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Module 4

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8 views

Module 4

Uploaded by

mohamedsalah3072001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 4

Users and Groups


Table of Content
In this section, we will learn:

❑ Linux Users

❑ Linux Groups

❑ File Permissions
Linux Users

Linux Users

Every user is assigned a unique User ID number (UID).


• Root users are identified by a UID of 0.
• Normal users typically have User IDs (UIDs) greater
than 500.

Users' names and User ID numbers (UIDs) are stored in


the /etc/passwd file.

Users are assigned a home directory and a program that


runs when they log in, usually a shell.

Users cannot read, write, or execute each other's files


without permission.
Linux Users
User Management
$ useradd USERNAME: adds users to the system.
$ usermod USERNAME: modify user’s attributes.
$ userdel [-r] USERNAME: deletes users.

Authentication information is stored in plain text files, such as: ​


/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow
Linux Users
Linux Groups
• Users are assigned to groups.

• Each group is assigned a unique Group ID number (GID).

• GIDs are stored in the /etc/group file.

• Each user is given their own secondary/primary group.

• Users can be added to other groups for additional


access.

• All users in a group can share files to which that group


has access.
Linux Users
Changing File Ownership

• Only the root user can change a file's owner.

• Only the root user or the owner can change a file's group.

• Ownership is changed with “chown”:


• chown [-R] user_name file|directory

• Group ownership is changed with “chgrp”:


• chgrp [-R] group_name file|directory
Linux Users
Adding Users to a Group

Overriding Secondary Groups:

$ usermod -G GROUP USERNAME

Adding a User to a Group


$ usermod -aG GROUP USERNAME

Viewing User’s Infomation:


$ id yahia
Linux Users
Changing Identities

Changing User Password:


$ passwd
# passwd USERNAME

Switching to Another User:


$ su [-] USERNAME

The `sudo` command runs a command as root. However, it


requires prior configuration by a root or system
administrator.
Linux Users
Linux File Security

Every file is owned by a UID and a GID.

Every process runs as a UID and one or more GIDs,


usually determined by who runs the process.

There are three access categories:


• processes running with the same uid as the file
(user),
• processes running with the same gid as the file
(group),
• and all other processes (other).
Linux Users
Linux File Security

Permission Precedence

• If UID matches, user permissions apply.


• Otherwise, if GID matches, group permissions apply.
• If neither match, other permissions apply.

Permission Types

Four symbols are used when displaying permissions:

• r: permission to read a file or list a directory's contents.


• w: permission to write to a file or create and remove files from a
directory.
• x: permission to execute a program or change into a directory and do a
long listing of the directory.
• -: no permission (in place of the r, w, or x).
Linux Users
Changing Permissions

Symbolic Method Numeric Method

To change access modes, we use: Uses a three-digit mode number:


chmod [-R] mode file • The first digit specifies the owner's
permissions.
• The second digit specifies group
Where mode is: permissions.
• u, g, or o for user, group, and other. • The third digit represents others'
• + or - for grant or deny. permissions.
• r, w, or x for read, write, and execute.
Permissions are calculated by adding:
Examples: • 4 for read,
❍ $ chmod ugo+r myflile.txt • 2 for write,
❍ $ chmod o-wx myfile.txt
• and 1 for execute.

Example:
$ chmod 640 myfile

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