An Internship Report On

ROBOTICS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

DARLA CHANTI SAI DEEPTHI

[Reg. No. 21021A0450]

DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KAKINADA(A)

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

KAKINADA-533003, A.P., INDIA

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 STUDENT DECLARATION

I,Darla Chanti Sai Deepthi, a III B.Tech student in Electronics and

Communication Engineering at University College of Engineering, Kakinada,
hereby declare that this internship was conducted at LINEYSHA & THEVAN
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES,Vijayawada, for a duration of one month. This
report is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the B.Tech
curriculum.

I further declare that this work is the result of my own efforts and has not been
copied from any other source. Citations have been appropriately provided for all
referenced materials. This work has not been submitted to any other University
or Institute for the award of any degree.

This work has been carried out with academic integrity and faithfulness. All
sources utilized for this report have been duly cited and referenced.

Place: Kakinada D CHANTI SAI DEEPTH1

Date: [Reg. No 21021A0450]

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 CERTIFICATE
DEPARTMENT OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING KAKINADA(A)

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

KAKINADA-533003, A.P., INDIA

This is to certify that the Internship report entitled “LINEYSHA & THEVAN
SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES” was prepared and presented by Darla Chanti
Sai Deepthi of B. Tech, 6th semester, in Electronics and Communication
Engineering in partial fulfilment of the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Kakinada, during the academic year 2023- 2024.

SIGNATURE OF THE SIGNATURE OF THE HEAD

SUPERVISOR OF THE DEPARTMENT
DrJHANSI RANI KAKA Dr LEELA KUMARI BALIVADA
Assistant professor Head of the Department
ECE ECE
UCEK, JNTU Kakinada UCEK, JNTU Kakinada

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INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I express my deep gratitude and regards to K.Sudhakar Sir, my intern guide and
Manger of Product Assurance department, Lineysha and Thevan Software
Technologies,Vijayawada for helping in the internship completion.

I am pleased to thank Dr B. Leela Kumari, Head of the Department, Electronics

and Communication Engineering, UCEK, JNTUK, Kakinada, for her valuable
guidance and support in completing this internship.

I extend my gratitude to Dr M.H.M. Krishna Prasad, Principal, UCEK, JNTUK,

Kakinada, for his constant encouragement and valuable suggestions in
completing this internship.

It is my pleasure to express my deep sense of gratitude to Sudhakar Sir,

Embedded Engineer of Lineysha and Thevan Software Technologies
Vijayawada, who helped me to bring out this internship successfully. I am
thankful for his interaction and motivation to be thorough with my subject
interlinked with thermal vision practically.

I take this opportunity to thank all the Professors and Faculty Members in the
department for their teachings and academic support and thanks to technical
staff and non-teaching staff in the department for their support.

ABSTRACT

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This internship provided me with an in-depth understanding of
robotics and their underlying technology. I examined the components
of these robotics, including actuators, sensors and microcotrollers, and
learned how they detect and function under various conditions.
Through this experience, I explored the practical applications
ofrobotics in manufacturing, security, search and rescue operations,
and industrial applications. By evaluating features like machine
vision,digitization and sensing, I gained valuable insights into how
these robots perform in real-world scenarios. Overall, the internship
significantly enhanced my knowledge and skills related to thermal
imaging technology and its practical applications.

CONTENTS

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S.NO TITLE Page. NO

1. About the Company 9

2. Introduction 10

3. Generation of Robotics 11-12

4. Components of a Robot 13

1.Power Source 14

2.Actuators 15-16

3.Sensors 17

4.Control Systems 18

5. Configuration of Robots 19-24

6. Types of Robots 25-26

7. Advantages and Disadvantages of 27

Robotics

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8. Project in Tinkercad 28

8. Conclusion 29

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 ABOUT THE COMPANY

Lineysha and Thevan Software Technologies Pvt Ltd is a web

solutions company aiming to be a leader in the IT sector. Their vision
is to support customer business growth with accurate, reliable, and
quality solutions. They offer innovative and feasible services in web
development, mobile applications, and digital marketing. Their
mission is to provide result-oriented and cost-competitive IT solutions
to clients. They prioritize understanding customer needs, exploring
new opportunities, empowering clients to respond faster in the
changing market, and staying agile and competitive. Collaboration
with leading technology organizations is also a key principle for them.
With a customer-centric approach and focus on innovation, Lineysha
and Thevan Software Technologies strives for progress and excellence
in their industry

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 INTRODUCTION

ROBOTICS

Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that

produces machines, called robots, that replicate or substitute for human actions.
Robots perform basic and repetitive tasks with greater efficiency and accuracy
than humans, making them ideal for industries like manufacturing. However,
the introduction of artificial intelligence in robotics has given robots the ability
to handle increasingly complex situations in various industries

Laws of Robotics:

The Three Laws of Robotics, proposed by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov,
are as follows:

1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such
orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with the First or Second Law.

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 GENERATION OF ROBOTICS
 First generation: robot manipulators. These can pick up and move objects
but they have very restricted movements.
 Second generation: learning robots
 Third generation: reprogrammable robots
 Fourth generation: mobile robots
 Fifth generation: robots with artificial intelligence

First Generation: Mechanical Arms (1950s-1970s)

The first generation of robots were essentially mechanical arms designed for
simple tasks such as pick-and-place operations. They required constant human
supervision and were primarily used in manufacturing for repetitive tasks that
demanded precision and speed.

Second Generation: Sensory Robots (1970s-1980s)

Second-generation robots were equipped with sensors that allowed them to

perceive their surroundings to some extent. This enabled them to perform more
complex tasks, such as welding and painting, with a degree of autonomy.

Third Generation: Autonomous Robots (1980s-2000s)

The third generation introduced robots capable of autonomous operation. They

could be programmed to perform a variety of tasks and make decisions based on
sensory input without direct human control. This generation saw the integration
of computers and robotics, leading to significant advancements in automation.

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Fourth Generation: Intelligent Robots (2000-2017)

This generation saw the emergence of intelligent robots with advanced

computing capabilities, capable of processing data, logical reasoning, and
learning. Key developments included:

 Experimental inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI).

 Sophisticated sensors for complex data analysis.
 Introduction of collaborative robots, like the Roomba vacuum cleaner
and YuMi, a robot designed to work alongside humans.
 Technological advancements such as the Player Project, Gazebo
simulator, and Robot Operating System (ROS).
 Democratization of robotics through Single Board Computers (SBCs)
like Raspberry Pi.

Fifth Generation: Collaborative and Personal Robots

The fifth generation represents a shift towards robots designed for collaboration
with humans and personal use, enhancing everyday activities with modularity
and reconfigurability. Characteristics include:

 Coexistence and collaboration with humans in shared environments.

 Reconfigurable and modular design to adapt to various tasks.
 Advancements in AI, such as AlphaGo’s achievements, driving
integration of AI into robotics.

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 COMPONENTS OF A ROBOT
1.The Power Source
A. Types of Power Sources:
B. Energy Efficiency in Robots:
2.Actuators and Motors
A. Understanding Actuators
B. Motor Types and Their Functions
3.Sensors
A. Sensor Types
B. The Role of Sensors in Robot Perception
4.Control Systems
A. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
B. Microcontrollers and Their Functions
C. Programming Languages for Robots
5.Manipulators and End-Effectors.

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 POWER SOURCE
The power source is a critical component in robotics, directly
influencing a robot’s performance and capabilities. There are various types of
power sources employed in robotics:

A. Types of Power Source:

1. Batteries:
Batteries are common in mobile robots, offering portability and ease of
use. They come in various types, such as lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride,
each with its own advantages and limitations.
2. Fuel Cells:
Fuel cells are gaining popularity for their extended runtime and clean
energy profile. Hydrogen fuel cells, in particular, are used in some robotic
applications.
3. Solar Panels:

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 Solar-powered robots harness energy from sunlight, making them
sustainable and suitable for outdoor tasks like agriculture and environmental
monitoring.

B. Energy Efficiency in Robots:

Energy efficiency is a crucial consideration in robot design. Efficient
power management and low-power components can extend a robot’s
operational time and reduce environmental impact. Advances in energy-efficient
motors, sensors, and control systems, including online robotics for kids, are
continually improving a robot’s ability to perform tasks effectively while
conserving power. As robotics continues to advance, optimizing energy usage
will play a pivotal role in the development of more capable and environmentally
friendly robots.

ACTUATORS
Actuators and motors play a pivotal role in a wide range of mechanical
systems, powering movements and enabling automation. Understanding these
components is crucial for engineers and technologists.

A. Understanding Actuators
1. Electric Motors:
Electric motors are devices that convert electrical energy into
mechanical motion. These are common, converting electrical energy into
mechanical motion. They’re versatile, used in appliances, vehicles, and
industrial machinery.
2. Hydraulic Actuators:
Hydraulic actuators utilize pressurized fluid to generate high-force
and precise motion. Using pressurized fluid, these actuators provide high

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 force and precise control, often used in heavy machinery and construction
equipment.
3. Pneumatic Actuators:
Pneumatic actuators use compressed air to create motion, valued for
their lightweight yet powerful characteristics, commonly used in robotics,
automation, and aerospace. Air-powered actuators are lighter but still
powerful, employed in robotics, automation, and aerospace.

B. Motor Types and Their Functions

1. Servo Motors:
Servo motors are specialized motors designed for precise control,
frequently used in robotics, CNC machines, and camera stabilization
systems. Ideal for precise control, they’re used in robotics, CNC
machines, and camera stabilization systems.
2. Stepper Motors:
Stepper motors provide accurate, step-by-step movement, essential
in applications like 3D printing and automation systems. Known for their
accuracy and step-by-step movement, they’re vital in 3D printing and
automation systems.
3. DC Motors:
DC motors are straightforward and reliable devices converting
electrical energy into rotational motion, commonly found in small
appliances, electric vehicles, and power tools.

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 SENSORS

A. Sensor Types
1. Vision Sensors:
Vision sensors, like cameras and depth sensors, provide robots
with visual perception. They enable object recognition, navigation, and
even complex tasks like reading barcodes or identifying defects in
manufacturing.
2. Proximity Sensors:

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 Proximity sensors detect the presence or absence of objects in
their vicinity. They’re crucial for collision avoidance, object tracking, and
ensuring safe robot operation in dynamic environments.
3. Tactile Sensors:
Tactile sensors mimic the human sense of touch. They allow
robots to feel and respond to physical contact, making them valuable for
delicate tasks like picking up fragile items or performing surgery.

B. The Role of Sensors in Robot Perception

Sensors are the sensory organs of robots, providing vital information
about their surroundings. They form the foundation of robot perception,
enabling them to interact with the world intelligently, adapt to changing
conditions, and perform tasks with precision and safety.

CONTROL SYSTEMS
The control system is the brain of a robot, responsible for orchestrating
its movements and actions. Here’s a breakdown of key components:

A. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The CPU serves as the robot’s core processor, handling tasks like decision-
making, data processing, and interfacing with sensors and actuators. It executes

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algorithms that enable the robot to navigate, perceive its environment, and
perform assigned functions.

B. Microcontrollers and Their Functions:

Microcontrollers are specialized chips within robots, managing specific tasks

like motor control, sensor data processing, and communication with external
devices. They facilitate real-time control, making them vital for robot
responsiveness and accuracy.

C. Programming Languages for Robots:

Various programming languages, such as Python, C++, and ROS (Robot

Operating System), are used to code robots. The choice of language depends on
the robot’s purpose and complexity. Python, for example, is popular for its
simplicity and versatility, including Python for kids, making it an excellent
choice for those new to programming and robotics. C++ offers performance
advantages for more complex robotics applications. ROS, on the other hand, is a
comprehensive framework that streamlines robot development, fostering
collaboration and reusability in the robotics community

CONFIGURATION OF ROBOT
Based on the coordinate system of motion of the manipulator and end effector,
there are four basic configurations of robots:

1) Cartesian Configuration Robots

2) Cylindrical Configuration Robots
3) Polar (Spherical) Configuration Robots
4) Jointed-Arm (Articulated) Configuration Robots

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CARTESIAN CONFIGURATION:

Cartesian or rectangular coordinate configuration is constructed by three

perpendicular slides, giving only linear motions along the three principal axes.
It consists of three prismatic joints. The endpoints of the arm are capable of
operating in a cuboidal space. The cartesian arm gives high precision and is
easy to program.

These robots are also called XYZ robots because they are equipped with three
rotary joints to assemble XYZ axes. The robots will process in a rectangular
workspace using these three joints movement. It can carry high payloads with
the help of its rigid structure. It is mainly integrated with pick and place,
material handling, loading, unloading, etc.

Advantages:

• Highly accurate & speed

• Less cost
• Simple operating procedures
• High payloads
• Very versatile working
• Simplifies robot and master control systems

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Disadvantages:

They require a large volume of space to operate

Applications:
Cartesian robots can be used in sealing, handling for plastic moulding, 3D
printing, and in a computer numerical control machine (CNC). Pick and place
machines and plotters work on the principle of the Cartesian robots. They can
handle heavy loads with high positioning accuracy.

CYLINDRICAL CONFIGURATION:

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The cylindrical configuration has two perpendicular prismatic joints and a
revolute joint. A vertical column and a slide that moves up and down the
column are used in this setup. The robot arm is connected to the slide and can
move radially around the column. By rotating the column, the robot can achieve
a workspace that approximates a cylinder. The cylindrical configuration offers
good mechanical stiffness.

Advantages

• Increased rigidity, and

• Capacity to carry high payloads.

Disadvantages

• Floor space required is more, and

• Less work volume.

Applications:

 Spot welding

 die-cast machine handling

 general machine handling tools

POLAR CONFIGURATION:

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A prismatic joint can be raised or lowered about a horizontal revolute joint in
the polar configuration. A rotating base supports the two links. These various
joints can move the arm endpoint within a partial spherical space. It is also
called a spherical co-ordinate‖ configuration, which allows manipulation of
objects on the floor.

Advantages

• Long reach capability in the horizontal position.

Disadvantages
• Complex construction
• Accuracy decreases with the increasing radial stroke.

Applications:

 Machine tool tending

 Material handling automation

 Assembly operations

JOINTED ARM CONFIGURATION:

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Widely-used jointed arm configuration is similar to that of a human arm. It
comprises two straight links representing the human forearm and upper arm and
two rotary joints representing the elbow and shoulder joints, which are mounted
on a vertical rotary table corresponding to the human waist joint. As a result, it
can be controlled at any adjustments in the workspace. These types of robots
perform several operations like spray painting, spot welding, arc welding, and
more.

Advantages

• Increased flexibility,
• Huge work volume, and
• Quick operation.

Disadvantages

• Very expensive,
• Difficult operating procedures, and
• Plenty of components.

Applications:

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Articulated robots can be used in Robots palletizing food (Bakery),
Manufacturing of steel bridges, cutting steel, Flat-glass handling, heavy duty
robot with 500 kg payload, Automation in foundry industry, heat resistant robot,
metal casting, and Spot Welding.

TYPES OF ROBOTS
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Types of Robots:
Robots are becoming increasingly prevalent in our world, performing tasks
ranging from manufacturing to healthcare. This document explores various
types of robots, diving into their unique characteristics, applications, and impact
on society.

Industrial Robots

Industrial robots are designed for manufacturing processes and are commonly
found in factories and warehouse.These robots are often programmed to
perform repetitive tasks with high precision and speed, making them ideal for
tasks like welding, painting, assembly, and material handling. .

Service Robots

Service robots are designed to assist humans in various non-industrial settings.

These robots can be found in hospitals, hotels, restaurants, and even homes.
Service robots are typically designed to interact with humans and perform tasks
that require a degree of intelligence and flexibility

Domestic Robots

Domestic robots are specifically designed for use in homes. These robots are
often intended to simplify daily tasks and improve the quality of life for
homeowners. Some popular examples include robotic vacuum cleaners, lawn
mowers, and window cleaning robots.

Military Robots

Military robots are designed for use in combat and other military operations.
These robots can perform various tasks, including surveillance, reconnaissance,
bomb disposal, and combat.

Medical Robots

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Medical robots are designed to assist in healthcare settings, performing tasks
that require precision, dexterity, and advanced capabilities. Some medical robots
are used in surgery, providing surgeons with enhanced vision, precision, and
dexterity.

Space Robots

Space robots play a crucial role in space exploration. They're designed to

perform tasks in harsh environments, such as the vacuum of space or the surface
of other planets. These robots are typically designed for specific tasks, such as
collecting data, performing experiments, or building structures.

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ADVANTAEGS AND DISADVANTAGES OF
ROBOTICS
Advantages of Robots:

1. Increased Efficiency: Robots can perform tasks consistently without

breaks, leading to faster production processes.
2. Precision and Accuracy: Robots execute tasks with high precision,
reducing errors in manufacturing and assembly.
3. Safety in Hazardous Environments: Robots handle dangerous tasks,
ensuring human workers’ safety.
4. Cost Savings through Automation: Over time, robots reduce labor costs
and minimize errors in production.
5. Continuous 24/7 Operations: Robots can work around the clock,
enabling uninterrupted service delivery.
6. Handling Repetitive Tasks Efficiently: Robots free up human workers
to focus on complex aspects of their work.

Disadvantages of Robots:

1. Job Displacement: As robots take over tasks, some jobs may be lost,
impacting employment.
2. Maintenance and Repair Costs: Robots require maintenance and
occasional repairs.
3. Ethical Concerns: Questions arise about the impact of robots on human
interaction and ethical considerations.
4. Environmental Impact: Manufacturing and disposing of robots can have
environmental consequences.

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 PROJECTUSING TINKERCAD
TINKERCAD TOOL:

Tinkercadis a free-of-charge, online 3D modelling program that runs in a web

browser. designed an obstacle avoidance robotic vehicle using Tinkercad
software. The design involved implementing sensors to detect obstacles. The
project fostered understanding of robotics principles and circuit design.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

COMPONENT QUANTITY
1.Arduino UNO board. 1
2.Ultrasonic sensor. 1
3.Breadboard. 1
4.9v Battery. 1
5.DC motors. 4
6.Potentiometer. 1
7.LCD 16x 2 display. 1
8. Resistor. 1
9.H-Bridge motor driver(L293D) 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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CONCLUSION:
During my internship, at Lineysha and Thevan software
Technologies,Vijayawada. I gained in-depth knowledge about
Robotics. I learned how robots working and functioning in depth,
including their parts like end-effectors and grippers. This
experience helped me understand their important roles in areas
such as research,space,industry,military,security,agriculture and
inspections.

Overall, this internship was valuable in expanding my

understanding of robotics and its practical uses. It provided me with
essential insights and skills related to this field.

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