1 3x 3x  3 Operate R1  R1  R3  R 2
x 2  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
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4 0 0
2
 L.H.S  2x  3x  1 3x 3x  3 Operate C1  C1  C3 , and C 2  C2  C3
2
x  2x  3 2x  1 2x  1
4 0 0
2 x2 x2
 L.H.S  2x  2 3 3x  3 Operate R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1
2 4
x2  4 0 2x  1
4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0
 L.H.S.  2 3 3x  3  2 3 3x  2 3 3
4 0 2x  1 4 0 2x 4 0 1
4 0 0 4 0 0
x2 3 3  2 3 3  xA  B  R.H.S.
4 0 2 4 0 1

OBJECTIVE

x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
Problem 1: If 3 6 x  x 7 2  5 x 4 = 0 then x is equal to
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5
(A) 9 (B) 9
(C) 0 (D) none of these

Solution: By circulant determinant property a + b + c = 0

 x + 3 + 6 = x + 2+ 7 = x + 4 + 5 = 0
 x =  9.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

Problem 2: If a, b, & c are sides of a ABC and

a2 b2 c2
(a  1)2 (b  1)2 (c  1)2 = 0, then
2 2 2
(a  1) (b  1) (c  1)

(A) ABC is an equilateral triangle (B) ABC is a right angled triangle

(C) ABC is an Isosceles triangle (D) none of these

Solution: When a = b or b = c or c = a the determinant reduces to zero.

It is not necessary that a = b = c for determinant to be zero.
Therefore triangle is isosceles.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
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yz x x
Problem 3: If y zx y = k (xyz), then k is equal to
z z xy
(A) 4 (B) -4
(C) zero (D) none of these

Solution: Putting x = 1 y = 1 and z = 1 on both sides, we get, k = 4.

Hence (A) is the correct answer.

109 102 95
Problem 4: 6 13 20 is equal to
1 6 13
(A) constant other than zero (B) zero
(C) 100 (D) 1997

Solution: Since elements of the rows are in A.P. with common difference 7, given determinant is
zero.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

18 40 89
Problem 5:  40 89 198 is equal to
89 198 440
(A) 1 (B) -1
(C) zero (D)  = 2

18 40 89
Solution:  4 9 20 (operating R2R2 – 2R1 & R3 R3 – 5R1)
1 2 5
18 40 89
= 0 1 0 (by R2  R2 + 4R3)
1 2 5
= [1 (-90 + 89)] = -1.
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

EXERCISE  1
1. Evaluate  only by using the properties of determinant where
a ab a  2b
 = a  2b a ab .
ab a  2b a

22 32 42
2. Evaluate 32 42 52 .
42 52 62

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xa a2 a3
3. Find x when x  b b2 b3 = 0, where a, b, c are distinct numbers (a  b  c).
xc c2 c3

1 1 1
2
4. If  is the complex cube root of unity, then prove that 1 1   2  3 3 i .
1 2 4

5. If a, b, c (all positive) are the pth, qth and rth terms respectively of a geometric progression, then
log a p 1
prove that log b q 1  0 .
logc r 1
bc ca ab
6. It a, b and c are pth, qth and rth terms of an H.P. then p q r is
1 1 1
(A) p + q + r (B) p + q  r
(C) 0 (D) none of these

1/ a a2 bc
2
7. The value of the determinants 1/ b b ca is
1/ c c 2 ab
1 1 1
(A) 0 (B)  
a b c
(C) a + b + c (D) none of these

x x2  yz 1
8. The value of y y2  zx 1 is
z z2  xy 1
(A) 1 (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) xyz

5 5
C0 C3 14
5 5
9. The value of determinant C1 C4 1 is
5 5
C2 C5 1
(A) 0 (B) (6!)
(C) 80 (D) none of these

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
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Product of two Determinants

We can write
a1b1c1 111 a11  b11  c11 a12  b12  c1 2 a1 3  b13  c1 3
a2 b2 c 2  2 2  2  a2 1  b2 1  c 2 1 a 2  2  b 2 2  c 2  2 a 2  3  b 2 3  c 2  3 .
a3 b3 c 3 3 3  3 a3 1  b3 1  c 3 1 a3  2  b3 2  c 3  2 a3  3  b3 3  c 3  3
Here we have multiplied rows by rows. We can also multiply rows by columns or columns by rows, or
columns by columns.

Note: If  = |aij| is a determinant of order n, then the value of the determinant |Aij|, where Aij is the
n1
cofactor of aij, is  . This is known as power cofactor formula.

Illustration 1: Prove the following by multiplication of determinants and power co-factor formula.
0 c b
2
b2  c 2 ab ac a 2 ab ac
2 2 2
c 0 a  ab c a bc = ab b bc  4a2 b2 c 2 .
b a 0 ac bc a 2  b2 ac bc c 2

Solution: (i) First determinant is equal to (2abc)2

(ii) Second determinant is direct multiplication of determinants in row to row.
(iii) Third determinant is co-factors of the first determinant and therefore square of
the first.

2    
Illustration 2: Prove that        2(  )(    ) (    )  (  ) = 0.
   (   )  (  ) 2

Solution: Recognize that the given determinant is a product of two determinants each of which is
equal to zero i.e.
1 1 0 1    
      0 1     , the given determinant = 0.
  0 0 0 0

Differentiation of a Determinant
a1 (x) b1 (x) a1 '(x) b1 '(x) a1 (x) b1 (x)
Let  (x)  . Then  '(x)   .
a2 (x) b2 (x) a2 (x) b2 (x) a2 '(x) b2 '(x)
If we write (x)= C1C2 C3 ,then  ' (x)= C1 ' C 2 C3  C1C 2 ' C3  C1C2 C3 ' .
R1 R '1 R1 R1
Similarly if  (x)  R2 , then  ' (x)  R2  R '2  R2 .
R3 R3 R3 R '3

Illustration 3: Let  be a repeated root of the quadratic equation f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x), C(x) be
A(x) B(x) C(x)
polynomials of degree 3, 4, and 5 respectively. Then show that A( ) B( ) C( ) is
A '( ) B '(  ) C '(  )
divisible by f(x), where a dash denotes the derivative, with respect to x.

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
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A(x) B(x) C(x) A '(x) B '(x) C '(x)

Solution: Let g(x) = A( ) B( ) C( )  g '(x)  A( ) B( ) C( ) .
A '( ) B '(  ) C '(  ) A '( ) B '(  ) C '(  )
We find that g() = 0, & g'() = 0
 g(x) = (x  )2 P(x),
where P(x) is a polynomial of order 3.
Also f(x) = 0 is a quadratic equation having repeated root   g(x) is divisible by f(x).

Summation of Determinants
f r  a l
Let r = g  r  b m , where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants independent of r,
h r  c n
n

 f r 
r 1
a l

n n
then 
r 1
r   g r 
r 1
b m.

 h r 
r 1
c n

Here functions of r can be the elements of only one row or column. None of the elements other of than
that row or column should be dependent on r.

a 1 n 6
n


2
Illustration 4: Let a   a  1 2n2 4n  2 . Show that a  0.
3 a 1
 a  1 3n 3
3n  3n2

Solution: By adding all the corresponding elements of C1 of all determinants a we have

n

 (a  1)
a1
n 6 (n  1)n
n 6
2
n n
(n  1)n(2n  1)

a 1
a   (a  1)
a1
2
2n2 4n  2 =
6
2n2 4n  2 .

n (n  1)2 n2
3n3 3n2  3n
 (a  1)
a1
3
3n 3 2
3n  3n 2

(n  1)n
By taking as common factor from C1 and 6 as common factor from C3, we get
2
1 n 1
n n
2n  1 2n  1

a 1
 a  3n(n  1)
3
2n2
3
Since C1 and C3 are identical 
a 1
a  0.

n  n  1 n  n  1
3n3
2 2

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sec x cos x sec 2 x  cot x cos ecx

Illustration 5: Let f(x)  cos2 x cos2 x cos ec 2 x .
2 2
1 cos x cos x
/2  8 
Prove that 0
f(x)dx     .
 4 15 

Solution: Operate R1 - secx R3

0 0 sec 2 x  cot x cos ecx  cos x
so that f(x)  cos 2 x cos2 x cos ec 2 x
1 cos2 x cos 2 x


 sec 2 x  cot x cos ecx  cos x cos4 x  cos2 x  
 cos3 x 
 1 
 sin2
x
 cos3

x  cos2 x  1 
 
sin2 x  cos3 x  cos3 x sin2 x
  sin2 x
sin x 2 
  sin2 x  cos5 x 
/ 2 /2
1  4.2   8 
  (sin
2
 f(x)dx   x  cos5 x)dx    .      .
 2 2 5.3.1   4 15 
0 0

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE
(2r) x n(n  1)
n
Problem 1: If  (r) = (6r  1)2 2
y n (2n  3) , where nN, then prove that   r  = 0.
r 1
3 3
(4r  2nr) z n (n  1)
n
n(n  1) 
Solution:  2r  2 
r 1
2 
 = n (n+1), .....(1)

n
 (n  1)(2n  1) 
 (6r
r 1
2
 1)  6n 
 6
n

....(2)

2 3 2 2
= n(2n + 2n + n + 1) – n = 2n + 3n = n (2n + 3),
N

 (4r
r 1
3
 2nr) = n (n + 1).
3
....(3)

n
From (1), (2) and (3) we get   r  = 0.
r 1

Problem 2: For all values of A,B,C, and P,Q,R, show that

cos(A  P) cos(A  Q) cos(A  R)
cos(B  P) cos(B  Q) cos(B  R)  0 .
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q) cos(C  R)

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
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cos A sin A 0 cosP sinP 0

Solution: The given determinant is equal to cosB sinB 0  cos Q sin Q 0  0.
cos C sin C 0 cosR sinR 0

OBJECTIVE

1 1 1
i
Problem 1: If f() = 1 e 1 then
i 
1 1  e
/2 /2
(A) 
 / 2
f( )d  2  0
f( )d (B) f() is purely real

(C) f(/2) = 2 (D) none of these

Solution: On operating [R1  R1  R2 and R3  R3  R2],

0 1  ei  2
i
f() = 1 e 1
i
0 1  e 1  ei

= (1) [(1  ei) ( 1  ei) ( 2) (1  ei)] = 2 when  = .
2
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

my  nz mq  nr mb  nc
Problem 2:  kz  mx kr  mp kb  ma is equal to
nx  ky np  kq na  kb
(A)  = 0 (B)   0
(C)  = f(x,y,z) (D) none of these

x y z 0 m n
Solution: = p q r m 0 k  0.
a b c n k 0
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

EXERCISE  2

r n1 1
2n  1 n
1. If Dr = r 2 2n  1 , show that  Dr  0 .
3 r 1
n  n  1
r3 3n  2
2

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2. If p(x), q(x) and r(x) are three polynomials of degree 2, then prove that
p x qx  r x
p  x  q  x  r   x  is independent of x.
p  x  q  x  r   x 

cos   sin  0
3. If F() = sin  cos  0 , then show that F() F() = F( + ).
0 0 1

x x2 x3
4. If (x) = 1 2x 3x 2 , evaluate (x).
0 2 6x

a2  2a 2a  1 1
5. The value of determinant 2a  1 a2 1 is
3 3 1

(A) (a  1)3 (B) (1  a)3

(C) 0 (D) none of these
abc 2a 2a
6. The value of 2b bc a 2b is
2c 2c c ab
3
(A) (a + b + c) (B) (a + b  c)3
(C) (a  b  c)3 (D) none of these

a b c b+c a+c a+b

7. If D1 = c a b and D2 = a + b c + b c + a , then
b c a c + a a +b b + c
(A) D1 = 2D2 (B) D2 = 2D1
(C) D1 = D2 (D) none of these

b2  ab b  c bc  ac
8. The value of ab  a2 a  b b2  ab is
bc  ac c  a ab  a2
(A) 0 (B) a + b + c
2
(C) (a + b  c) (D) none of these

Special Determinants

1. Symmetric determinant
The elements situated at equal distance from the diagonal are equal both in magnitude
and sign.

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a h g
h b f  abc  2fgh  af 2  bg2  ch2 .
g f c

2. Skew symmetric determinant

All the diagonal elements are zero and the elements situated at equal distance from the diagonal are
equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. The value of a skew symmetric determinant of odd order is zero.
0 b c
b 0 a  0.
c a 0

3. Circulant determinant:
The elements of the rows (or columns) are in cyclic arrangement.
a b c
b c a  (a3  b3  c 3  3abc) .
c a b
1 1 1
4. a b c  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a) .
2 2 2
a b c

1 1 1
5. a b c  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)(a  b  c) .
3 3 3
a b c

1 1 1
2 2
6. a b c 2  (a  b)(b  c)(c  a)(ab  bc  ca) .
a3 b3 c3

Solution of System of Linear Equations

Method of solving system of linear equations

Consider a system of simultaneous linear equation in three variables namely x, y, z i.e.
a1x+b1y +c1z = d1, a2x+b2y +c2z = d2 , a3x+b3y +c3z = d3.
a1 b1 c1
Let D = a2 b2 c 2 .
a3 b3 c 3
(Here elements of D are arranged in the same order as they occur as coefficients in the equations).
Moreover, let
d1 b1 c1
D1 = d2 b2 c2
d3 b3 c3
(D 1 is obtained by replacing Ist column of D by d1,d2,&d3 ),

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a1 d1 c1
D2 = a2 d2 c2
a3 d3 c3

(D 2 is obtained by replacing IInd column of D by d1,d2,&d3 ),

a1 b1 d1
D3 = a2 b2 d2
a3 b3 d3

(D 3 is obtained by replacing IIIrd column of D by d1,d2,&d3 ).

The following cases can arise:

(1) D  0: In such case, the system has precisely one solution (unique solution), which is
given by ‘ CRAMER RULE’ i.e.
x = D1/D ; y = D2/D ; z = D3/D

(2) D = 0 : and at least one of the determinants D1 ,D2 or D3 is non-zero, then the system is
inconsistent . i.e. it has no solution.

(3) D =0 and D1 =D2= D3 = 0, then the system has either infinite solution (when they are
dependent) or they have no solution (when they are independent).
Homogeneous System
If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0, then the system is known as a system of homogeneous linear equation. If the system of
equation is homogeneous, then D1 =D2 = D3 = 0 (value of determinates is zero, if one column has all
elements = 0). The trivial solution (x = 0, y = 0, z = 0) always exist and for existence of non trivial solution
(infinite solutions) D = 0 and if D  0, then it has the unique solution (trivial) x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0.
Note: A system of three linear equations in two unknown i.e.
a1x+b1y +c1 =0
a2x+b2y +c2 = 0
a3x+b3y +c3 = 0
a1 b1 c1
is consistent if a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3

Illustration 1: For what value of k do the following homogenous system of equations posses a non-
trivial solution: x +ky + 3z =0, 3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0.
Solution: For non-trivial solution i.e. D=0
1 k 3
D = 3 k 2 = 0.
2 3 4
1 k 3
Apply R2  R2 – 3R1 and R3  R3 – 2R1  0 2k 11 = 0.
0 3  2k 10
Expanding by 1st column, we get k = 33/2.

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Illustration 2: For what values of p and q, the system of equation 2x + py + 6z = 8, x + 2y + qz = 5,

x + y + 3z = 4 has (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) infinitely many solutions.

2 p 6
Solution: Here  = 1 2 q = 2(6 – q) – p(3 – q) + 6(1 – 2) = 12 – 2q – 3p + pq – 6
1 1 3
8 p 6
= pq – 2q – 3p + 6 = (p – 2) (q – 3). Also 1 = 5 2 q = 8(6 –q) – p(15 – 49) + 6(5 – 8)
4 1 3
= 48 –8q – 15p + 4pq –18 = 4pq – 8q – 15p + 30 = 4q(p – 2) – 15(p –2) = (4q – 15)(p –2),
2 8 6
2 = 1 5 q = 2(15 – 4q) – 8(3 – q) + 6(4 – 5) = 0,
1 4 3
2 p 8
and 3 = 1 2 5 = 2(8 –5) – p(4 – 5) + 8(1 – 2) = p –2.
1 1 4

Case –I: When   0 , i.e. p  2, q  3, given system of equation has a unique solution.

Case–II: When  = 0, i.e. p = 2, or q = 3.

When p = 2,  = 0, 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0
 given system of equation has infinitely many solutions.
When q = 3, p  2,  = 0, 1  0. The system has no solution.

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: Find the value of ‘’ for which the set of equations
x + y  2z = 0, 2x - 3y + z = 0, x - 5y + 4z =  are consistant.

Solution: A non-homogenous system has unique solution,

if D 0 and has infinite solutions if D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0.
1 1 2
Now D = 2 3 1 = 0.
1 5 4
Hence D1,D2& D3 should all be zero  = 0.

Problem 2: Let  and  be real. Find the set of all values of  for which the system of linear equations
x + sin .y + cos . z = 0, x + cos . y + sin . z = 0, -x + sin . y - cos . z = 0 has a
non-trivial solution. For  = 1, find all values of .

 sin  cos 
Solution: The given system has a non-trivial solution if 1 cos  sin   0.
1 sin   cos 

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On opening the determinant we get  = sin 2  + cos 2 .

Therefore  2    2 .
1 1 1
For  = 1, sin 2 + cos 2 = 1  sin 2  cos 2  .
2 2 2
  1    
 cos  2     cos  2n    2  2n   .
 4 2  4 4 4

OBJECTIVE

Problem 1: The system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4, 2x + 3y + 4z = 5, 3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has

(A) infinitely many solutions (B) no solution
(C) a unique solution (D) none of these

1 2 3
Solution: Since   2 3 4  0 , (row are in AP with common difference 1)
3 4 5
Similarly x = y = z = 0.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

Problem 2: If the system of equation 2x + 5y + 8z = 0, x + 4y + 7z = 0, 6x + 9y – z = 0 has a non-

trivial solution, then  is equal to
(A) 12 (B) –12
(C) 0 (D) none of these.

2 5 8
Solution: 1 4 7  0   = -12.
6 4 
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

EXERCISE  3
1. Find all values of k for which the following system has a non trivial solution
x + ky + 3z = 0
kx + 2y + 2z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0

2. Find the value of  and  for which following system of equations

x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 14
2x + 5y + z =  where ,   R have
(a) unique solution, (b) infinitely many solution.

3. If the system of linear equations a (y + z)  x = 0, b (z + x)  y = 0, c (x + y)  z = 0 has a non

1 1 1
trivial solution, (a   1, b   1, c   1), then show that    2.
1 a 1 b 1 c

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4. If the planes x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay have a common point other than the origin.
2 2 2
Prove that a + b + c + 2abc = 1.

5. The system of equations

2x  y + z = 0
x  2y + z = 0
x  y + 2z = 0
has infinite number of nontrivial solution for
(A)  = 1 (B)  = 5
(C)  = 5 (D) none of these

6. The system of equation 2x + 3y = 8, 7x  5y + 3 = 0, 4x  6y +  = 0 is solvable if  is

(A) 6 (B) 8
(C) 8 (D) 6

7. The system of equations ax + 4y + z = 0, bx + 3y + z = 0, cx + 2y + z = 0 has non trivial

solution if a, b, c are in
(A) A.P. (B) G.P.
(C) H.P. (D) none of these

8. The equation x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y + mz = n give infinite number of values of

the triplet (x, y, z) if
(A) m = 3, n  R (B) m = 3, n  10
(C) m = 3, n = 10 (D) none of these

MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED PROBLEMS

SUBJECTIVE

Problem 1: For what value of m does the system of equations 3x + my = m and 2x-5y=20 has a
solution satisfying the conditions x > 0, y > 0.

Solution: Using Cramer's Rule, the solution of the system is

x y 3 m
x ,y , where =  (15  2m)
  2 -5
m m 3 m
x=  25m, y=  60  2m
20 -5 2 20
25m 25m(15  2m)
x   0 for m > 0, or m < -15/2.
(15  2m) (15  2m)2
60  2m 2(m  30)(15  2m)
Also y=   0 for m > 30, or m < -15/2
(15  2m) (15  2m)2
 x>0, y>0 for m > 30 or m < -15/2.
For m = -15/2 , the system has no solution.

S0 S1 S2
2 2 2
S3   a  b   b  c   c  a  .
i i i
Problem 2: If Si = a + b + c , then prove that S1 S2
S2 S3 S4

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1 1 1
Solution: We have a b c   a  b  b  c   c  a  (By circulant determinant)
2 2 2
a b c
1 1 1 1 1 1 S0 S1 S2
2 2 2
a b c  a b c  S1 S2 S3   a  b   b  c   c  a 
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 S2 S3 S4
(Multiplication of determinant in row by row)

OBJECTIVE

(x  1) (x 2  2) (x 2  x)
7 6 5 4 3 2
Problem 1: Let ax + bx + cx + dx + ex + fx + gx + h = (x 2  x) (x  1) (x 2  2) . Then
2 2
(x  2) (x  x) x 1
(A) g = 3 and h = – 5 (B) g = –3 and h = – 5
(C) g = –3 and h = –9 (D) none of these

1 2 0
Solution: By putting x = 0 on both sides of the equation we have 0 1 2 = 9.
2 0 1
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

p 2i i1
Problem 2: = 2i q 3i is always
1 i 3  i r
(A) real (B) imaginary
(C) zero (D) none of these

Solution: Since  =    is purely real.

Hence (A) is the correct answer.

1 a bc 1 a a2
Problem 3: If  = 1 b ca  1 b b2 . then
1 c ab 1 c c 2

(A)  = (a-b) (b-c) (c-a) (B) a, b, c are in G.P.

(C) b, c, a are in G.P. (D) a, c, b are in G.P.

1 a bc a a2 abc 1 a a2
1
Solution: Here  = 1 b ca  b b2 abc = 1 b b2 = (a  b) (b – c) (c – a).
abc
1 c ab c c2 abc 1 c c2
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

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xn xn  2 x 2n
Problem 4: If   1 xp p  0 , then p is equal to
n5 p 6 2n 5
x x x
(A) xn (B) (n + 1)
(C) either A or B (D) both A and B
n
Solution: C1 and C3 become equal for p = x and R1 and R3 become equal for p = n + 1.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

0 i  100 i  500
Problem 5: = 100  i 0 1000  i is equal to
500  i i  1000 0
(A) 100 (B) 500
(C) 1000 (D) 0

Solution: The determinant is skew symmetric of odd order and hence equal to 0.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

0 pq a b
Problem 6: = qp 0 xy is equal to
ba yx 0
(A) 0 (B) a + b
(C) x + y (D) p + q

Solution: It is a skew symmetric determinant of odd order and hence  = 0.

Hence (A) is the correct answer.

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ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
Exercise  1
2
1. 9b (a + b) 2. 8

3. x = – (abc)/(ab + bc + ca) 6. C

7. A 8. C

9. B

Exercise  2
2
4. 6x 5. A

6. A 7. B

8. A

Exercise  3

1. 2, 5/4 2. (a)   8,   R (b)  = 8,  = 36

5. C 6. B

7. A 8. C

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Formulae and Concepts at a Glance

Properties of Determinants

 The determinant remains unaltered if its rows are changed into columns and the columns into
rows.
 If all the elements of a row (or column) are zero, then the determinant is zero.
 If the elements of a row (column) are proportional (or identical) to the elements of any other row
(column), then the determinant is zero.
 The interchange of any two rows (columns) of the determinant changes its sign.
 If all the elements of a row (column) of a determinant are multiplied by a non-zero constant then
the determinant gets multiplied by the same constant.
 A determinant remains unaltered under a column (Ci) operation of the form Ci +  Cj + Ck (j,k  i)
or a row (Ri) operation of the form Ri +  Rj + Rk ( j,k  i).
 If each element in any row (column) is the sum of r terms, then the determinant can be expressed
as the sum of r determinants.
 If the determinant  = f(x) and f(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of the determinant. In other word,
if two rows (or two columns) become proportional (identical) for x = a then (x  a) is a factor of
determinant. In general, if r rows become identical for x = a then (x  a)r1 is a factor of the
determinant.
 If in a determinant (of order three or more) the elements in all the rows (columns) are in A.P. with
same or different common difference, the value of the determinant is zero.
 The determinant value of an odd order skew symmetric determinant is always zero.

Product of two Determinants

a1 b1 c1 1 1 1 a11  b11  c11 a12  b12  c1 2 a13  b13  c1 3
a2 b2 c2 2 2 2  a2 1  b2 1  c 2 1 a 2  2  b 2 2  c 2  2 a2  3  b2 3  c 2  3
a3 b3 c3 3 3 3 a3 1  b3 1  c 3 1 a3 2  b3 2  c3  2 a3  3  b3 3  c 3  3

Differentiation of a Determinant

a1 (x) b1(x) a1 '(x) b1 '(x) a1 (x) b1(x)

 Let  (x)  . Then  ' (x)   where a denotes
a2 (x) b2 (x) a2 (x) b2 (x) a2 '(x) b2 '(x)
derivative with respect to x.

Determinants Involving Integrations

f  x g x h x
Let (x) = a b c where a, b, c, l, m and n are constants.
l m n

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b b b

b  f  x  dx  g  x  dx  h  x  dx
   x  dx 
a a a

a b c
a
l m n

Cramer's Rule
a1 b1 c1
If   a2 b2 c 2  0,
a3 b3 c3
then the solution of the system of non-homogeneous simultaneous
linear equations a1 x  b1y  c1z  d1, ,
a2 x  b2 y  c 2 z  d2 ,
a3 x  b3 y  c 3 z  d3 is given by {where (d1,d2 , d3 )  (0,0,0)}
x y 
x= , y , z  z where
  
d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
 x  d2 b2 c2 ,  y  a2 d2 c2 ,  z  a2 b2 d2 .
d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

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CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

SUBJECTIVE
n
1. If f (x), g (x) and h (x) are second degree polynomials. Prove that 
r 1
r is independent of x

2r  1 6n(n  2) f(x)
r 1 n1
where r = 2 32 6 g(x) .
r(n  r  1) n(n  1)(n  2) h(x)

1
a2 bc
a
1
2. Evaluate b2 ca .
b
1
c2 ab
c

 1 sin  1 
3. Let A =   sin  1 sin   , then show that det A  [2, 4]    [0, 2].
 1  sin  1 

sec  tan2  1
4. If f (x) =  sec x tan x x , then show that f () =  1.
1 tan x  tan  0

5. (a) Find the solution of the system of equations

(a2 + ) x + aby + acz = , ab x + (b2 + ) y + bcz = , acx + bcy + (c2 + )z = 
where a + b + c = 0, and   0
(b) If the system of the equations x + 4ay + az = 0, x + 3by + bz = 0, x + 2cy + cz = 0 has a
non trivialsolution, then show that a, b, c are in H.P.

OBJECTIVE
1 1 1
x 2 x 2
6. The value of (2  2 )x x
(3  3 ) (5  5  x )2 is
x

(2 x  2 x )2 (3x  3 x )2 (5 x  5  x )2
(A) 0 (B) 30x
(C) 30–x (D) none of these

1 sin x 1
7. Let    sin x 1 sin x . If []=2, where [.] denotes G.I.F., then x lies in
1  sin x 1
(A)  (n   / 4,n   / 4)
nI
(B)  (2n   / 4,2n   / 4)
nI

(C)   (2n  1) / 4,(2n  1) / 4 

nI
(D) none of these

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
 23

x1 x2 x3
8. If x1, x2, x3 are the roots of x 3+ax2+b = 0, the value of x2 x3 x1 is equal to
x3 x1 x2
(A) a3 (B) b3
2 2
(C) a  2b (D) b  2a

x  2 (x  1)2 x3
9. If f(x)  x  1 x2 (x  1)3 , then coefficient of x in f(x) is
x (x  1)2 (x  2)3
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 2 (D) none of these
10. If 2ax  2y + 3z = 0, x + ay + 2z = 0 and 2x + az = 0 have a non-trivial solution, then
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1
(C) a = 0 (D) none of these

e i2A eiC eiB

11. In triangle ABC, the value of eiC ei2B eiA where i  1, is equal to
iB iA  i2C
e e e
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 3 (D) none of these
12. If A, B and C are the angles of a non-right angled triangle ABC, then the value of
tan A 1 1
1 tanB 1 is equal to
1 1 tan C
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 2

13. Let ar  xr ˆi  yr ˆj  zr k,r
ˆ  1, 2,3, be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors, then the value of
x1 x2 x3
y1 y2 y 3 is equal to
z1 z 2 z 3
(A) zero (B)  1
(C)  2 (D) none of these
14. There are three points (a, x), (b, y) and (c, z) such that the straight lines joining any two of them
are not equally inclined to the coordinate axes where a, b, c, x, y, z  R.
xa yb zc
y
If y  b z  c x  a = 0 and a + c = -b, then x , – , z are in
2
zc xa yb
(A) A. P. (B) G.P.
(C) H.P. (D) none of these
2a b c
15. Let a, b, c ∈ R such that no two of them are equal and satisfy b c 2a  0, then equation
c 2a b
24ax2 + 4bx + c = 0 has
 1 
(A) atleast one root in [0, 1/2] (B) atleast one root in   , 0 
 2 
(C) atleast one root in [1, 2] (D) none of these

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 24

ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION - I

x y z
n
1. If r = r
2 23 r
3  4r . Find the value of  r .

2 2n  1  
3. 3n  1  
4. 4n  1  r 1

a b c b c c a ab
2. If D = c a b and D = a  b b  c c  a then prove that D = 2D.
b c a c a ab b c

cos x x 1
2 f   x
3. Let f (x) = 2 sin x x 2x , evaluate lim .
x 0 x
tan x x 1

a bc c b
4. Prove that a  c b c  a = (a + b + c)(a² + b² + c²).
a b b  a c

a2   ab ac
5.. Show that ab b 2
bc is divisible by 2 and find the other factor.
ac bc c2  

6. For what value of k do the following system of equations possess a non-trivial solution over the
set of rationals: 3x + ky – 2z = 0, x + ky + 3z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0. For that value of k, find all the
solutions of the system.

7. Show that the system (sin 3)x – y + z = 0, (cos 2)x + 4y + 3z = 0, 2x + 7y + 7z = 0 has a non-
trivial solution if  = n or  = n + (–1)n /6, (n integer)
2 2
8. Let 1, 2 and 1, 2 be the roots of ax + bx + c = 0 and px + qx + r = 0 respectively. If the
system of equations 1y + 2z = 0, 1y + 2z = 0 has a non-trivial solution, then prove that
b2 ac
 .
q2 pr

a h g
2 2
9. If ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c  (l1x + m1y + n1) (l2x + m2y + n2), then prove that h b f = 0.
g f c

S0 S1 S2
r r r 2 2 2
10. If Sr =  +  +  then show that S1 S2 S3 = ( – ) ( – ) ( – ) .
S2 S3 S4

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 25

sin 2A sin C sinB

11. Prove that  = sin C sin 2B sin A = 0, where A, B, C are the angles of a triangle.
sinB sin A sin 2C

p b c
p q r
12. If a  p, b  q, c  r and a q c = 0, then find the value of   .
pa qb r c
a b r

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
13. If (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) = a , (x2 - x3) + (y2 - y3) = b , (x3 - x1) + (y3 - y1) = c .
2
x1 y1 1
Then prove that 4 x 2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (b + c - a) (c + a - b) (a + b - c).
x3 y3 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
14. If ax1 + by1 + cz1 = ax2 + by2 + cz2 = ax3 + by3 + cz3 = d
ax2x3 + by2y3 + cz2z3 = ax3x1 + by3y1 + cz3z1 = ax1x2 + by1y2 + cz1z2 = f,
x1 y1 z1 1/ 2
 d  2f 
then prove that x2 y2 z2 = (d - f)   .
 abc 
x3 y3 z3

15. If ,  be the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and sn = n + n, evaluate

3 1  s1 1  s2
1  s1 1  s2 1  s3 .
1  s2 1  s3 1  s 4

SECTIONII
MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT
1. If A, B, C are angle of a triangle ABC, then the value of the determinant
A B C
sin sin sin
2 2 2
B A
sin(A  B  C) sin cos is less than or equal to
2 2
(A  B  C) C
cos tan(A  B  C) sin
2 2
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4
(C) 1/8 (D) none of these
1
2r 1 sin r
r  r  1 n
2. If r = x y z , then 
r 1
r is equal to
n 1 n
sin  sin 
n n 2 2
2 1
n 1 
sin
2
(A) 0 (B) dependent n
(C) dependent of  (D) Independent of x, y, z

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 26
3. Let m be a positive integer and
m
2r  1 Cr 1
m
r  m 1 2
2 ,m
m 1 . Then the value of 
r 0
r is given by
2 2 2 2
sin (m ) sin (m) sin(m )
(A) 0 (B) m2 –1
(C) 2m (D) 2m sin2 (2m)

a 1 a a 1
4. If a, b, c are even natural numbers, then   b 1 b b 1 is equal to
c 1 c c 1
(A) a + b + c (B) a2 + b2 + c2
(C) abc (D) none of these
1 cos      cos 
5. If  and  are the roots of x  px + q = 0, then the value of cos     
2
1 cos  is
cos  cos  1
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) none of these

a b a  b
6. The determinant   b c b  c is equal to zero if
a  b b  c 0
(A) a, b, c are in A.P. (B) a, b, c are in G.P.
(C) a, b, c are in H.P. (D) none of these

85 79 73
7. If   2 8 14 , then
6 12 18
(A)  > 0 (B)  = 0
(C)  < 0 (D) none of these

8. If the system of equations x + y + 2z = 0, 2x – 3y + z = 0, x – 5y + 4z =  has a non-trivial

solution, then
(A)  > 0 (B)  < 0
(C)  = 0 (D) none of these

2 cos2 x sin 2x  sin x /2

     dx
2
9. If  = sin 2x 2 sin x cos x , then is equal to
sin x  cos x 0 0

(A)  (B) 2
(C)   (D) none of these

1 a a2  bc
10. 1 b b2  ac is equal to
2
1 c c  ab
(A) 0 (B) 2abc
(C) 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) none of these

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
 27

4x 6x  2 8x  1
11. If 6x  2 9x  3 12x = 0, then x is equal to
8x  1 12x 16x  2
(A) x = 0 (B) x = 11
11
(C) x = 97 (D) x = 
97

103 115 114 113 116 104

12. 111 108 106  108 106 111 is equal to
104 113 116 115 114 103
(A) a positive number (B) a negative number
(C) zero (D) none of these

b2 c 2 bc b  c
2 2
13.  c a ca c  a is equal to
2 2
a b ab a  b

(A) abc (B) a2b2c2

(C) ab + bc + ca (D) none of these

x2  y2 ax  by px  qy
14.  = ax  by a2  b2 ap  bq is equal to
px  qy ap  bq p2  q2

(A) p + q (B) a + b + c
(C) x + y + z (D) 0

1  a2  a4 1  ab  a2 b2 1  ac  a2 c 2
15.  1  ab  a2 b2 1  b2  b4 1  bc  b2 c 2 is equal to
2 2 2 2 2 4
1  ac  a c 1  bc  b c 1 c  c

(A) (a + b + c)6 (B) (a  b)2(b  c)2(c  a)2

(C) 4 (a  b) (b  c) (c  a) (D) none of these

MULTI CHOICE MULTI CORRECT

cos2x sin2 x cos 4x

Let (x) = sin2 x cos 2x cos2 x = a0 + a1sinx + a2sin x + …., then
2
1.
cos 4x cos2 x cos 2x
(A) a0 = 0 (B) a1 = 0
(C) a2 = 18 (D) a1 = 5

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 28

xa xb xc 2

2. If (x) = xb xc x 1 and  (x)dx  16 , where a, b, c, d are terms of an A.P.,
xac x 1 x  b  d 0

then common difference of this A.P equation could be

(A) 2 (B) 2
(C) 2, 5 (D) none of these

xn sin x cos x
 n   n  dn
3. If f(x) = n! sin   cos   , then the value of  f  x  at x = 0 is
 2   2  dx n
a a2 a3
(A) – 1 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) independent of a

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

a by cz
1. If x, y, z are different from 0 and  = a  x b c  z = 0, then the value of the expression
ax by c
a b c
  is
x y z

x2  1 1 x 1
2. If 2x  1 1 x  2 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + … + then an is equal to
2

3x 2  2 1 x  3

3. If a1x3 + b1x2 + c1x + d1 = 0 and a2x3 + b2x2 + c2x + d2 = 0 have a pair of common positive
3a1 2b1 c1
repeated roots, then the value of 3a2 2b2 c2 is
a2b1  a1b2 c1a2  c 2a1 d1a2  a2 d2

a b c
3 2
4. If a, b, c are the roots of x + 2x + p = 0, then the value of b c a is
c a b

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

cos x 1 0  /2
1. If f(x) = 1 2 cos x 1 , then
 f(x) dx is equal to ____
0 1 2 cos x 0

1  sin2 x cos2 x 4 sin 2x

2 2
2. Let f(x)  sin x 1  cos x 4 sin 2x . Then the maximum value of f(x) is _____
2 2
sin x cos x 1  4 sin 2x

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 29

1 x x 1
3. If f (x) = 2x x(x  1) x(x  1) , then f (10) is equal to ____
3x(x  1) x(x  1)(x  2) x(x  1)(x  1)

4. For a unique value of p and q, the system of equations given by x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 14,

2x + 5y + pz = q has infinitely many solutions, then the value of (p + q) is equal to

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

Read the following write up carefully and answer the following questions:
a1 b1 c1
If we expand the determinant D = a2 b2 c 2 , then D is a sum of 6 terms which are of the type
a3 b3 c 3
a1bjck (i  j  k), i.e., 3!. Half of it will be positive and other half will be negative.
D = (a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 + a3b1c2)  (a1b3c2 + a3b2c1 + a2b1c3).
1. The number of terms of the type aibjckdl (i  j  k  l) in 4  4 determinant must be
(A) 12 (B) 18
(C) 24 (D) 30

2. If A  Adj A = |A| In where A be a square matrix of order n  n, then |adj A| is

(A) |A| (B) |A|2
(C) |A|n (D) |A|n1
3. Given a n  n matrix A with real entries such that A2 =  I, then |A| must be
(A)  1 (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) none of these

Read the following write up carefully and answer the following questions:

f1 f2 f3
If F (x) = g1 g2 g3 , where gi, f i, hi, (i = 1, 2, 3) are functions of x. To differentiate F (x), we can
h1 h2 h3
differentiate one row (or column) at a time, keeping others unchanged.
f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3
F (x) = g1 g2 g3  g1 g2 g3  g1 g2 g3
h1 h2 h3 h1 h2 h3 h1 h2 h3
f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3
or F (x) = g1 g2 g3  g1 g2 g3  g1 g2 g3 .
h1 h2 h3 h1 h2 h3 h1 h2 h3

1 2a 3a2
4. If F (x) = x x2 x3 , then the value of F (a) will be
2 2
x a x a x3  a 3
e e e
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) none of these

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
 30

xa x2  1 1
2
5. If a, b, c are in A.P. and f (x) = x  b 2x  1 1 , then f (x) is
x  c 3x 2  2 1
(A) 0 (B) 1
abc
(C) a + bc (D)
abc

MATCH LIST TYPE

This section contains 1 multiple choice question. This question has matching lists. The codes for the
lists have choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.

sec 2 x 1 1
1. Let f(x) = cos x cos x cos ec 2 x , then
2 2

1 cos2 x cot 2 x
List – I List – II
P. Period of f(x) 3
1.
32
Q. maximum value of f(x) 2. 
/4 3. 1
1
R.
 f  x  dx  4
0
S. minimum value of f(x) 4. 0
Codes :
P Q R S
(A) 2 3 4 1
(B) 3 2 1 4
(C) 2 3 1 4
(D) 3 1 2 4
MATCH FOLLOWING TYPE
Each question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C,
D) in column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s, t) in column II.
1. Match the statements/expressions in Column I with the interval in Column II
Column  I Column  II
2
x  5x  3 2x  5 3 (p) 3a + 4b + 5c + d = 141
2
(A) If (x)  3x  x  4 6x  1 9  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d , then
7x 2  6x  9 14x  6 21
x 1 5x 7 (q) a + 2b + 3c + 5d = 156
(B) If (x)  x 2  1 x  1 8  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d , then
2x 3x 0

2x 3  3x 2 5x  7 2 (r) c  d = 119
(C) If (x)  4x 3  7x 3x  2 1  a  bx  cx 2  dx 3  ex 4 , then
7x 3  8x 2 x 1 3

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT
 31

x 2  2x  3 2x  2 2 (s) d = 24

(D) If (x)  x 2  5x  6 2x  5 2  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d then

x 2  7x  12 2x  7 2
(t) 3a + 2b + 5c + 5d = 187

MATCHING TYPE
Answer questions 1, 2 and 3 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the
following table.

 Column 1 : the system of equation.

 Column 2 : the value of  and  the system of equation has a unique solution.
 Column 3 : the values of  and  the system of equation has no solution.
Column  1 Column  2 Column  3
(I) 2x + y + 6z = 8 (i)   8,   R (P)  = 3
x + 2y + z = 5  cannot say anything
x + y + 3z = 4
(II) x+y+z=6 (ii)   2,   R (Q)  = 8,   36
2x + 5y + z = 
x + 2y + 3z = 14
(III) x+y+z=6 (iii)   1,   R (R)  = 1,   5
x + 2y + 3z = 14
2x + 5y + z = 
(IV) x + 2y + 2z = 1 (iv)   8,   R (S)  = 8,   36
x  y + 3z = 3
x + 11y  z = 

1. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination ?

(A) (II) (iii) (S) (B) (II) (iv) (Q)
(C) (III) (i) (R) (D) (I) (ii) (P)

2. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination ?

(A) (II) (i) (Q) (B) (I) (ii) (R)
(C) (IV) (iv) (P) (D) (IV) (iv) (S)

3. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination ?

(A) (III) (i) (P) (B) (III) (i) (S)
(C) (IV) (iii) (R) (D) (IV) (i) (R)

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 32

MATCH LIST TYPE

FOUR options are given representing matching of elements from LIST - I and LIST- II. ONLY ONE of
these four options corresponds to a correct matching.
1. Match the following :
LIST–I (Equation) LIST–II (Locus)
P. t (1  sin t) 3
cos t 1. 10
Co-efficient of t in f(t) = 1 ln(1  t) 2
2 2
t 1 t 0
Q. 1 3 cos t 1 2. 0
Value of sin t 1 3cos t
1 sin t 1
R. ta t2  1 1 3. 12
If a, b, c are in A.P. f(t) = t  b 2t 2  1 1 then
t  c 3t 2  2 1
2f(0) is
S. t 2 t 4. 2
4 3 2
If 1 t 6 = a4t + a3t + a2t + a1t + a0, then
t t t 1
6a0 is
5. 3
6. 4
The correct option is :
(A) P  5; Q  6; R  4; S  3 (B) P  4; Q  1; R  3; S  5
(C) P  6; Q  3; R  5; S  2 (D) P  4; Q  1; R  6; S  3

ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE
This question contains STATEMENT-1 (Assertion) and STATEMENT-2 (Reason).
Option (A) if both the statements are TRUE and STATEMENT-2 is the correct explanation of
STATEMENT-1
Option (B) if both the statements are TRUE but STATEMENT-2 is NOT the correct explanation of
STATEMENT- 1
Option (C) if STATEMENT-1 is TRUE and STATEMENT-2 is FALSE.
Option (D) if STATEMENT-1 is FALSE and STATEMENT-2 is TRUE.

a by cz
1. STATEMENT –1: If x, y, z are different from 0 and  = a  x b c  z = 0, then the value of
ax by c
a b c
the expression   is 2.
x y z
and
1 3 cos x 1
STATEMENT –2: If f(x) = sin x 1 3 cos x , then maximum value of f(x) is 10.
1 sin x 1

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 33

SECTION - III
MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT
202 197 192
1. = 11 8 5 is equal to
107 99 91
(A) 0 (B) 200
(C) 100 (D) a constant other then 0

x 3 2 4 x 1 100 95 x 1002 997 x

2. If  = 3 2 x  x 1 4  95 x 100  x 1002 997  0 ,
2 x 3 1 4 x x 100 95 997 x 1002
then x is equal to
(A) x = 5 (B) x = -5
(C) x = 0 (D) none of these.

2
l1 m1 n1
3. If lr2  mr2  nr2  1 where r = 1, 2, 3 and l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0 …etc . Then  = l2 m2 n2
l3 m3 n3
is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 3

a2  1 ab ac
2
4. ba 1 b bc is equal to
2
ca cb 1 c
2
(A) 1 + a (B) a2
(C) (a)2 (D) a

a1  b1x a1x  b1 c1
5. If  = a2  b2 x a2 x  b2 c2 = 0, then
a3  b3 x a3 x  b3 c3
(A) x = 0 (B) x = 2
(C) x = ±1 (D) none of these

6. If the system of equations x – ky – z = 0, kx – y – z = 0, x + y – z = 0 has a non-zero solutions,

then possible values of k are
(A) –1, 2 (B) –1, 1
(C) 1, 2 (D) 0, 1

a 1 0
7. If f(x) = ax a 1 , then f(2x) – f(x) is equal to
ax 2 ax a
(A) – 1 (B) 1
(C) 0 (D) none of these

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xa b c
8. If  = a xb c = 0, then the non zero root of the equation is
a b xc
(A)  a + b + c (B)  a  b  c
(C) a + b  c (D) none of these

d
x b b
x b  1 
9. If 1 = a x b and 2 = , then dx is equal to
a a x
a x  2 
(A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 3 (D) 1

x3 2x  1 2
10. If  = 3x  2 x2 1 , then  is
5x  1 5x  4 5
(A)  15 (B) 16
(C) 15 (D) none of these

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. If a, b and c be positive integers and x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay, where x, y and z are
not all zero, then number of ordered triplet (a, b, c) satisfying above is

2. A is a 4  4 matrix with a11 = 1 + x 1, a22 = 1 + x 2, a33 = 1 + x 3, a44 = 1 + x 4 and all other entries 1,
where xi are the roots of n4 – n2 + 1 = 0. The value of det(A) is

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1 2 5
1. There are two numbers x making the value of the determinant 2 x 1 equal to 86. The sum
0 4 2x
of these two numbers, is

x 3 x
2
2. If x x 6  Ax 4  Bx 3  Cx 2  Dx  E , then the value of 5A + 4B + 3C + 2D + E is equal to
x x 6

3. Let 0  x < 4, –2  y < 3 and –1  z < 5. If [a] denotes greatest integer  a, and
 x  2  y   z
  x   y  1  z , then the maximum value  is equal to
x   y  z  1

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ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS

2. 0 5.(a) x = y = z = 1
6. A 7. A 8. A 9. D
10. A 11. B 12. B 13. B
14. A 15. A

ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENTS
SECTION - I
1. 0 3. 2
15
5. 2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + ) 6. k = 33/2, x : y : z = :1:–3
2
(b2  4ac)(a  b  c)2
12. 2 15.
a4

SECTIONII

MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT

1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D
5. A 6. B 7. B 8. D
9. A 10. C 11. D 12. C
13. D 14. D 15. B

MULTI CHOICE MULTI CORRECT

1. A, B, C 2. A, B 3. B, D

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. 2 2. 0 3. 0 4. 8

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1.  0.3333 2. 6.00 3. 0.00 4. 44.00

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A
5. A

MATCH LIST TYPE

1. C

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MATCH FOLLOWING TYPE

1. (A)  (p) (B)  (q, s) (C)  (r, t) (D)  (s)

MATCHING TYPE
1. D 2. A 3. C

MATCH LIST TYPE

1. D

ASSERTION-REASONING TYPE

1. B
SECTION - III

MULTI CHOICE SINGLE CORRECT

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A
5. C 6. B 7. D 8. B
9. C 10. A

NUMERICAL BASED TYPE

1. 0 2. 1

NUMERICAL BASED DECIMAL TYPE

1.  4.00 2. – 17.00 3. 17.00

IITJEE-2223-MATHEMATICS-DETERMINANT