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DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
2024 2024

Lecture (1)

Introduction
1. Statistics:
Statistics is the science that deals with (Collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing,
and interpreting) data to make decisions.

2. Main Branches of Statistics:

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Deals with methods for organizing, displaying, Deals with methods that use sample results to
and describing data by using tables, graphs, help make decisions or predictions about a
and summary measures. population.

3. Population Versus Sample:

Population (Target Population) Sample

Consists of all elements – individuals, items, or A portion of the population selected for study
objects- whose characteristics are being is referred to as a sample.
studied.

4. Census Versus Sample Survey:

The collection of information from the elements of a population or a sample is called a survey.

Census Sample survey

A survey that includes every member of the
The technique of collecting information from a
population is called a census.
portion of the population is called a sample
survey.
▪ Often the target population is very large.
▪ Hence, in practice, a census is rarely taken
▪ Usually, to conduct a survey, we select a
because it is expensive and time-
sample.
consuming.
▪ In many cases, it is even impossible to
identify each element of the population.
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5. Random Samples:
▪ A sample drawn in such a way that each element of the population has a chance of being
selected is called a random sample.
▪ If all samples of the same size selected from a population have the same chance of being
selected, we call it simple random sampling. Such a sample is called a simple random sample.

6. Sampling Units or Elements:

A sampling unit or an element of a sample is a specific subject or object (for example, a person, firm,
state, or country) about which the information is collected.

7. Variables:
A variable is a characteristic under study that assumes different values for different elements. In
contrast to variable, the value of a constant is fixed.

8. Observations or Measurements:
The value of a variable for an element is called an observation or measurement.

9. Data Sets:
A data set is a collection of observations on one or more variables.
Example (1)
The following table represents the Math. scores of a random sample of the second level students in the
Faculty of Business 2022:

Student Score
Ahmed 82
Nehal 70
Ali 75
Ziad 94
Yara 70
Determine the population, the sampling unit, and the variable.
Answer:
• The population is “All second level students in the Faculty of Business 2022”.
• The sampling unit is the “student”.
• The variable is the “Math. Scores”.
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Example (2)
In a study of the speeds of cars in a certain district in Alexandria, Egypt during rush hours, a random
sample of 25 cars was drawn and the speed of each car was recorded.
Determine the population, the sampling unit, and the variable.
Answer:
• The population is “All cars pass that certain district in Alexandria, Egypt during rush hours”.
• The sampling unit is the “car”.
• The variable is the “speeds”.

10. Types of variables:

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE (categorical)

The variable can be measured numerically.

Discrete Continuous
* A discrete variable can assume certain The variable cannot assume a numerical
values with no intermediate values. * The variable can assume any numerical
value but can be classified into two or
value over a certain interval.
* Examples: more nonnumeric categories.
No. of children, No. of cars, No. of * Examples:
* Example:
students, No. of defective units ……… Time, temperature, income, length,
+ The grades are: V.W, W, G, V.G, and EX.
weights, age, and heights ……….
* A discrete variable may take on non- + The gender (M, F).
integer values. + The colors, opinion of the people.
+ The marital status (d, m, s)……..

Tabulating and Graphing Data

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

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(1) Qualitative Data

Example (1):
The following data represent the Math. grades of a random sample of 20 students in the
faculty of commerce:

V.W V.W W W W P P P P P

P G G G V.G V.G V.G V.G V.G EX

1. Construct the frequency distribution table,

the relative frequency distribution table,

and the percentage distribution table.

2. Graph a "Bar chart". 3. Graph a "pie chart".

Solution:
Note: The variable is the "grades" and its type is "qualitative.
1. The frequency distribution table is columns 1 and 2
The relative frequency distribution table is columns 1 and 3
The percentage frequency distribution table is columns 1 and 4

Relative frequency
Frequency Percentage
Grades 𝒇
𝒇 𝒓𝒇 = 𝒓𝒇 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
∑𝒇

V.W 2 2/20= 0.10 10%

W 3 3/20= 0.15 15%

P 6 6/20= 0.30 30%

G 3 3/20= 0.15 15%

V.G 5 5/20= 0.25 25%

EX 1 1/20= 0.05 5%

Total 20 1 100%
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2. Bar chart:

Bar Graph

4
Frequency

0
V.W W P G V.G EX
Grades

3. Pie chart

Relative frequency
Frequency Angel =
Grades 𝑓
𝑓 𝑟𝑓 = 𝒓𝒇 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎
∑𝑓

V.W 2 2/20= 0.10 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝟑𝟔

W 3 3/20= 0.15 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝟓𝟒

P 6 6/20= 0.30 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖

G 3 3/20= 0.15 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝟓𝟒

V.G 5 5/20= 0.25 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝟗𝟎

EX 1 1/20= 0.05 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝟏𝟖

Total 20 1 𝟑𝟔𝟎
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Pie Chart of Grades

EX
Category
V.W
EX
V.W
P W
G
V.G
P
W

V.G

(2) Quantitative Data:

Discrete Variables
(Single- Valued Classes)

This technique is useful in cases of discrete data with only a few possible values. For
example, the number of defective units in the daily production of a machine, the number of absent
workers, or the number of children in family. A frequency distribution of a discrete variable is a
table with two columns. In the first we put the values of the variable and in the second put the
frequency.
The frequency distribution of a discrete variable can be represented graphically using a
Dot plots or a line chart.

Example (2):
The administration in a large city wanted to know the distribution of cars owned by
households in that city. A random sample of 20 randomly selected households from this
city produced the following data on the number of cars owned.
0 2 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 1
1 0 2 1 4 1 1 3 1 3
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1) Construct a frequency distribution table for these data using single-valued classes.
2) Create a dot plot for the data.
3) Draw a line chart for the data.

Solution:

1)
Frequency Distribution of cars owned

Cars owned (x) Number of Households (f)

0 5
1 9
2 3
3 2
4 1

Total ∑ 𝐟 =20

2) The dot plot is:

Dotplot of x

0 1 2 3 4
x
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3) The line chart is:

Line Chart

5
f

0
0 1 2 3 4
x