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The Superego’s two subsystems are:.

a. Ego Ideal and Conscience

b. Id Ideal and Conscience

c. Superego Ideal and Conscience

d. Dynamics Conscious and Conscience

The correct answer is:

a. Ego Ideal and Conscience

If a data is represented in a circle of 3600 ,the graph used is:

a. Pictogram

b. Bar diagram

c. Histogram

d. Pie diagram

The correct answer is:

d. Pie diagram

A pie diagram, also known as a pie chart, is used to represent data when it can be divided into
categories that make up a whole, such as percentages of a total. The circle in a pie chart represents
100% of the data, which corresponds to the 360 degrees of the circle. Each category is represented by a
slice of the pie, with the size of each slice proportional to the percentage it represents of the whole.

A key role of an educational psychologist is to:

a. Provide a counselling role to children who have emotional problems

b. Administer medication for school children with psychological problems

c. Link academic psychology and education by translating and disseminating research to practitioners

d. Administer standardized achievement tests

c. Link academic psychology and education by translating and disseminating research to practitioners
Educational psychologists play a vital role in bridging the gap between academic psychology and
education. They translate research findings into practical strategies and interventions that can be
implemented in educational settings. This involves disseminating research to educators and
practitioners, providing guidance on evidence-based practices, and collaborating with schools to support
the academic, emotional, and behavioral needs of students. While some educational psychologists may
also provide counseling to children with emotional problems, administering medication and
standardized achievement tests are typically not primary roles of educational psychologists.

A mother made her children to select the type of food they prefer and asked them “Do you prefer
smaller, medium, large size of the food?” and record their response. What is the level of measurement
used by the mother?

a. Nominal

b. Ratio

c. Interval

d. Ordinal

d. Ordinal

53 Minutes ago

Behaviours such as our desire for stimulation and our search for information which do not meet any
physiological needs can be best explained by which theory of motivation?

a. Instinct

b. Hierarchy of needs

c. Drive reduction

d. Arousal

d. Arousal

The theory of arousal suggests that behaviors driven by our desire for stimulation and information-
seeking go beyond meeting physiological needs. According to this theory, individuals are motivated to
maintain an optimal level of arousal or stimulation. This means that we seek out activities or experiences
that provide an appropriate level of excitement or arousal, even if they do not directly fulfill
physiological needs.

An experimenter made you put your hand in an apparatus containing cold water and she started to
increase the temperature of the water little by little. She asks you to tell her when you notice the change
in the temperature of the water. The experimenter is likely testing your:
a. Difference threshold

b. Sensory adaptation

c. Absolute threshold

d. Perceptual constancy

a. Difference threshold

The experimenter is likely testing your difference threshold, also known as the just noticeable difference
(JND). The difference threshold refers to the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli that a
person can perceive. In this scenario, the experimenter is gradually increasing the temperature of the
water and wants to determine at what point you notice the change. This helps to assess the sensitivity
of your sensory system and your ability to detect changes in stimuli.

Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite using statistical method?

a. Knowing the types of measurement

b. Knowing the scales of measurement

c. Knowing the nature of variables

d. Being a mathematics genius

d. Being a mathematics genius

The statement that is NOT true about attitudes is?

a. Attitudes are associated with specific object, situation or people

b. Attitudes imply an internal state which will result in some response

c. Attitudes always result in behaviour

d. Attitudes can be either simple or complex

c. Attitudes always result in behavior

The statement that is NOT true about attitudes is that attitudes always result in behavior. While
attitudes can influence behavior, they do not always directly translate into actions. Attitudes are
associated with specific objects, situations, or people, and they imply an internal state that may lead to a
response. Attitudes can be either simple or complex, depending on the individual’s beliefs, feelings, and
evaluations towards the object of the attitude. However, the link between attitudes and behavior is not
always straightforward and can be influenced by various factors such as situational constraints, social
norms, and personal motivations.
Which one of the following relationships between the client and counsellor is ethical?

a. Forming business relationship with clients

b. Having a friendly relationship with clients

c. Persuading clients to join prayer groups

d. Having sexual relation with the client, if the client consents

The ethical relationship between a client and a counselor is:

c. Persuading clients to join prayer groups

Which of the following factors determine the degree of obedience?

a. Amount of pain inflicted on the victim

b. Sex of the authority

c. Distance from the victim

d. Failure to realize the act as immoral

c. Distance from the victim

One of the factors that determine the degree of obedience in a situation is the distance between the
person giving the orders (the authority figure) and the victim. Generally, obedience tends to decrease as
the physical or psychological distance between the authority and the victim increases. This means that
individuals may be more likely to obey commands that harm others if they feel psychologically or
physically distant from the consequences of their actions.

After administering a test to some former students, a teacher examines the results. She then makes
decisions about which test items should be removed from the test and which should stay. Which step of
a test development is described?

a. Item preparation

b. Item analysis

c. Defining the purpose of the test

d. Preliminary design issues

b. Item analysis

The step described in the scenario is item analysis. After administering a test to students, the teacher
examines the results to determine the performance of each test item. Item analysis involves analyzing
the statistical properties of each test item, such as difficulty level, discrimination index, and item-total
correlation. Based on this analysis, the teacher can make decisions about which test items should be
retained, revised, or removed from the test to improve its quality and validity.

One of the following is the main skills of communication during a therapeutic relationship.

a. Focusing

b. Listening

c. Rapport building

d. Questioning

b. Listening

Which one of the following is the MAIN goal of psychotherapy?

a. Overcoming the effects of early psychologically damaging experiences

b. A renewal of intellectual and creative abilities

c. Complete personal transformation

d. Learning skills to better cope with stress

d. Learning skills to better cope with stress

The main goal of psychotherapy is typically to help individuals learn skills and strategies to better cope
with stress, manage their emotions, improve their relationships, and enhance their overall well-being.
While psychotherapy can address the effects of early psychologically damaging experiences, promote
personal growth, and facilitate intellectual and creative abilities, the primary focus is often on providing
individuals with the tools and techniques to navigate life’s challenges more effectively.

In the context of education, which of the following terms has the narrowest meaning?

a. Assessment

b. Measurement

c. Test

d. Evaluation

c. Test

One of the following is NOT among the big five personality traits.

a. Agreeableness
b. Openness to experience

c. Conscientiousness

d. Nearness

d. Nearness

Studies show that late maturation in girls is associated with:

a. Living with a step father

b. Too much physical exercise

c. Good nutrition in childhood

d. Higher socioeconomic class

Late maturation in girls is associated with living with a stepfather.

Which personality disorder is most characterized by overly dramatic displays and attention seeking?

a. Borderline

b. Schizotypal

c. Narcissistic

d. Histrionic

d. Histrionic

Client-centred therapy emphasizes:

a. Diagnosis

b. Persuasion

c. Advice

d. Caring

Client-centered therapy emphasizes caring. This therapeutic approach, developed by Carl Rogers,
focuses on creating a supportive and empathetic environment where clients feel understood, accepted,
and valued. Unlike traditional psychotherapy approaches that may involve diagnosis, persuasion, or
giving advice, client-centered therapy places emphasis on the therapist’s unconditional positive regard,
empathy, and genuine concern for the client’s subjective experience. The therapist aims to facilitate the
client’s self-exploration, personal growth, and problem-solving abilities by providing a nonjudgmental
and supportive space for them to explore their thoughts, feelings, and concerns at their own pace.
According to Freud, “the royal road to the unconscious” is:

a. Dream

b. Catharsis

c. Hypnosis

d. Free association

According to Freud, “the royal road to the unconscious” is “dream.” Freud believed that dreams provide
a window into the unconscious mind, where repressed desires, fears, and conflicts are expressed
symbolically. He viewed dream analysis as a key tool for uncovering hidden aspects of the psyche and
gaining insight into one’s unconscious motivations and experiences.

The method of personality assessment based on forced choice alternatives is:

a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory( MMPI)

b. Actometer

c. Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI)

d. Affective Communication Test (ACT)

The method of personality assessment based on forced choice alternatives is the Myers Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI).

One of the following is NOT true about the contributing factors of Acute Psychosis

a. Substance use

b. Terminal Physical illness

c. Childhood traumatic experience

d. Side effects of drugs

One of the following is NOT true about the contributing factors of Acute Psychosis:

c. Childhood traumatic experience

While childhood traumatic experiences can contribute to various mental health issues, including some
psychotic disorders, it is not universally considered a primary contributing factor to acute psychosis.
Other factors such as substance use, terminal physical illness, and side effects of drugs are more
commonly associated with acute psychosis.

Which one of the following agents of socialization can be considered secondary?

a. Father

b. Mother

c. Siblings

d. Mass media

d. Mass media

Projective tests are primary used to measure:

a. Intellectual functioning

b. Physical functioning

c. Emotional functioning

d. functioning

Projective tests are primarily used to measure:

c. Emotional functioning

Which one of the following is NOT an assumption that behaviourists make?

a. People are more likely to make connections between a stimulus and a response when the two occur
close together in time.

b. Rats and people often learn in similar ways.

c. Thinking processes cannot be observed and so cannot be studied scientifically.

d. People do not learn anything when the stimuli around them are unpleasant.

The assumption that behaviorists do not make is:

d. People do not learn anything when the stimuli around them are unpleasant.

Behaviorists do not necessarily assert that people do not learn anything when exposed to unpleasant
stimuli. Instead, behaviorism focuses on observable behavior and the relationship between stimuli and
responses. They acknowledge that learning can occur through various types of stimuli, including those
that may be perceived as unpleasant, although the emphasis is on observable behavior rather than
internal mental processes.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a longitudinal study?

a. It cannot tell about developmental changes in individuals

b. It is affected by a high rate of drop out of participants

c. It does not give any information on developmental processes

d. It does not give information on variations within age groups

b. It is affected by a high rate of drop out of participants

One disadvantage of longitudinal studies is that they can be affected by a high rate of dropout among
participants over time. This dropout can lead to biased results and affect the validity and generalizability
of the findings.

Which of the following is NOT true about basic and applied research

a. Basic research aims at expanding knowledge

b. Applied research is about finding solutions to immediate problems

c. Basic research is usually theory-oriented

d. Applied research is not guided by the theories and findings of basic research

d. Applied research is not guided by the theories and findings of basic research.

This statement is not true about basic and applied research. Applied research often builds upon the
theories and findings of basic research to address immediate problems or practical issues. Applied
research takes the knowledge gained from basic research and seeks to apply it to real-world situations,
often with the goal of finding solutions or developing interventions. Therefore, applied research is
indeed guided by the theories and findings of basic research.

In an experiment, some participants took an exam on paper; others took the exam using a computer
administration procedure. Scores obtained with the two exam procedures were compared. The
independent variable was:

a. Exam type

b. Participants’ gender

c. Exam score

d. Exam difficulty

a. Exam type

According to path-goal theory of leadership, leaders use leadership style for those subordinates with
internal locus of control.

a. Orienting
b. Participative

c. Supportive

d. Directive

d. Directive

According to the path-goal theory of leadership, leaders use a directive leadership style for subordinates
with an internal locus of control. The directive style provides clear instructions, specific guidance, and
structure to help individuals with an internal locus of control understand their roles and tasks. This
leadership style is believed to be effective for individuals who prefer clear direction and guidance from
their leaders.

If the leader of an organization was rating a salesperson on her performance and was identifying the
number of sales completed in a given time frame, then the type of performance measurement tool used
is:

a. Behavioural Appraisal Instrument

b. Outcome Appraisal Instrument

c. Trait Appraisal Instrument

d. Personal Identification

b. Outcome Appraisal Instrument

A type of evaluation that has the function of providing continuous feedback to both students and
teachers concerning learning success and failure and on how things are going on in the instructional
process is:

a. Standardized

b. Formal

c. Summative

d. Formative

d. Formative

Which one of the following describes the mode?

a. The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

b. The average of the absolute deviation of scores from the mean

c. A reliable indicator of the variability within a distribution

d. The average of all of the scores in a distribution

a. The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a given set of data. It represents the most
common observation or value within the dataset and is often used as a measure of central tendency
along with the mean and median.

In Piaget’s theory, adaptation is a combination of:

a. Equilibration and evolution

b. Assimilation and evolution

c. Assimilation and accommodation

d. Accommodation and equilibration

c. Assimilation and accommodation

In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, adaptation refers to the process of adjusting to new
information and experiences. It involves two complementary processes: assimilation and
accommodation. Assimilation occurs when individuals incorporate new information or experiences into
their existing mental structures or schemas. Accommodation, on the other hand, involves modifying
existing mental structures or creating new ones in response to new information or experiences that
cannot be assimilated. Together, assimilation and accommodation enable individuals to adapt to their
environment and develop more sophisticated cognitive structures.

Inability to recognize and express anger, denial of one’s own power as a person and the lack of a sense
of autonomy is fixation at a stage of:

a. Oral

b. Genital

c. Phallic

d. Anal

Inability to recognize and express anger, denial of one’s own power as a person, and the lack of a sense
of autonomy are indicative of fixation at the anal stage of psychosexual development, according to
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. This stage occurs during the ages of 1 to 3 years, where the focus of
pleasure and conflict centers around bowel and bladder elimination. Freud proposed that unresolved
conflicts during this stage could lead to personality traits such as stubbornness, orderliness, and a
preoccupation with control.
A teacher caught a student one of his legs in the waste basket and dragging the basket around
classroom while his classmates were laughing at his act. The teacher insists that he should continue until
this behaviour felt no longer enjoyable to him. The teacher is using:

a. Response cost

b. Negative reinforcement

c. Extinction

d. Positive punishment

c. Extinction

The teacher is using extinction as a behavioral intervention technique. Extinction involves withholding
reinforcement for a behavior, which eventually leads to a decrease in the frequency of that behavior. In
this scenario, the teacher is ignoring the behavior of the student (dragging the waste basket around) and
not providing any reinforcement (neither positive nor negative) for it. Over time, because the behavior is
no longer reinforced by attention or laughter from classmates, it is expected to decrease or extinguish
altogether.

According to Rogers, the gap between the real self and the ideal self is:

a. Incongruence

b. Independence

c. Inconsistency

d. Inequality

a. Incongruence

According to Carl Rogers, the gap between a person’s real self (how they perceive themselves currently)
and their ideal self (how they aspire to be) is referred to as incongruence. Incongruence occurs when
there is a mismatch or discrepancy between one’s self-perception and their desired self-image. Rogers
believed that reducing this incongruence and achieving congruence between the real self and the ideal
self is essential for personal growth and psychological well-being.

Attending to a client’s verbal messages and paying attention to both the content of client’s message and
words, constitute skills of counselling.

a. Focusing

b. Listening

c. Rapport
d. Paraphrasing

b. Listening

Attending to a client’s verbal messages and paying attention to both the content of the client’s message
and their choice of words are fundamental aspects of active listening, a core skill in counseling. Active
listening involves fully concentrating on what is being said, understanding the message, and providing
appropriate responses that demonstrate understanding and empathy.

Which one of the following goals of cocounseling is, in the most abstract form?

a. Immediate

b. Intermittent

c. Ultimate

d. Intermediate

c. Ultimate

In Erickson’s theory, the major psychosocial concern of young adults is:

a. Identity formation

b. Developing a sense of competence

c. Developing wisdom

d. Forming intimate relationships

d. Forming intimate relationships

32 Minutes ago

In Erickson’s theory, the major psychosocial concern of young adults is:

a. Identity formation

b. Developing a sense of competence

c. Developing wisdom

d. Forming intimate relationships

a. Identity formation

If the objective of a test item is measuring the ability of students to identify the correctness of specific
statements of facts, the preferred format is:
a. Multiple choice

b. Essay

c. True/false

d. Matching

c. True/false

True/false format is the preferred format for measuring the ability of students to identify the
correctness of specific statements of facts. This format presents statements that students must classify
as either true or false based on their understanding of the content. It is particularly useful when
assessing factual knowledge or understanding of specific concepts.

Psychological assessment techniques can accomplish all of the following, EXCEPT:

a. Evaluate the results of treatment.

b. Guarantee the effectives of the treatment

c. Select appropriate treatment.

d. Define the scope of problem.

b. Guarantee the effectiveness of the treatment

Psychological assessment techniques can accomplish several important tasks, including evaluating the
results of treatment, selecting appropriate treatment strategies, and defining the scope of the problem.
However, they cannot guarantee the effectiveness of the treatment itself. While assessments can
provide valuable insights and information to inform treatment decisions, the effectiveness of a
treatment depends on various factors including the individual’s response to the intervention, adherence
to the treatment plan, and other contextual factors.

The leader of a factory gave descriptions of a visiting Engineer to two groups of assembly units
differently, portraying him as either warm or cold. After the Engineer arrives, those who were told that
he was warm rated him more favourably than those who were told he was cold. This indicates:

a. Actor-observer bias

b. Self-serving bias

c. Recency effect

d. Primacy effect

d. Primacy effect
The scenario described indicates the primacy effect. The primacy effect refers to the tendency for
information presented early on to have a stronger impact on impressions or judgments compared to
information presented later. In this case, the initial descriptions of the visiting Engineer as warm or cold
influenced the participants’ perceptions and evaluations of the Engineer when they interacted with him.
The early information (warm or cold description) had a lasting impact on their impressions, leading to
more favorable ratings for those who were initially told that the Engineer was warm.

Industrial/organizational psychologists work in all of the following areas, EXCEPT

a. Work life of employees

b. Organizational structure

c. Employee selection

d. Household management of employees

d. Household management of employees

Industrial/organizational psychologists typically focus on areas related to the workplace environment

and organizational behavior. This includes studying aspects such as employee selection, organizational
structure, work-life balance, job satisfaction, productivity, and organizational culture. Household
management of employees falls outside the scope of industrial/organizational psychology, as it pertains
more to personal or domestic matters rather than workplace dynamics and organizational behavior.

Temperament is considered as:

a. The result of social interaction

b. Consistent style of emotional reaction

c. Appearing after adolescence

d. A moral standard

b. Consistent style of emotional reaction

Temperament refers to an individual’s characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity and self-regulation.

It is typically regarded as a consistent and enduring aspect of personality that influences how individuals
respond to their environment and interact with others. Temperament is believed to have a biological
basis and often emerges early in life, shaping an individual’s emotional tendencies and behavioral
dispositions across various situations and contexts.

Students in Dr. Ahmed’s class are normally very active and there is a high level of Classroom
participation. However, recently there was an observer in the classroom and the participation level has
decreased. The change in the participation of the students is likely because of:
a. Observer’s intervention

b. Behavioural change

c. Learned behaviour

d. Experimental control

a. Observer’s intervention

The decrease in classroom participation following the presence of an observer suggests that the
observer’s intervention influenced

When assessment and evaluation is used to help students with their career planning and vocational
choices by identifying their strengths and limitations, the purpose is:

a. Guidance/counselling

b. Instructional

c. Administrative

d. Diagnostic

a. Guidance/counselling

When assessment and evaluation are used to help students with their career planning and vocational
choices by identifying their strengths and limitations, the purpose is typically aligned with guidance and
counseling. This involves providing students with insights into their abilities, interests, and aptitudes to
assist them in making informed decisions about their future career paths. It focuses on supporting
students in understanding themselves better and exploring various career options that suit their
individual strengths and aspirations.

One of the following is NOT true about development

a. Development is multidimensional.

b. Development is the result of interaction of factors within and outside the individual.

c. Development does not involve declines in an individual’s capabilities.

d. Development is a process of adaptation.

c. Development does not involve declines in an individual’s capabilities.

This statement is not universally true. Development can involve both positive and negative changes, and
declines in certain capabilities, such as physical or cognitive abilities, can occur with aging or due to
other factors. Development is a dynamic and complex process that includes various dimensions and
interactions between internal and external factors.

Among the following the one that LEAST characterises social psychology is:

a. A focus on the individual

b. The use of experiment methodology

c. A focus on observation of behaviours

d. Broad perspective

d. Broad perspective

Social psychology typically focuses on the study of individual behavior within social contexts and the
influence of social factors on individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It often employs experimental
methodology to investigate social phenomena and relies on observation of behaviors to gather data.
Therefore, the least characteristic option among the given choices is d. Broad perspective, as social
psychology tends to have a narrower focus on understanding individual behavior in social situations
rather than taking a broad perspective that encompasses various disciplines or perspectives.

Which theory states that, one of the key ways in which leaders influences followers is through their
concrete actions?

a. Trait

b. Cognitive

c. Humanistic

d. Behavioural

d. Behavioural

The behavioral theory of leadership suggests that one of the key ways in which leaders influence
followers is through their concrete actions and behaviors. This theory focuses on observable behaviors
and actions rather than innate traits or internal thought processes. According to behavioral theorists,
effective leadership can be learned and developed through the adoption of specific behaviors and
practices that are associated with successful leadership outcomes.

A kindergarten student constantly misbehaves at school even though his teacher scolds him repeatedly.
This might be because:

a. Boys are naturally disruptive and unresponsive to disciplining

b. The student may have had a punishment free upbringing

c. Punishment does not decrease misbehaviour in young children.

d. The teacher’s scolding may be reinforcing by giving the student the attention he wants.

d. The teacher’s scolding may be reinforcing by giving the student the attention he wants.

In the given scenario, the constant misbehavior of the kindergarten student despite repeated scolding
from the teacher suggests that the teacher’s scolding may inadvertently reinforce the student’s
behavior. This can occur if the student perceives the scolding as a form of attention, even if it is negative
attention. In some cases, children may engage in disruptive behavior to seek attention from authority
figures, such as teachers, especially if they feel neglected or overlooked in other areas of their lives.
Therefore, the attention received through scolding may inadvertently reinforce the misbehavior, making
it more likely to continue.

A man who is unable to sustain a lasting, meaningful romantic relationship visits a psychologist who
believes that the problems may have their origin in the man’s childhood experiences. The psychologist is
using a approach.

a. Psychoanalytic

b. Humanistic

c. Cognitive

d. Behavioral

a. Psychoanalytic

A physical education teacher made a student run 2 extra laps for committing misbehaviour. This is an
example of:

a. Positive punishment

b. Negative punishment

c. Negative reinforcement

d. Differential reinforcement

b. Negative punishment

Which of the following can facilitate a workplace romance?

a. Mere Exposure

b. Proximity

c. Similarity
d. Attractiveness

b. Proximity

Proximity, or physical closeness, can facilitate a workplace romance by increasing the likelihood of
interaction and communication between individuals. When individuals work closely together, they have
more opportunities to get to know each other, share experiences, and develop romantic feelings.
Therefore, proximity plays a significant role in fostering workplace romances.

Which one of the following is true regarding emotional state and helping behaviour?

a. In both positive and negative emotions helping is a reward-cost analysis

b. In both positive and negative emotions helping will occur if the situation is ambiguous

c. Helping and emotional state are unrelated

d. Helping will occur only in positive emotional state

a. In both positive and negative emotions helping is a reward-cost analysis

Both positive and negative emotions can influence helping behavior, but the underlying mechanisms
may differ. In both cases, helping behavior can be seen as a result of a reward-cost analysis. In positive
emotions, helping may be motivated by feelings of empathy, altruism, or a desire to maintain positive
emotions. In contrast, in negative emotions, helping may be driven by factors such as guilt, empathy, or
a desire to alleviate one’s own distress. Ultimately, individuals weigh the potential costs and rewards of
helping in both positive and negative emotional states when deciding whether to assist others.

Which of the following is an implication of the ‘innate goodness’ view on child development?

a. Children have natural potential to develop normally

b. Children are totally the product of their environment

c. Children are evil by nature and need redemption

d. Children do not have any natural potential to develop in any direction

a. Children have natural potential to develop normally

Among the following the one that is true about organizational culture is:

a. Organizations may not have organizational culture

b. Organizational culture is mainly formed to control employees

c. No two organizational cultures are identical

d. Organizational culture has major impact on performance

d. Organizational culture has major impact on performance

Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, norms, and practices within an organization
that influence the behavior and attitudes of its members. It is a powerful force that shapes employee
behavior, decisions, and interactions, ultimately impacting the organization’s performance and success.
A strong organizational culture can enhance employee engagement, productivity, and satisfaction, while
a weak or negative culture may lead to inefficiency, conflict, and poor performance. Therefore,
organizational culture plays a significant role in determining the overall effectiveness and performance
of an organization.

Which one of the following is NOT encouraged in the APA writing style?

a. Presenting past research by summarizing it

b. Paraphrasing the writings of others

c. Using direct block quotations from others’ writings

d. Making a comment about others’ writings while reviewing literature

c. Using direct block quotations from others’ writings

In the APA writing style, direct block quotations from others’ writings are generally discouraged. Instead,
authors are encouraged to summarize past research, paraphrase the writings of others, and integrate
sources smoothly into their own writing. Direct block quotations should be used sparingly and only
when the exact wording of the original source is crucial to convey the intended meaning.

The view that malfunctions of brain activities cause mental disorders belongs to which approach?

a. Humanitarian

b. Psychogenic.

c. Spiritual

d. Somatogenic

d. Somatogenic

Among the following goals the one that is accomplished during the initial phase of the counselling
process is:

a. Prognosis

b. Diagnosis

c. Rapport building
d. Treatment

c. Rapport building

During the initial phase of the counseling process, one of the primary goals is to establish rapport with
the client. Building rapport involves creating a trusting and supportive relationship between the
counselor and the client, which is essential for effective communication and collaboration throughout
the counseling process. This phase focuses on establishing a comfortable and safe environment where
the client feels understood, respected, and willing to engage in the therapeutic process. Prognosis,
diagnosis, and treatment are typically addressed in later stages of counseling after rapport has been
established and the counselor has gained a deeper understanding of the client’s needs and goals.

Symptoms experienced when a drug user discontinues using the substance are:

a. Withdrawal

b. Intoxication

c. Binge

d. Tolerance

a. Withdrawal

Withdrawal symptoms are experienced when a drug user discontinues using the substance after
developing a physical or psychological dependence. These symptoms can vary depending on the type of
drug but often include physical discomfort, cravings, mood swings, insomnia, and other physiological or
psychological effects. Withdrawal is a characteristic feature of substance dependence and addiction,
reflecting the body’s adaptation to the presence of the drug and its subsequent absence.

If you and your five friends spent , and 100 Birr, respectively, on a meal, then the mode of your group’s
expenditures is:

a. 120 Birr

b. 130 Birr

c. 100 Birr

d. 150 Birr

The mode of a set of numbers is the value that appears most frequently. In this case, the expenditures
are:

150, 130, 200, 120, 130, and 100 Birr.

The number 130 appears twice, which is more than any other value. Therefore, the mode of the group’s
expenditures is 130 Birr (option b).
Which one of the following is true about projective tests?

a. They contain stimuli with no clear response

b. They require construction of stories

c. They require completing sentences

d. They involve answering series of questions

a. They contain stimuli with no clear response

Projective tests involve presenting individuals with ambiguous stimuli, such as images or situations, and
asking them to respond freely. The responses are then interpreted by psychologists to gain insights into
the individual’s thoughts, feelings, and personality characteristics. The key feature of projective tests is
that the stimuli are intentionally vague, allowing for a wide range of possible responses without a clear
or predetermined correct answer.

A college student wants his father to send him 1000 birr, but he does not think his father will agree. The
student decides to start by asking his father for 2000 birr, expecting that his father will refuse. When his
father refuses to send him the 2000 birr, he acts disappointed and makes his request for 1000 birr. The
student is using the technique

a. Door-in-the-face

b. That’s Not All

c. Foot- in-the door

d. Low- balling

a. Door-in-the-face

The technique described, where the student begins with an extreme request (asking for 2000 birr)
expecting refusal, followed by a more reasonable request (asking for 1000 birr), is known as the “door-
in-the-face” technique. This strategy involves starting with a large request that is likely to be rejected,
which then makes the second, smaller request (the one the person actually wants to achieve) seem
more reasonable in comparison.

If you define adolescence as “a period between the beginning of puberty and the attainment of sexual
reproductive capability.” your definition reflects the perspective.

a. Emotional

b. Biological

c. Social
d. Cognitive

b. Biological

Which one of the following is a necessary skill when the counsellor needs more information about the
client’s situation?

a. Focusing

b. Probing

c. Listening

d. Paraphrasing

b. Probing

Probing is a necessary skill when a counselor needs more information about the client’s situation. It
involves asking open-ended questions or follow-up questions to explore specific aspects of the client’s
experiences, thoughts, or feelings in greater depth. Probing helps the counselor gather comprehensive
information, understand the client’s perspective, and identify underlying issues or concerns that may be
influencing their situation.

Which Early perspective/school of thought argued that psychology should study the component parts of
mental experiences?

a. Structuralism

b. Functionalism

c. Gestalt

d. Psychoanalysis

a. Structuralism

During the peak height velocity, adolescents grow at a rate comparable to that of

a. Toddlers

b. Middle age adults

c. Preschool children

d. School age children

a. Toddlers
During the peak height velocity, which typically occurs during adolescence, individuals experience a
rapid growth spurt. This growth rate is comparable to that of toddlers, who also undergo significant
growth during their early years. Adolescents may experience a growth rate that is even faster than that
of school-age children or preschool children.

Which of the following represents the ‘Tabula rasa’ view of child development?

a. Children do not need adults’ supervision to develop normally

b. Children are born with a natural potential to develop adaptively

c. Children are totally the product of their environment

d. Children are evil by nature and need improvement

c. Children are totally the product of their environment

The “Tabula rasa” view of child development, often associated with empiricist philosophers like John
Locke, suggests that children are born as blank slates, devoid of innate characteristics or tendencies.
According to this perspective, children’s development is primarily shaped by their environmental
experiences, including interactions with caregivers, socialization processes, and cultural influences.
Therefore, children are considered to be entirely molded by their environment, with little to no inherent
predispositions or innate qualities influencing their development.

A correlational study is uniquely useful for meeting which of the following goals of the scientific
method?

a. Prediction

b. Understanding

c. Description

d. Control

a. Prediction

A leader believes that employees dislike work so he uses coercion and threats to closely supervise their
performance. Which theory of motivation best explains the leader’s behaviour?

a. Theory

b. Goal setting

c. Theory y

d. Equity theory
a. Theory X

Theory X, proposed by Douglas McGregor, suggests that managers hold a pessimistic view of employees,
assuming that they inherently dislike work, lack ambition, avoid responsibility, and need to be closely
supervised and controlled. The leader’s behavior of using coercion and threats to supervise employee
performance aligns with Theory X, as it reflects the belief that employees must be coerced or controlled
to ensure productivity.

If you hear a man saying, “I hate all members of X. They disgust me!” this indicates:

a. Discrimination

b. Aggression

c. Prejudice

d. Stereotype

c. Prejudice

Prejudice refers to preconceived negative attitudes, beliefs, or judgments held against individuals or
groups based on factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or social class. In this scenario, the
statement “I hate all members of X. They disgust me!” reflects a prejudiced attitude towards members
of group X, as it conveys a negative judgment without necessarily involving discriminatory actions or
aggressive behavior. Prejudice often serves as the underlying mindset that can lead to discriminatory
actions or hostile behaviors towards the targeted group.

According to Herzberg, one of the following is a hygiene factor?

a. Working condition

b. Responsibility

c. Achievement

d. Recognition

a. Working conditions

According to Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, hygiene factors are aspects of the work environment that,
when adequate, do not necessarily lead to job satisfaction but, when inadequate, can cause
dissatisfaction. Working conditions, such as the physical environment, organizational policies, and job
security, are examples of hygiene factors. These factors are essential for preventing dissatisfaction
among employees but do not directly contribute to increased motivation or satisfaction when improved.

Which one of the following best describes the difference between random sampling and random
assignment in the context of scientific research?
a. Random sampling enhances internal validity; random assignment enhances external validity.

b. Random sampling is used in experiments; random assignment is used in surveys.

c. Random sampling enhances external validity; random assignment enhances internal validity.

d. Random sampling is used in surveys; random assignment is used in experiments.

c. Random sampling enhances external validity; random assignment enhances internal validity.

Random sampling refers to the process of selecting a representative sample from a larger population in
such a way that each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
This enhances external validity by allowing researchers to generalize their findings from the sample to
the population.

On the other hand, random assignment is a technique used in experimental research to assign
participants to different experimental groups or conditions in a random manner. This helps to ensure
that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, minimizing the influence of
extraneous variables and enhancing internal validity by allowing researchers to draw cause-and-effect
conclusions about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Which one of the following early psychologists believed that the main determinants of people’s actions,
thoughts and personalities are unconscious motives and childhood experiences?

a. John Watson

b. Wilhelm Wundt

c. Sigmund Freud

d. Edward Tichener

c. Sigmund Freud

The problem with self-report measures in which respondents give answers that make them look better
than they really are implies:

a. Socially desirable effect

b. Data fabrication

c. Faking bad

d. Response set

a. Socially desirable effect

The problem with self-report measures in which respondents give answers that make them look better
than they really are is known as the socially desirable effect. This effect occurs when individuals respond
in a way that they believe is socially acceptable or favorable, rather than providing accurate or truthful
responses. As a result, the data collected may be biased, reflecting a skewed or idealized portrayal of the
respondents’ characteristics or behaviors.

Among the following, the one that is true about personality is:

a. It is the integration of various experiences

b. It is the raw material to interact with the environment

c. It only refers interpersonal related behaviours

d. It is momentary condition of the individual

a. It is the integration of various experiences

Personality refers to the unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an
individual and remain relatively stable over time and across different situations. It is shaped by a
combination of genetic predispositions, environmental influences, and life experiences, making it the
integration of various experiences rather than a momentary condition or limited solely to interpersonal
behaviors.

What does the concept of diversity in the workplace imply?

a. Physical differences among employees

b. Managerial difference among employees

c. Historical differences among groups

d. Social differences among employees

d. Social differences among employees

The concept of diversity in the workplace implies social differences among employees. This includes
variations in characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, socio-economic
background, religion, disability status, and other dimensions of identity. Embracing diversity in the
workplace involves recognizing and valuing these differences, promoting inclusivity, and creating a work
environment where all individuals feel respected, valued, and empowered to contribute their unique
perspectives and talents.

In obsessive compulsive disorder, the compulsion aspect refers to:

a. Thoughts

b. Behaviours
c. Emotions

d. Affect

b. Behaviors

In obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the compulsion aspect refers to behaviors. Compulsions are
repetitive actions or rituals that individuals feel compelled to perform in response to obsessive thoughts
or to alleviate distress or anxiety. These behaviors are often time-consuming, interfere with daily
activities, and may provide temporary relief from obsessive thoughts or anxiety. Examples of
compulsions include repetitive hand washing, checking locks, counting, or arranging objects in a specific
order.

13 Minutes ago

Assume that a boy is reared in a family in which his father aggresses and abuses his mother.
Consequently, the boy started to show negative attitude towards his female classmates. The boy’s
attitude can best be explained by:

a. Self-perception

b. Mere Exposure

c. Classical conditioning

d. Social learning

d. Social learning

The boy’s negative attitude towards his female classmates, developed as a result of witnessing his
father’s aggressive behavior towards his mother, can be best explained by social learning theory. This
theory suggests that individuals learn from observing and imitating the behavior of others in their social
environment, including family members. In this case, the boy has learned negative attitudes and
behaviors towards females through the modeling of his father’s aggression and abuse towards his
mother.

All of the following are true about the goals of psychoanalytic therapy, EXCEPT

a. Making the unconscious conscious

b. Develop control over maladaptive impulses

c. Replacing maladaptive idealized objects

d. Develop control over the immediate environment

d. Develop control over the immediate environment

The notion of consistency and variability lies on debate of personality factors.

a. Freewill vs. Determinism

b. Objective vs. Subjective

c. Stability vs. Change

d. Continuity vs. Discontinuity

c. Stability vs. Change

A researcher administered a test that measures level of aggression of four individuals and found: , and 6
respectively. Based on the result what is the mean level of aggression?

a. 9

b. 7

c. 6

d. 8

The mean level of aggression can be calculated by adding up all the individual scores and then dividing
by the total number of individuals.

So, the mean level of aggression is 7. Therefore, the correct answer is b. 7.

Systematic desensitization involves:

a. Replacing a positive response to a harmful stimulus with a negative response

b. Associating unwanted behaviour with unconscious impulses

c. Associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety arousing stimuli

d. Associating unwanted behaviours with unpleasant experiences

c. Associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety arousing stimuli

Systematic desensitization is a behavioral therapy technique used to treat phobias and anxiety
disorders. It involves gradually exposing the individual to the feared object or situation while they are in
a relaxed state. Through this process, the individual learns to associate the previously anxiety-provoking
stimulus with relaxation, reducing their fear response over time. This technique helps individuals to
overcome their irrational fears and anxieties by replacing the fear response with a relaxed state.

According to Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory, post-conventional morality appears in:

a. Early adolescence
b. Late adolescence

c. Middle adolescence

d. Late childhood

b. Late adolescence

According to Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, post-conventional morality is the

highest stage of moral reasoning, typically emerging in late adolescence or adulthood. This level of
moral development is characterized by an understanding that rules and laws are relative and can be
questioned based on principles of justice, human rights, and ethical standards that transcend societal
norms. Individuals at this stage base their moral decisions on universal ethical principles and internalized
moral values rather than on external authority or societal conventions.

One of the following is NOT a characteristics manifested among Children with Attention-Deficit Hyper
Activity Disorder (ADHD).

a. Impulsive

b. Pessimism

c. Hyperactive

d. Inattentive

b. Pessimism

If you were a parent, which parenting style would you mainly apply so that your children grow to be well
adjusted and successful individuals?

a. Authoritative

b. Authoritarian

c. Uninvolved

d. Permissive

If I were a parent, the parenting style that I would mainly apply to promote the well-adjusted and
successful development of my children would be the authoritative parenting style.

The authoritative parenting style is characterized by setting clear and reasonable expectations for
behavior while also being responsive and supportive to the child’s needs. It involves establishing
consistent rules and boundaries, providing guidance and discipline in a nurturing manner, and
encouraging open communication and independence. This parenting style promotes a healthy balance
between structure and warmth, fostering the development of self-discipline, self-esteem, and autonomy
in children. Research has shown that children raised with authoritative parenting tend to have better
social skills, higher academic achievement, and overall well-being compared to other parenting styles.

In which of the following cases would an observational method be most appropriate?

a. Identifying the personality traits that might have contributed to a person’s anxiety

b. Assessing people’s attitudes on political issues

c. Identifying the causes of a child’s hyperactivity

d. Investigating the patterns of interaction among children in play activities

d. Investigating the patterns of interaction among children in play activities

Observational methods are most appropriate for investigating behaviors in natural settings. In this case,
studying the patterns of interaction among children in play activities involves directly observing their
behavior in a real-world context, making observational methods the most suitable approach.

Your memory of when the Battle of Adwa took place is:

a. Explicit

b. Short term

C. Sensory

d. Implicit

Explain it