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Gear Box

Subject Incharge
Mr. Rohit Bharat Patil
Assistant Professor
email: [email protected]

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Tractive Effort & Tractive Resistance

• The driving force produced parallel to road between tyre and road due to wheel
torque is known as tractive effort.

• It is total resistance encountered to vehicle motion.

Tractive resistance = Wind Resistance + Gradient Resistance + Rolling Resistance

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Wind Resistance
• The wind or air resistance depends upon the shape and size of vehicle body, air
velocity and speed of the vehicle.
• It increases as the square of vehicle speed owing to which much importance is
given to streamlining and frontal area of modern automobiles.
• When calculating air resistance, air velocity is usually neglected.
• Mathematically, air resistance,

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Gradient resistance

• The gradient resistance is due to the steepness of road gradient. It

depends upon the vehicle weight and the road gradient.
Mathematically, gradient resistance,

• It may be noted that when the vehicle is moving along a level road, it
has to face rolling and air resistance.
• When the vehicle moves up the gradient, it has to encounter the
gradient resistance in addition to the rolling and air resistances.

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Rolling resistance

• The rolling resistance is mainly due to the friction

between the wheel tyre and the road surface.
• It mainly depends upon the load on each road wheel, type
of tyre tread, wheel inflation pressure and type of road
surface.
• Mathematically, rolling resistance,
Rr = KW
where
K = Constant of the rolling resistance, and
W = Weight of the vehicle in newtons.
The value of K for best roads and loose sandy roads is
generally taken as 0.0095 and 0.18 respectively.

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Total Resistance

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Tractive Effort vs Total Resistance

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Gear Box
• The gearbox ( Gear box ) is a mechanical device used to
increase the output torque or to change the speed (RPM) of
a motor.
• The shaft of the motor is connected to one end of the
gearbox and through the internal configuration of gears of a
gearbox, provides a given output torque and speed
determined by the gear ratio.

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Purpose Of Gearbox

• It helps the engine to disconnect from driving wheels.

• It helps the running engine connect to the driving wheel
smoothly and without shock.
• It provides the leverage between engine and driving wheels
to be varied.
• This helps in reducing the engine speed in the ratio of 4 : 1
in case of passenger cars and in a greater ratio in case of
heavy vehicles like trucks and lorries.
• It helps the driving wheels to drive at different speeds.

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Sliding Mesh Gearbox

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Constant Mesh Gearbox
Double De - Clutching
• The double-clutching technique involves the following steps:
• The accelerator (throttle) is released, the clutch pedal is
pressed and the gearbox is shifted into neutral.
• The clutch pedal is then released, the driver matches the
engine speed to the gear speed either using the throttle
(accelerator) (when changing to a lower gear) or waiting for
engine speed to decrease (when changing to a higher gear)
to a level suitable for shifting into the next gear.
• At the moment when the revs between the input shaft (i.e.
engine revs) and gear are closely matched, the driver then
presses the clutch again, shifts into the next gear, and
releases the clutch. The result should be a smooth gear
change.
 Synchro Mesh Gearbox
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=wCu9W9xNwtI
Synchromesh Mesh Gearbox

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCu9W9xNwtI
Planetary Gearbox

The three basic components of the epicyclic gear are:

1. Sun: The central gear
2. Planet carrier: Holds one or more peripheral planet gears,
of the same size, meshed with the sun gear
3. Annulus or Ring Gear: An outer ring with inward-facing
teeth that mesh with the planet gear or gears
 Planetary Gearbox
Working of epicyclic gearbox:
The working principle of the epicyclic gearbox is based on the fact
the fixing any of the gears i.e. sun gear, planetary gears, and annular
gear is done to obtain the required torque or speed output. As fixing
any of the above causes the variation in gear ratios from high torque
to high speed. So let’s see how these ratios are obtained
• First gear ratio:
This provide high torque ratios to the vehicle which helps the vehicle
to move from its initial state and is obtained by fixing the annular
gear which in turn causes the planet carrier to rotate with the power
supplied to the sun gear.
 Planetary Gearbox
• Second gear ratio:
This provides high-speed ratios to the vehicle which helps
the vehicle to attain higher speed during a drive, these
ratios are obtained by fixing the sun gear which in turn
makes the planet carrier the driven member and annular the
driving member in order to achieve high-speed ratios.
• Reverse gear ratio:
This gear reverses the direction of the output shaft which
in turn reverses the direction of the vehicle, this gear is
achieved by fixing the planet gear carrier which in turn
makes the annular gear the driven member and the sun
gear the driver member.
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Torque Converter
• Manual transmission cars use a clutch, which completely disconnects the
engine from the transmission. Automatic transmission cars use a torque
converter.
• A torque converter is a type of fluid coupling, which allows the engine to
spin somewhat independently of the transmission.
• If the engine is turning slowly, such as when the car is idling at a stoplight,
the amount of torque passed through the torque converter is very small, so
keeping the car still requires only a light pressure on the brake pedal.

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Torque Converter

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Torque Converter
As shown in the figure below, there are four components inside the very strong
housing of the torque converter:
1. Pump
2. Turbine
3. Stator
4. Transmission fluid

• The housing of the torque converter is bolted to the flywheel of the engine,
so it turns at whatever speed the engine is running at. The fins that make up
the pump of the torque converter are attached to the housing, so they also
turn at the same speed as the engine.
• The pump inside a torque converter is a type of centrifugal pump. As it
spins, fluid is flung to the outside, much as the spin cycle of a washing
machine flings water and clothes to the outside of the wash tub.
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Torque Converter
• The fluid then enters the blades of the turbine, which is connected to the
transmission. The turbine causes the transmission to spin, which basically moves
your car.
• The fluid exits the turbine at the center, moving in a different direction than
when it entered.
• the fluid exits the turbine moving opposite the direction that the pump (and
engine) are turning. If the fluid were allowed to hit the pump, it would slow the
engine down, wasting power. This is why a torque converter has a stator.
• The stator resides in the very center of the torque converter. Its job is to redirect
the fluid returning from the turbine before it hits the pump again. This
dramatically increases the efficiency of the torque converter.

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Differential

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• Differentials are mainly used in automobile

transmission.
• Their main function is to make steering easier and
improve the maneuverability of a vehicle.
• When turning or driving on a rough road driving
wheels travel different distances, as shown in the
figure (due to the track width of a car).
• The radii of the trajectory when turning are different
for the left and right wheels (Rex is the radius of the
external trajectory; Rin is the radius of the internal
trajectory).
• Thus, if both wheels received the same force (torque)
from the engine, then their rotation speed would
accordingly be the same. Under these conditions, one
of the wheels is bound to be slipping.
• However, if you put a differential between the
wheels, you‘ll be able to distribute the force from the
engine and get different wheel speeds. So, the wheels
run at a required speed independently of each other.
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Limited Slip Differential

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Propeller Shaft
• The propeller shaft is a component used for transmitting mechanical power,
torque, and rotation. These shafts as also known as driveshaft, driving shaft, tail
shaft, or Cardan shaft.
• As torque is carried by the driveshaft, it is subjected to torsion or shear stress. So
they should be strong enough to bear the stress while avoiding too much extra
weight as this will increase their inertia.

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• In vehicles, the engine is at the front then the front wheels of the vehicle are
being driven. Whereas in some vehicles the engine is at the rear then the rear
wheels are driving. To do this, a small propeller shaft is used to drive each
wheel.
• When the rear wheels meet unevenness in the road, the rear axle moves up
and down, compressing and expanding in the suspension springs.
• As a result, the angle between the transmission output shaft and the propeller
shaft changes.
• Also, the length occupied by the propeller shaft changes. This variation occurs
due to the propeller shaft and rear axle rotating on arcs along with the points of
their axes of rotation.

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Semi-Automatic Transmission
• Semi-automatic transmissions are much more like manuals than
they are like automatics.
• In fact, the transmission is practically identical to a manual one.
• In a typical manual vehicle the driver steps down on the clutch
pedal when they want to change gears.
• The clutch pedal is connected to the transmission through cables
and pipes.
• In a semi-automatic there is no clutch pedal.
• Instead, there is a computer that uses processors and sensors to
automatically depress the clutch when the driver signals by
shifting the gear stick.
• Driving a semi-automatic would feel very similar to a manual
drive, except that you don’t have to press on the clutch pedal to
change gears.
• Instead, you just shift the stick and the car does the rest.
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Automatic Transmissions
• An automatic transmission is a multi-speed transmission used in
motor vehicles that do not require any driver input to change
gears under normal driving conditions.
• The most common type of automatic transmission is the
hydraulic automatic, which uses a planetary gearset, hydraulic
controls, and a torque convertor.
• The most common type of automatic transmission uses hydraulic
power to shift gears. This device combines a torque or fluid
clutch converter with gear sets that provide the desired gear
range for the vehicle.
• Some of the most commonly used gearboxes in this category
include:
1. Automated Manual Transmission (AMT),
2. Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT),
3. Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT) and
4. Fully-Automatic Transmission.
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Rear Axle in Automobile

Between the differential and the drive wheels is the rear axle to
transmit the power from the differential to the drive wheels.
It is clear from the construction of the differential that the rear axle is
not a single piece but is in two halves connected by the differential,
one part known as the driveshaft.

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Depending upon the methods of supporting the rear axles and

mounting the rear wheels, the three types of rear axles are as
follows:
1. Semi-floating axle
2. Full-floating axle
3. Three-quarter floating axle

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Semi-Floating Axle

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Full-Floating Axle

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Three-Quarter Floating Axle

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Transfer Case
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THANK YOU

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