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Module 2

Uploaded by

mohamedsalah3072001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 2

Files and Directories


Table of Content
In this section, we will learn:

❑ Linux File System

❑ Relative Path and Full Path

❑ Navigating the File System

❑ Symbolic Link and Hard Link


Linux File System

In Linux, everything is a file; if not, it is a process.

There are 7 types of files associated with Linux.


Examples:
❑ Regular Files
❑ Directory
❑ Block Files
❑ Links
Linux File System

File System Tree

❑ Files and directories are organized into a single-


rooted inverted tree structure.

❑ The file system begins at the root directory,


represented by a lone forward slash character “/”.

❑ Names are case-sensitive.

❑ Hidden files start with a “..”

❑ Paths are delimited by “/”.

$ cat /home/yahia/myfile.txt
Linux File System

File System Tree


Root
/

/bin/ /boot/ /dev/ /etc/ /home/ /lib/ /media/ /mnt/

/opt/ /root/ /sbin/ /srv/ /tmp/ /usr/ /var/

/bin/ /include/ /lib/ /sbin/ /cache/ /log/ /spool/ /tmp/


Relative Path and Full Path

Navigating the File System


❑ Essential Navigation Commands:

pwd: is used to print the current directory.


ls [-l]: is used to list files.
cd: is used to change directories..
Relative Path vs. Full Path
Navigating the File System

Two Types of Paths


❑ Absolute:
The absolute path is the full path to a directory or file; begins with /.

❑ Relative:

The relative path is a partial path that is relative to the current working directory; does not begin with /.

/
Root Directory
/
bin etc users tmp usr

users

/users/john john carol

john
work work play
Relative Path vs. Full Path
Absolute Path:

❑ The absolute path is a path that contains the root directory and all other subdirectories you need to

access a file.

❑ It points to the same location in the directory tree, regardless of the current working directory.

Example:

/users/john/work/linux.txt
Starting
With “/”
Relative Path vs. Full Path

Relative Path:

❑ The relative path is a partial path to a file, in relation to the current working directory.

If inside of the home directory in the previous directory example, a relative path would be:

work/linux.txt
Not Starting With “/”
Navigating the File System
Listing Directory Contents:

ls -: lists the contents of the current directory or a specified directory.

Usage:
❍ ls [options] [files_or_dirs]

Example:
❍ ls –a: includes hidden files.
❍ ls –l: displays extra information.
❍ ls –R: lists files and directories recursively.
❍ ls –ld: displays directory and symlink information.
Navigating the File System

Copying Files and Directories

cp -: copies files and directories.

Usage:
❍ cp [options] file destination

If the destination is a directory, more than one file may be


copied at a time.
❍ cp [options] file1 file2 dest

• If the destination is a directory, the copy is placed there.​


• If the destination is a file, the copy overwrites the destination.​
• If the destination does not exist, the copy is renamed.​
Navigating the File System
Creating and Removing Files

• touch -: creates empty files or updates file timestamps.

• rm -: removes files.

Usage:
rm [options] <file>...

Example:
❍ rm –i: File (Interactive)
❍ rm –r: Directory (Recursive)
❍ rm –f: File (Force)
Navigating the File System
Moving and Renaming Files and Directories

mv -: moves and/or renames files and directories.

Usage:
mv [options] file destination

If the destination is a directory, more than one file


may be copied at a time.

mv [options] file1 file2 destination

The destination works like the “cp” command.


Navigating the File System

Creating and Removing Directories

● mkdir: creates directories.


● rmdir: removes empty directories.
● rm –r: recursively removes directory trees.
Navigating the File System

Examples:

❑ cd /usr/local/lib: changes directory to /usr/local/lib.


❑ cd ~: changes to the home directory (could also just type ‘cd’).
❑ pwd: prints the current working directory.
❑ cd ..: moves up one directory level.
❑ cd /: changes to the root directory.
❑ ls –d pro*: lists only the directories starting with "pro".
❑ ls –a /home/yahia: lists all files including hidden files in /home/yahia.
Symbolic Link and Hard Link
What Is Inode Number?

“
An inode number is an entry in inode table that contains information about a file and directory.

”
Links in Linux

Original Soft Original Hard


File Link File Link

Data on Disk Data on Disk

Soft Link Hard Link


Links in Linux

Creating Links

❑ ln: creates hard links.


❑ ln -s: creates soft links.
❑ ls–li: displays inode number.
Links in Linux

Soft Links vs. Hard Links

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