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Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Construction Project Planning

and Scheduling Using Lean Principles

Article · July 2023

DOI: 10.5923/j.ijcem.20231203.01

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International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 2023, 12(3): 75-80
DOI: 10.5923/j.ijcem.20231203.01

Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of

Construction Project Planning and Scheduling
Using Lean Principles
Chadra Magno Abdullahi1,*, Moffat Tembo2

1
Department of Engineering and Construction, School of Architecture, Computing & Engineering, London, E16 2RD UK, London
2
UNICAF University, Old International Airport, 7130 Larnaca, Cyprus, East London

Abstract Construction project planning and scheduling are critical processes that often face challenges leading to delays,
cost overruns, and quality issues. This research investigates applying lean principles to address these challenges and enhance
construction project planning, scheduling efficiency, and effectiveness. Through a systematic review of relevant literature,
case studies, and published materials, this study examines the potential of lean principles to reduce lead times, eliminate
waste, and improve resource utilization in building projects. The findings demonstrate that implementing lean principles can
significantly enhance planning and scheduling efficiency by eliminating waste, improving communication and teamwork,
and facilitating project predictability. However, successful implementation requires a comprehensive understanding of lean
principles, commitment from senior management, and involvement of all stakeholders. Implementing cultural change,
adopting a continuous improvement mindset, and focusing on value creation is essential for lean implementation. The study
provides recommendations and practical implications, emphasizing the adoption of lean culture, investment in lean training,
and utilizing lean tools and techniques. Furthermore, measuring success through key performance indicators aligned with
strategic goals and leveraging lean principles for competitive advantage are highlighted. The research findings have
significant implications for the construction industry, offering the potential for cost reduction, project time savings, improved
quality, and increased customer satisfaction. This report guides construction companies aiming to enhance their project
planning and scheduling processes by implementing lean principles.
Keywords Construction Planning, Scheduling, Construction Management, Lean Construction, Project Management

help with resource management and efficient managerial

1. Introduction tools, leading to increased costs and delays. Lean principles
are increasingly being applied in construction project
The construction industry is among the first to initiate lean
planning and scheduling to improve efficiency and
thinking and techniques [1]. However, Lean principles
effectiveness. These principles focus on continuous
implementation is a complex and long-term method of
improvement, waste reduction, and reducing project delays,
adoption that returns reward [2]. Construction projects are
cost overruns, and quality issues.
complex and require adequate planning and scheduling to
The construction industry’s complexity and traditional
ensure successful completion. Such complexity requires
management methods cause delays and cost overruns. Lean
proper resource management and efficient managerial tools
principles enhance efficiency, waste elimination in the
and techniques throughout the project’s life, from start to
construction industry, and adaptability to construction
completion [3].
challenges. The study explores Lean principles for efficient
Lean principles have significantly improved productivity,
construction project scheduling, aiming to reduce waste,
quality, and waste management in various industries,
improve customer satisfaction, and reduce costs, ultimately
including construction. Implementing lean principles is
contributing to better project outcomes. Lean principles
complex and long-term, but it has gained widespread
in project management, including clear communication,
acceptance in other industries due to its potential to reduce
stakeholder involvement, continuous improvement, and
waste and improve productivity. Construction projects need
accountability, benefit construction projects. Implementing
* Corresponding author:
lean concepts in planning and scheduling leads to increased
[email protected] (Chadra Magno Abdullahi) productivity, cost-effectiveness, and customer satisfaction.
Received: Jun. 19, 2023; Accepted: Jul. 20, 2023; Published: Jul. 24, 2023 However, challenges like resistance, lack of knowledge,
Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/ijcem and inadequate education hinder successful implementation.
76 Chadra Magno Abdullahi and Moffat Tembo: Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness
of Construction Project Planning and Scheduling Using Lean Principles

The study focuses on lean construction project scheduling potential project risks and improve communication
and planning principles, analyzing productivity and stakeholder communication and collaboration [5].
generalizations. The findings of this study contribute to the Overall, construction project planning and scheduling are
ongoing efforts in the construction industry to improve critical aspects of the construction industry. Several
project outcomes, reduce costs, and enhance stakeholder techniques and tools are available to improve this process’s
satisfaction. By exploring the potential benefits and effectiveness, including CPM scheduling, BIM, and project
challenges of incorporating lean principles, this research scheduling software. Construction project teams can use
provides valuable insights for industry practitioners and these techniques and tools to improve efficiency, reduce
decision-makers. Ultimately, the goal is to promote adopting costs, and ensure successful completion.
lean principles and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness
of construction project planning and scheduling processes. 2.2. Key Principles of Lean Construction
Lean construction is a project management approach that
minimizes waste and maximizes value in the construction
2. Literature Review process. It is also a set of principles and practices that
focus on maximizing value and minimizing waste in the
This research examines current cases wherein the adoption
construction process. The fundamental principles of lean
of Lean techniques is successfully implemented on various
construction include the following:
types of construction projects, such as residential housing
complexes or civil works on roads, showing increased  Continuous Improvement
productivity, but also poses questions regarding if said  Pull Planning
methods would work for other forms like industrial  Last Planner System
plants or commercial structures, which remain unanswered  Value Stream Mapping
from current studies done only by conducting surveys These principles can be applied to project Planning and
instead. Nonetheless, this shows promise towards a better scheduling in the construction industry to improve project
understanding regarding time management applications outcomes. For example, pull planning can create a more
while indicating potential areas where further study could efficient and flexible schedule based on customer demand
help structure systemize advancements leading to greater rather than a rigid schedule that may not accommodate
contentment from clients, ultimately translating into project changes. Similarly, the Last Planner® System can
financial success, achieving both quantitative objectives improve stakeholder collaboration and communication,
along qualitative ones alike, saving money and reducing improving project outcomes.
turnaround times simultaneously improving customer
satisfaction levels overall for any parties engaging either 2.3. Application of Lean Principles
organizationally operationally contractually, etc. Implementing lean principles has positively impacted
construction project planning, scheduling efficiency, and
2.1. Current Practices of Construction Project Planning
effectiveness. Applying lean principles in construction can
and Scheduling
lead to improved project planning and scheduling, reduced
Construction project planning and scheduling is a waste, improved productivity, and increased customer
complex process that involves identifying and sequencing satisfaction. [6]. Using Lean principles can help reduce the
project activities, allocating resources, estimating project time spent on non-value-adding activities, such as rework,
durations and costs, and creating a project schedule. and focus on activities that add value to the project.
Critical Path Method (CPM) scheduling is one of the Construction project management can perform better when
most commonly used techniques. This technique was first implementing lean principles. Applying lean concepts to
developed in the 1950s and has since become widely adopted project planning and scheduling resulted in reduced project
in the construction industry. CPM scheduling involves the durations, higher quality, and higher production levels.
creation of a network diagram that identifies all project According to the study, applying lean principles to
activities and their relationships. This allows the project construction project management can significantly improve
team to identify the critical path and the sequence of project performance. One example of a lean principle that
activities to determine the project’s overall duration. can be applied to construction project planning and
The project team can then focus on managing and optimizing scheduling is “Just-in-Time” (JIT) delivery. JIT delivery
the critical path activities to ensure the project is completed involves delivering materials and resources exactly when
on time [4]. needed rather than stockpiling them in advance. This helps
Another popular technique is Building Information reduce waste, minimize storage costs, and improve project
Modeling (BIM), a 3D modeling tool that integrates project schedules by ensuring resources are available when needed.
information across all phases. BIM can be used for project Another example of a lean principle that can be applied to
planning and scheduling by creating a virtual model of the construction project planning and scheduling is “Kaizen,”
project and using it to identify and manage project activities, which involves continuous improvement and optimization of
resources, and timelines. BIM can also identify and mitigate processes. Applying lean principles in construction project
 International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 2023, 12(3): 75-80 77

planning and scheduling can significantly impact project construction aims to minimize waste and maximize value
outcomes. Implementing lean concepts can significantly throughout construction, increasing efficiency, productivity,
improve the scheduling and planning of construction projects. and profitability. Lean construction has recently gained
popularity to improve construction efficiency and productivity.
2.4. Key Barriers and Challenges in Implementing Lean One of the main findings of research into lean construction
Principles is that it can significantly reduce waste in the construction
Lean principles have been widely adopted in many process. Construction waste can take many forms, including
industries to improve efficiency and reduce waste. However, overproduction, waiting, excess inventory, excess processing,
implementing lean principles in construction project planning unnecessary motion, defects, and new talent. Lean
and scheduling can be challenging due to various barriers. construction seeks to minimize or eliminate these sources
Here are some fundamental barriers and challenges to of waste by streamlining the construction process and
implementing lean principles in construction project eliminating unnecessary activities. Research has also
planning and scheduling: shown that lean construction can improve productivity on
construction projects. By reducing waste and improving
1. The complexity of the construction process [7].
workflow, lean construction can help workers complete tasks
2. Collaboration and communication among
more quickly and efficiently. This can result in shorter
stakeholders [8].
project timelines, lower labor costs, and higher profits for
3. Resistance to Change [9].
construction companies.
4. Lack of understanding and education.
Another finding of research into lean construction is that
5. Limited Application.
it can improve safety on construction sites. By streamlining
Several strategies can be employed to overcome these the construction process and eliminating unnecessary
barriers: activities, lean construction can reduce workers’ exposure to
1. Planning. hazards. This can result in fewer accidents and injuries on
2. Educate and involve stakeholders. construction sites.
3. Provide training and education. Research has also shown that lean construction can
4. Set clear goals and metrics. improve the quality of construction projects. By focusing on
5. Foster Collaboration value and minimizing waste, lean construction can ensure
6. Streamline the Supply Chain. that construction projects meet the highest quality standards.
By taking these steps, construction companies can overcome This can result in fewer defects, higher customer satisfaction,
the barriers and challenges to implementing lean principles and a better reputation for construction companies.
in construction project planning and scheduling and achieve Finally, research into lean construction has found that it
greater efficiency, quality, and profitability. can improve collaboration and communication among
stakeholders in construction projects. By creating a culture
of continuous improvement and emphasizing teamwork,
3. Research Methodology lean construction can help to break down silos and promote
collaboration among architects, engineers, contractors,
A thorough literature review was conducted to accomplish
subcontractors, and other stakeholders. This can result in
the research’s goal. Several publications and articles related
better decision-making, fewer misunderstandings, and more
to lean construction, project planning, scheduling, and
effective problem-solving.
construction waste were researched to comprehend the idea
In conclusion, research into lean construction has found
of lean construction and its tools and procedures. Therefore,
that it can significantly improve construction efficiency,
it is crucial to ensure data and information gathered are
productivity, safety, quality, and collaboration. By minimizing
exact and in line with the information and objectives of the
waste and maximizing value throughout construction, lean
study [24,37].
construction can help companies complete projects more
The research does not aim to harm or advertise any
quickly, efficiently, and profitably. It is an approach worth
individual, company, or organization. The Ethical measures
considering for construction managers looking to improve
are to ensure that the data being used is from credible and
their projects’ performance.
reliable sources and that proper referencing and citation are
done to acknowledge the original authors or sources of the
data. This would help ensure that the data used is accurate 5. Analysis of the Findings
and not misrepresented and that the original authors are
correctly credited for their work. Based on the Findings above, it can be summarized as follows:
1. Lean principles can improve the efficiency of
4. Research Findings construction project planning and scheduling - Lean
principles can significantly improve the efficiency of
Lean construction is an approach to construction construction project planning and scheduling by reducing
management based on lean manufacturing principles. Lean waste and optimizing processes. For example, applying
78 Chadra Magno Abdullahi and Moffat Tembo: Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness
of Construction Project Planning and Scheduling Using Lean Principles

value stream mapping can help identify waste areas in project objectives with client requirements, and promote a
the planning and scheduling process and improve culture of continuous improvement. Additionally, the study
processes. identifies a growing demand for applying sustainability
2. The use of Lean principles can improve standards to Lean construction, opening the door for
communication and collaboration among project subsequent research to examine how Lean principles impact
stakeholders - The use of Lean principles can also the environment.
improve communication and collaboration among
project stakeholders, ultimately leading to more efficient
project planning and scheduling. By involving all 7. Implications of the Research
stakeholders in the planning and scheduling process,
project managers can create a shared understanding of Improved Project Performance: Based on the research,
project goals and objectives, leading to better project applying Lean concepts can significantly improve project
outcomes. performance. Projects can be carried out quicker and more
3. Implementing Lean principles can improve project affordably by identifying and removing waste, shortening
delivery time - Implementing Lean principles can project duration. An edge in the construction industry, as
also improve project delivery time by reducing lead well as higher-quality outputs and more client satisfaction,
time, increasing productivity, and minimizing delays. can result from increased efficiency.
For example, applying pull planning techniques can Enhanced Stakeholder Collaboration: One significant
help identify potential bottlenecks and prioritize study result is the importance of stakeholder collaboration
critical activities, leading to more efficient project in Lean construction. A comprehensive point of view is
scheduling. ensured by including all relevant stakeholders in the
4. The use of Lean principles can reduce project costs planning process, which reduces stakeholder disagreements
- The use of Lean principles can also reduce project and miscommunications. A more cohesive team dynamic is
costs by minimizing waste, improving productivity, developed by improved collaboration, which helps the
and reducing rework. For example, applying project succeed and facilitates easier communication and
Just-In-Time (JIT) techniques can help reduce decision-making throughout the project's lifecycle.
inventory and minimize waste, leading to cost savings. Sustainable Construction Practices: The potential for
5. Lean principles can improve the quality of Lean principles to enhance the sustainability of building
construction projects. Lean principles can improve projects is significant even though it was not fully explored
the quality of construction projects by reducing errors in the research. Lean's emphasis on waste elimination
and defects, improving communication, and enhancing and effective resource management is consistent with
collaboration among project stakeholders. By improving sustainability principles. Future studies could go further into
the quality of project planning and scheduling, project this topic, investigating how to include environmental
managers can ensure that projects are delivered on factors in Lean building practices, such as renewable
time, within budget, and meet the client’s expectations. resources and energy-efficient procedures.
In summary, the research findings suggest that applying
Lean principles to construction project planning and 8. Recommendation
scheduling can improve efficiency and effectiveness by
reducing waste, improving communication and collaboration, Implementing a well-structured and focused approach is
and enhancing productivity. However, successfully crucial to maximizing the benefits of Lean principles in
implementing Lean principles requires a significant cultural construction project planning and scheduling. Here is a
shift, leadership commitment, and continuous improvement. detailed recommendation:
Therefore, research in this area should focus on identifying Implement Lean Training and Cultural Transformation:
best practices, developing effective implementation strategies, Construction companies must invest in comprehensive Lean
and evaluating the impact of Lean principles on construction training for their project teams and stakeholders to
project planning and scheduling. successfully implement Lean concepts. The identification of
waste, value stream mapping, and methods for continual
improvement should all be stressed throughout training
6. Conclusions and Recommendations sessions. Top management should also encourage teams to
question established procedures and adopt novel solutions to
In conclusion, the study strongly argues for using lean build a culture of continuous development.
concepts to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Establish Key Performance Indicators (KPIs):
planning and scheduling construction projects. The results Construction projects should create detailed KPIs relating
highlight the potential advantages of waste reduction, to time, cost, quality, and stakeholder satisfaction to assess
improved stakeholder collaboration, and the importance of the impact of Lean adoption. These KPIs can be regularly
continual development. Adopting lean techniques can help monitored and analysed to reveal Lean approaches’
construction projects cut time and cost significantly, align effectiveness and identify areas that still need improvement.
 International Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 2023, 12(3): 75-80 79

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