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Tutorial Sheet

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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

Department of Mathematics
MA 2002E: Mathematics III
Monsoon Semester 2024-25: Tutorial 1

A Review of vector space, linear transformation, matrix representation, diagonalisation


1. Prove that −(−v) = v for every v ∈ V .
2. Suppose a ∈ F, v ∈ V , and av = 0. Prove that a = 0 or v = 0.

3. Suppose v, w ∈ V . Explain why there exists a unique x ∈ V such that v + 3x = w.


4. Let S1 and S2 be subspaces of a vector space V . Let S1 ∪S2 = {v ∈ V : v ∈ S1 or v ∈ S2 }, S1 ∩S2 = {v ∈ V : v ∈ S1 and v ∈ S2 }
and let S1 + S2 = {v ∈ V : v = x + y for some x ∈ S1 and y ∈ S2 }.
(a) Show that, in general, S1 ∪ S2 is not a subspace of V .
(b) Show that S1 ∩ S2 is a subspace of V .
(c) Show that S1 + S2 is a subspace of V .
R1
5. Suppose b ∈ R. Show that the set of continuous real-valued functions f on the interval [0, 1] such that 0
f = b is a
subspace of R[0,1] if and only if b = 0.
6. Is R2 a subspace of the complex vector space C2 ?
 
7. (a) Is (a, b, c) ∈ R3 : a3 = b3 a subspace of R3 ? (b) Is (a, b, c) ∈ C3 : a3 = b3 a subspace of C3 ?

8. Prove or give a counterexample: If U is a nonempty subset of R2 such that U is closed under addition and under taking
additive inverses (meaning −u ∈ U whenever u ∈ U ), then U is a subspace of R2 .
9. Give an example of a nonempty subset U of R2 such that U is closed under scalar multiplication, but U is not a
subspace of R2 .

10. Prove that the union of two subspaces of V is a subspace of V if and only if one of the subspaces is contained in the
other.
11. (a) Let V = M3 (R) and let S be the subset of all vectors in V such that the sum of the entries in each row and in
each column is zero. (a) Find a basis and the dimension of S. (b) Extend the basis in (a) to a basis for V .
(b) Let V = M3 (R) and let S be the subset of all vectors in V such that the sum of the entries in each column is zero.
(a) Find a basis and the dimension of S. (b) Extend the basis in (a) to a basis for V .
12. Give an example of a function φ : R2 → R such that φ(av) = aφ(v) for all a ∈ R and all v ∈ R2 but φ is not linear.
13. Give an example of a function φ : C → C such that φ(w + z) = φ(w) + φ(z) for all w, z ∈ C but φ is not (complex)
linear.

14. Suppose T ∈ L(V, W ) and v1 , . . . , vm is a list of vectors in V such that T v1 , . . . , T vm is a linearly independent list in
W . Prove that v1 , . . . , vm is linearly independent.
15. Find a basis and the dimension of the null-space (kernel) of the linear transformation T : R3 → R2 defined by T (x, y, z) =
(x − 2y + z, 2x − 4y + 2z). Extend the basis you obtained for the null-space to a basis of the vector space R3 .

16. Check which of the following linear operator T on R2 are invertible and find a formula for T −1 if invertible

(a) T (x, y) = (x + y, x − y) (c) T (x, y) = (x + y, 0)


(b) T (x, y) = (x + y, 2x + 2y) (d) T (x, y) = (y, x)

17. Verify Rank-Nullity Theorem for T : R3 −→ R4 by T (x, y, z) = (x + y, 2z, 0, z).


18. Let V be the real vector space of all even polynomials with real coefficients and degree at most 6. Let T : V → V be
d2
defined by T (p(x)) = dx 2 (p(x)). Verify rank-nullity theorem for T .

19. For each of the following linear transformation T on R2 , find the matrix A representing T (relative to the standard
basis of R2 )

(a) T is the rotation in R2 counterclockwise by 45o


(b) T is the reflection in R2 about the line y = x.

B Invariant subspace, restriction operator, eigen values


20. Suppose T ∈ L(V ) and U is a subspace of V . (a) Prove that if U ⊆ null T , then U is invariant under T . (b) Prove
that if range T ⊆ U , then U is invariant under T .

21. Suppose T ∈ L R2 is defined by T (x, y) = (−3y, x). Find the eigenvalues of T .

22. Define T ∈ L F2 by T (w, z) = (z, w). Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of T .

23. Define T ∈ L F3 by T (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (2z2 , 0, 5z3 ). Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of T .

24. Suppose P ∈ L(V ) is such that P 2 = P . Prove that if λ is an eigenvalue of P , then λ = 0 or λ = 1.


25. Define T : P(R) → P(R) by T p = p′ . Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of T .
26. Define T ∈ L (P4 (R)) by (T p)(x) = xp′ (x) for all x ∈ R. Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of T .
27. Suppose T ∈ L(V ). Suppose S ∈ L(V ) is invertible. (a) Prove that T and S −1 T S have the same eigenvalues. (b) What
is the relationship between the eigenvectors of T and the eigenvectors of S −1 T S ?
1
28. Suppose T ∈ L(V ) is invertible. (a) Suppose λ ∈ F with λ ̸= 0. Prove that λ is an eigenvalue of T if and only if λ is
an eigenvalue of T −1 . (b) Prove that T and T −1 have the same eigenvectors.
29. Suppose T ∈ L(V ) and there exist nonzero vectors u and w in V such that

T u = 3w and T w = 3u.

Prove that 3 or -3 is an eigenvalue of T .


30. Suppose V is finite-dimensional and S, T ∈ L(V ). Prove that ST and T S have the same eigenvalues.

31. Suppose A is an n-by- n matrix with entries in F. Define T ∈ L (Fn ) by T x = Ax, where elements of Fn are thought of
as n-by- 1 column vectors. (a) Suppose the sum of the entries in each row of A equals 1 . Prove that 1 is an eigenvalue
of T . (b) Suppose the sum of the entries in each column of A equals 1. Prove that 1 is an eigenvalue of T .
32. Suppose T ∈ L(V ) and u, w are eigenvectors of T such that u + w is also an eigenvector of T . Prove that u and w are
eigenvectors of T corresponding to the same eigenvalue.

33. Suppose T ∈ L(V ) and m is a positive integer. (a) Prove that T is injective if and only if T m is injective. (b) Prove
that T is surjective if and only if T m is surjective.
34. Define T ∈ L (Fn ) by T (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xn ) = (x1 , 2x2 , 3x3 , . . . , nxn ). (a) Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of T .
(b) Find all subspaces of Fn that are invariant under T .

C Polynomials applied to operators, minimal polynomial


35. Suppose S, T ∈ L(V ) and S is invertible. Suppose p ∈ P(F) is a polynomial. Prove that

p ST S −1 = Sp(T )S −1 .


36. Suppose T ∈ L(V ) and U is a subspace of V invariant under T . Prove that U is invariant under p(T ) for every
polynomial p ∈ P(F).
37. Suppose n is a positive integer and T ∈ L (Fn ) is defined by

T (x1 , . . . , xn ) = (x1 + · · · + xn , . . . , x1 + · · · + xn ) .

(a) Find all eigenvalues and eigenvectors of T . (b) Find the minimal polynomial of T .

38. Suppose T ∈ L F2 is defined by T (w, z) = (−z, w). Find the minimal polynomial of T .

39. Define T ∈ L (Fn ) by T (x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , xn ) = (x1 , 2x2 , 3x3 , . . . , nxn ). Find the minimal polynomial of T .
40. Suppose V is finite-dimensional and T ∈ L(V ) has minimal polynomial 4 + 5z − 6z 2 − 7z 3 + 2z 4 + z 5 . Find the minimal
polynomial of T −1 .

41. Find the minimal polynomial of T , where T ∈ L F4 and the matrix corresponding to T is defined as below:

         
0 0 0 −2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 c 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 5 −1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 c 0 0 0 2 0 0
(a) 
0
 (b) 
−1
 (c)   (d)   (e)  .
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 c 1 0 0 3 0
0 0 1 0 0 −1 −1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 c 0 0 0 4

D Upper triangular representation.


42. Suppose F = C, V is finite-dimensional, and T ∈ L(V ). Prove that if k ∈ {1, . . . , dim V }, then V has a k-dimensional
subspace invariant under T .

43. Suppose V is finite-dimensional, T ∈ L(V ), and v ∈ V . (a) Prove that there exists a unique monic polynomial pv of
smallest degree such that pv (T )v = 0. (b) Prove that the minimal polynomial of T is a polynomial multiple of pv .
44. Suppose B is a square matrix with complex entries. Prove that there exists an invertible square matrix A with complex
entries such that A−1 BA is an upper-triangular matrix.

E Diagonalizability of linear operators


45. Suppose V is a finite-dimensional complex vector space and T ∈ L(V ).

(a) Prove that if T 4 = I, then T is diagonalizable.


(b) Prove that if T 4 = T , then T is diagonalizable.

(c) Give an example of an operator T ∈ L C2 such that T 4 = T 2 and T is not diagonalizable.
46. Suppose T ∈ L(V ) has a diagonal matrix A with respect to some basis of V . Prove that if λ ∈ F, then λ appears on
the diagonal of A precisely dim E(λ, T ) times.

47. Suppose V is finite-dimensional and T ∈ L(V ). Prove that if the operator T is diagonalizable, then V = null T ⊕ range
T.
48. Suppose V is finite-dimensional and T ∈ L(V ). Prove that the following are equivalent. (a) V = null T ⊕ range T . (b)
V = null T + range T . (c) null T ∩ range T = {0}.

49. Suppose V is a finite-dimensional complex vector space and T ∈ L(V ). Prove that T is diagonalizable if and only if

V = null(T − λI) ⊕ range(T − λI)

for every λ ∈ C.

50. Suppose T ∈ L F5 and dim E(8, T ) = 4. Prove that T − 2I or T − 6I is invertible.

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