CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS

DEPARTMENT

SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

DATE:- 6.5.2024 - 6.6.2024

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 CENTRAL PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
Site Name : NIT Durgapur

Report submitted by :-

 T.CHENNA KESHAVA REDDY :- (21CE8013)

 G.MITHUN REDDY :- (21CE8028)

 PRASHANT KUMAR :- (21CE8034)

 RAJAT SUBHRA DUTTA :-(21CE8035)

 SHIVANSHU KUMAR :- (21CE8038)

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 CONTENT:
SL.NO. TOPIC PAGE
NO.

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

2 PREFACE 5

3 INTRODUCTION TO THE DEPARTMENT 6

4 HOW CPWD WORKS 7

5 INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 8

6 SITE SAFETY RULES 9-10

7 LOCATION 11

8 CAR PARKING 12-28

9 AUDITORIUM 29-37

10 PUBLIC TOILET 38-57

11 CONCLUSION 58

12 PHOTO GALLERY 59-60

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 Acknowledgment
We are profoundly grateful for the opportunity to undertake our summer training at the
Central Public Works Department (CPWD). This experience has been incredibly enriching and
has significantly contributed to our professional growth.

Firstly, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to the entire CPWD team for their warm
welcome and continuous support throughout our training period. Their expertise and
dedication have been truly inspiring.

A special thanks to Er. Israr Ahmed (Executive Engineer), Er. Dinesh Prasad (Assistant Engineer),
and Er. Abhay Verma (Junior Engineer), whose guidance and insights have been invaluable.
Your patience, encouragement, and willingness to share your knowledge have greatly
enhanced our learning experience. Your mentor-ship has not only helped us understand the
technical aspects of our projects but also the importance of teamwork and effective
communication in the workplace.

we are also thankful to our colleagues and fellow trainees for creating a collaborative and
supportive environment. The shared experiences, discussions, and teamwork have made this
training period both productive and enjoyable.

Additionally, I would like to acknowledge NIT Durgapur for facilitating this opportunity. The
coordination and support provided by the placement cell have been crucial in making this
training possible.

Lastly, I would like to thank our family and friends for their continuous encouragement and
support, which has been a constant source of motivation throughout this journey.

This training has been a pivotal step in our career development, and we are eager to apply the
skills and knowledge gained to future challenges. Thank you once again to everyone at CPWD
for making this experience memorable and valuable.

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 Preface
This report marks the culmination of our summer training experience at the Central Public
Works Department (CPWD). Over the course of this training, I have had the privilege to
immerse our self in the dynamic environment of one of India’s premier public sector
organizations, dedicated to providing comprehensive solutions in the fields of planning,
designing, construction, and maintenance of built environments.

The primary objective of this training was to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge
and practical application. Engaging with real-world projects under the mentor-ship of seasoned
professionals has enriched our understanding of civil engineering principles and their
implementation in large-scale infrastructure projects. Each task undertaken during this period
has been a learning experience, contributing significantly to our professional and personal
development.

This preface serves to introduce the detailed account of our experiences, observations, and the
knowledge acquired during the training period. It reflects on the diverse aspects of our training,
from site visits and project management sessions to hands-on involvement in ongoing
construction projects. The content of this report is structured to provide a comprehensive
overview of the activities we engaged in, the skills developed, and the challenges encountered
along the way.

we owe a great deal of gratitude to the entire CPWD team for their unwavering support and
guidance. Their expertise and dedication were instrumental in making this training a fruitful
endeavor. The collaborative spirit of my colleagues and fellow trainees also played a significant
role in enriching this experience.

This report aims to not only document our journey but also to share the insights and lessons
learned with those who may follow similar paths. It is our hope that it will serve as a useful
resource for future trainees and anyone interested in the workings of the CPWD.

In conclusion, this preface is a gateway to the detailed narrative that follows, capturing the
essence of our summer training at CPWD. I am grateful for this opportunity and look forward to
contributing positively to the field of civil engineering, armed with the knowledge and
experience gained during this period.

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 Introduction to DEPARTMENT
The Central Public Works Department (CPWD) is a cornerstone of India's infrastructure
development, renowned for its commitment to quality, innovation, and sustainability.
Established in 1854, CPWD has a long-standing legacy of delivering exceptional public works
across the nation.

CPWD's mission is encapsulated in its motto, "Committed to Excellence," which drives its
efforts in planning, designing, constructing, and maintaining government buildings and
infrastructure. From government offices and residential complexes to educational and
healthcare institutions, CPWD's projects reflect its dedication to enhancing public amenities
and urban landscapes.

The department prides itself on a multidisciplinary approach, bringing together architects,

engineers, planners, and project managers to ensure every project meets the highest standards.
This collaboration fosters innovation and efficiency, allowing CPWD to deliver complex projects
on time and within budget.

In alignment with its slogan, "Quality, Speed, Economy," CPWD has embraced modern
technologies and sustainable practices. The department focuses on green building initiatives,
energy-efficient designs, and sustainable construction methods, setting a benchmark for
environmental responsibility in the construction industry.

CPWD is also committed to professional development, offering continuous training and growth
opportunities for its staff. This emphasis on capacity building ensures that the team remains at
the forefront of industry advancements, equipped to tackle future challenges.

Through its dedication to excellence and innovation, CPWD has earned the trust of
stakeholders across the public and private sectors. As we embarked on our summer training
with CPWD, we experienced firsthand the organization's high standards and visionary projects.
This opportunity has been both educational and inspiring, solidifying our passion for civil
engineering and public service.

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 How CPWD Works
The Central Public Works Department (CPWD) follows a systematic and transparent process for
managing construction projects, ensuring efficiency and accountability at every stage. Here’s a brief
overview of how CPWD operates:

1. Client Requisition:
- The process begins when a client submits a requisition to CPWD for a construction project.

2. Joint Meeting and Pre-Planning:

- CPWD holds a joint meeting with the client to discuss project requirements and preliminary plans.

3. Preliminary Estimate:
- CPWD prepares a preliminary estimate of the project costs and presents it to the client for approval.

4. Detailed Estimate:
- Once the client approves the preliminary estimate, CPWD prepares a detailed estimate outlining the
precise costs and resources needed.

5. Tender Process:
- CPWD issues a tender to invite bids from contractors. The contractor with the lowest bid/estimate is
selected for the project.

6. Project Supervision:
- CPWD supervises the construction work carried out by the selected contractor, ensuring compliance
with specifications and standards.
-Quality checks: Regular inspections of the quality of materials used
-Lab Testings: Periodic lab tests for soil, concrete and other materials to ensure they meet required
standards.

7. Running Account Payments:

- Payments are made to the contractor in installments, known as running account payments, based on
the completion of specific stages of work.

8. Final Accounting:
- Upon project completion, the final bill is settled, and the contractor receives the remaining payment.

9. Project Handover:
- The completed project is officially handed over to the client with all necessary documentation.

This structured approach allows CPWD to manage projects efficiently while maintaining high standards
of quality and transparency.

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 Introduction to the Project
This report details our summer training experience at the National Institute of Technology,
Durgapur (NIT Durgapur), where we had the opportunity to engage in a variety of construction
projects under the guidance of the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The training
provided a comprehensive exposure to real-world applications of civil engineering concepts
and practices.

During the course of this training, we were involved in several key projects within the NIT
Durgapur campus:

1. Construction of Car Parking Facility:

The construction of a new car parking facility was a major project that offered insights into
site preparation, foundation work, and the intricacies of building a robust parking structure. we
learned about the materials used, project management strategies, and the importance of
efficient space utilization.

2. Steel Trusses in the Auditorium:

Another significant aspect of the training involved studying the steel trusses in the campus
auditorium. This segment provided valuable knowledge on the design, fabrication, and
installation of steel trusses. Observing the structural framework and understanding the load
distribution and stability considerations deepened our appreciation for structural engineering.

3. Construction of Public Toilet Facilities:

The construction of public toilets within the campus underscored the importance of
sanitation and public health infrastructure. This project covered aspects such as plumbing,
masonry, and finishing work. It also highlighted the need for accessible and hygienic facilities in
public spaces.

These projects collectively enhanced our practical understanding of construction techniques,

project management, and the application of engineering principles. The hands-on experience,
coupled with the mentorship provided by the CPWD professionals, was invaluable in bridging
the gap between academic knowledge and practical implementation.

This report aims to provide a detailed account of the activities, learning outcomes, and
technical insights gained during our summer training at NIT Durgapur, facilitated by CPWD.
Through this documentation, I hope to convey the depth of our experience and the skills
acquired, which will undoubtedly contribute to our future endeavors in civil engineering.

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 SITE SAFETY RULES
To avoid injuries, accidents, and other health problems in a construction site below are general
construction safety rules that should be followed to keep workers and visitors safe:

1. Always wear PPE

All workers and visitors in the construction site should wear the required PPE to reduce
exposure to various hazards on the worksite. Common PPEs include goggles, helmets, gloves,
ear muffs or plugs, boots,
and high visibility vests and suits.

2. Be mindful and follow signs

Safety signs allow management to warn and raise health and safety awareness for employees
and visitors. Appropriately place them around the site where necessary. Workers should be
familiar with the construction site safety tips and different signs: prohibition signs, mandatory
signs, warning signs, safe condition signs, and fire fighting equipment signs.

3. Provide clear instructions

A site induction for general contractors should be present on site. This will enable new workers
to be familiar with site operations. Toolbox talks are also an effective way of relaying health
and safety instructions to the workforce. It is conducted before commencing work on either a
daily or more frequent basis.

4. Keep site tidy

Ensure that debris, dust, loose nails, and stagnant water from excavations and backfilling are
not just lying around the site. The construction site must be cleaned daily and remain clutter-
free to prevent slips and trips.

5. Organize and store tools properly

Ensure that no tools are lying around, and leave lights and power tools unplugged. Following
construction site rules will help prevent tools from getting damaged or even causing injury to
workers. Organizing them in their rightful place will also allow for easy navigation.

6. Use the right equipment for the right task

Often, accidents occur due to the misuse of a tool or equipment. Avoid using makeshift tools.
Instead, use the correct tool to get the job done quicker and safer

7. Have an emergency response plan

An emergency response plan directs the workforce on what to do when emergencies like
natural disasters, fire, hazardous material spills, or other types of incidents occur. Have a
dedicated team responsible for managing emergency crises, answering questions, and
reporting potential hazards, quality issues, or near misses.

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8. Set up safeguards
One of the ways to ensure safety on site is placing engineering controls such as barriers, fences,
and safeguards. These will help isolate people from hazardous areas with high-voltage
electricity or chemicals with toxic fumes.

9. Do pre-checks on tools and equipment

Before commencing work, ensure that tools and equipment to be used are free of defect or
damage.

10. Report issues immediately

Train workers to report defects and near misses on site as soon as they notice them. Problems
can only be solved when they are made aware to management. The sooner issues get reported,
the fewer chances of them worsening and causing accidents or further damage.

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LOCATION

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PROJECT 1: CAR PARKING facility

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 EXPLANATION TO THE PROJECT

A car parking shed is a structure specifically designed to provide shelter and

protection for vehicles, such as cars, motorcycles, or bicycles, from the
elements. It is typically an open-sided or partially enclosed structure that can
be standalone or attached to an existing building. Car parking sheds are
commonly found in residential, commercial, and industrial areas where
parking space is needed.

They are generally truss structures

A truss is a structural framework made up of straight members connected at

their ends to form a series of triangular units. It is a fundamental engineering
element commonly used in architecture and civil engineering to support loads
over a span and distribute them efficiently to the supports (such as columns
or walls). The triangular shape of truss units makes them inherently stable and
capable of handling heavy loads
Trusses are often made of materials like wood, steel, or aluminum, depending
on the specific application and load requirements. The members of a truss can
be in tension (stretched) or compression (compressed), depending on their
position within the truss and the loads applied to it. There are various types of
trusses, each designed to serve different purposes and support different loads.

 The car parking shed which is being constructed in NIT Durgapur campus
is a Mild Steel truss structure.

 The footing provided is combined footing.

 Gradients are provided to avoid standing of water.

 GSB flooring is provided.

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 SPECIFICATIONS AND PARTICULARS OF THE CAR PARKING
facility
1.Construction area:
Total survey area – 27000.00 sq.m
Total parking area – 3000 sq.m
Total shed area – 80 sq.m

2.Design Phase:
The design phase involves planning the layout and structure of the parking
facility. Key considerations include:
 Capacity:
o Shed capacity- 32 vehicles
o Total capacity -75 vehicles.
 Drainage and slope: Design with a slight ground slope and drainage system to prevent
water stagnation.
 Pedestrian pathways: Incorporate safe and clearly marked pedestrian pathways,
separated by cubs
 Entry and exit: Designate 2 entry and 2 exit points for smooth traffic flow.
separated with kerb .
 Safety and Compliance: Ensure proper lighting ,signage , and adherence to accessibility
and local regulations for safety.

3. Materials Selection:
Selecting the right materials is critical for the longevity and functionality of the
parking structure. Common materials include:
 Concrete:
o For foundation - M25 grade
o For parking area base - M10 grade
 Steel: MS Tubular Sections.
 GSB: Granular sub base layer above M10 grade concrete layer.
 Protective Coatings: Used to enhance durability and resistance to
weather and chemicals.

3.Foundation:
The foundation is crucial for the stability of the parking structure. Steps
involved include:
 Site Preparation: Clearing and leveling the site.
 Soil Testing: Conducting geotechnical analysis to determine soil
bearing capacity.
 Foundation Design: Designing the foundation based on the soil
conditions and load requirements. Common types include slab-on-grade. pile
foundations, and mat foundations.

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4. Framework:
The framework provides the skeleton of the structure. This phase involves:
 Column installation:Place steel columns onto the concrete footings , ensuring they are
properly aligned. Secure the columns to the footings using anchor bolts.
 Beam and truss placement: I)Install horizontal beams across the columns . ensure they
are level ans securely fastened using high strength bolts or bolts.
II)Attach roof trusses to the horizontal beams . Ensure they are evenly spaced and
properly aligned .
III)Install diagonal bracing to provide additional lateral stability and strength to the
structure.
 Roof installation: Place and secure metal roofing panels onto the roof trusses . Ensure
proper overlap and secure fastening to prevent leaks.
 Wind ties: Ensure wind ties are installed to prevent uplift and separation of structural
components , particularly roofs, from the main frame

5. Finishing:
The finishing phase enhances the functionality and appearance of the parking
structure. Key elements include:
 Paving and Surfacing: Applying asphalt or concrete surfacing fer
driving and parking areas.
 Markings and Signage: Painting lines for parking spaces and installing
signs for navigation and safety.
 Lighting Installing adequate lighting for visibility and security.
 Drainage Systems: Implementing systems to manage rainwater and
prevent flooding.
 Safety Features: Adding barriers, guardrails, and fire safety systems.

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The parking shed truss along with GSB laid on the ground(Soil)

The parking shed truss along with M10 laid on the GSB

The parking shed truss along with Paver block laid on the Sand

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 Components Of Truss Structure

Principal
rafter

Start

Bracing String

Vertical
post Perlin

Pedestal Grouting
column (filling of
concrete)

Combined
footing

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 The step by step procedure of building the
parking facility

Building a car parking shed involves several steps, from planning and design to construction
and finishing. Here's a detailed process that was followed while building the parking facility:

1. Preliminary Planning

 Site Analysis: Evaluation of the site was done where the shed will be constructed. Factors
like soil condition, topography, accessibility, and local regulations were considered.

 Requirements Assessment: Determination of the capacity, type of vehicles, and any

specific requirements (e.g., electric vehicle charging stations, lighting).

 Surveying:Surveying is a crucial step in planning and constructing a car parking facility. It

involves gathering detailed information about the site to inform the design and
construction process.A detailed survey of was done for the given area considering each
unit to be roughly 3ft*3ft . Necessary equipment's like the theodolite, plane table,
compass were used for the surveying purpose. The kinds of survey conducted were:

 Establish Benchmarks: Set up permanent benchmarks for elevation reference.

 Topographic Survey: Measuring the contours, elevations, and slopes of the site. This
helps in understanding the terrain and planning for drainage and foundation
requirements. The parking facility should have slopes such that it is very convenient
for the drivers to enter and park vehicles without any interference. The slope and R.L
s should also be such that the water drainage is taken care of and the water doesn’t
accumulate anywhere in the facility. To facilitate the easy entry of the cars into the
parking facility, the RL of the parking facility is a bit lower than the pavement and a
good un-steep slope is maintained here so that it doesn’t cause any inconvenience in
the entry or exit of vehicles. To ensure good drainage , the overall slope of the
parking facility is towards a water channel that is just adjacent to the parking facility.
Additionally, there is a mild drainage channel that would help drain the water in case
the area under the parking shed is filled with water. This drain isn’t so steep so as to
cause any trouble in the movement of the vehicles. Any vehicle can easily ride over it
without any inconvenience.All the slopes are formulated with reference to the
benchmark established.

 Detail Survey: Capturing detailed information on the ground features, including

natural and man-made features.

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  Boundary Survey: Identification and marking the legal boundaries of the property to
ensure the parking facility is constructed within the permissible area.

 Locate Property Corners: Identify and mark the corners of the property using existing
markers or new measurements.

 Utility Survey: Identification and mapping existing utilities such as water lines,
sewage lines, electrical cables, and gas pipes. Also formulating spaces and areas for
the deployment of new water, sewer and electric cable lines that would serve the
parking facility.

 Locate Utility Lines: Use ground-penetrating radar (GPR) or other methods to locate
underground utilities.It also involves locating the ground water table which is a very
important parameter to be kept in mind while designing the foundation of the
parking shed, culvert and other drainage facilities.

 Environmental Survey: Assessment of any environmental features that may impact

the construction, such as wetlands, protected trees, or wildlife habitats. It was seen
that the Hall-4 (C.V. Raman hall of residence) lies just adjacent to the parking facility
and has such an architecture which channels the winds from its direction towards
the parking facility. This is very important to keep in mind while designing the
parking shed because the parking shed is a truss structure covered with a dome
shaped roof. These structures are very much affected by wind loads. Hence, to
prevent the collapse of the shed due to wind load, the design of the parking shed is
done such that it can withstand the incoming wind currents.

 Document Environmental Features: Record the location and condition of any

significant environmental features. Record all the data from the survey and plan the
constructions in the site accordingly.

 Cutting and filling: Cutting and filling of the soil is done according to the formulated slopes
and RLs in the surveying process. Soil is cut from the areas that are to be built on low RL
are soil is filled in the areas of low RL that are to needed to be raised to a higher RL.
Factors such as soil type, ground water level and topography of the site is to be kept in
mind while doing this.

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SURVEY MAP FOR BUILDING THE PARKING FACILITY
(NITDGP)

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2. Design and Engineering

 Conceptual Design: Development of a conceptual design that includes the layout,

dimensions, and materials to be used. Three designs are to be done here:
 Parking area flooring design
 Truss shed design
 Culvert design

 Structural Design: Calculation of the structural loads and design the foundation,
columns, beams, and roof. Ensure the design can withstand environmental factors
such as wind, rain, and snow. Snow is not considerable for Durgapur.The CPWD takes
special care about the level of safety they provide in each structure they build. The
structures they build are always over-safe with a significant factor of safety considered.

FIG:STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF THE PARKING SHED TRUSS

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The design of these three key components had to be done:

 The parking area flooring design includes an estimate of the total amount of
load that the parking floor may have to take at a given time. The materials to
be used in flooring are selected accordingly and it is also made sure that the
aesthetic beauty of the parking facility is maintained. M-10 grade of concrete
was used in laying down the flooring.

 The truss design for the shed is done considering all the possible loads that can
be subjected to the shed at any given time. The wind load being the most
prominent among them(as it is an open structure). the column spacing of the
truss is also kept in mind while designing as the spacing is also dependent on
the comfort of vehicle parking. An area of 3m by 3m should be present for
comfortable parking of each four wheeler. This 3m includes the four wheeler
width including the door opening span of the four wheeler.hence a total of 6
m is to be left between two consecutive columns for the comfortable
gentleman parking of 2 four wheelers side by side on one side of the central
partitioning line of the shed. If the other side is included, then a total of 4 four
wheelers can be parked between two consecutive columns.the ground water
table is also to be considered for the design of footing for the truss. The
ground water level is quite high in the NIT campus. M-20 grade concrete was
used for the foundations.

 The culvert is present on the water drainage channel that is located just
adjacent to the parking facility. During the culvert design, the ground water
level is to be kept in mind. M-20 grade concrete was used for the foundations.
The ground water level in the NIT Durgapur campus is quite high which was an
additional challenge for the design of the foundation of the culvert.

The CPWD takes special care about the level of safety they provide in each structure they build.
The structures they build are always over-safe with a significant factor of safety considered.

 Electrical and Mechanical Design: Plan for lighting, drainage, ventilation, and any other
mechanical systems were made. The shed was well lit with a led system that ensure
clear vision for the drivers of the vehicles even at low light conditions. The electrical
cables and lines are appropriately channeled and connected to the electricity source.
The lights are automatically switched on at 6pm in the evening .

3. Preparation

 Site Clearing: Clear the site of any debris, vegetation, or existing structures.

 Excavation: Excavate the site for the foundation according to the design specifications.

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4. Construction

 Foundation Work: Laying the foundation as per the structural design. This involves
pouring concrete footings, constructing piles, or other methods depending on the soil,
water table and load requirements. Two foundations are laid down. One was a
combined footing for each column of the car parking shed truss structure and another
for the culvert.The footings for the columns in the truss structure was of the dimension
3m*2.7m for each column footing. The footing of the culvert was of the dimension
6m*6m.

FOUNDATION (for truss columns)

FOOTING (culvert)

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 Flooring of the parking area: the flooring of the parking area comprised of several
layers of different materials. These layers of the following materials starting from the
ground level:
 Sand (1st layer)- Laid just above soil after the cutting and filling process. Up to
355mm below the permanent benchmark(PBM).

 GSB (2nd layer)- Known as Granular sub-base. This layer is of 125mm. Up to

230mm below the permanent benchmark(PBM).

 M-10 Concrete (3rd layer)- Mix design(1:3:6). This layer is of 100mm. Up to

130mm below the permanent benchmark(PBM).

 Loose sand (4th layer)- This layer is of 50mm. Up to 80mm below the permanent
benchmark(PBM).

 Paver blocks ( 5th layer)- Paver blocks made up of M-35 grade concrete. This
layer is of 80mm.Up to the permanent benchmark (PBM) level. These coloured
blocks ensure a tough surface for the vehicles to move on and also contributes
to the aesthetic aspect of the parking facility.

FLOORING (paver blocks)

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 LAYERS OF FLOORING GRANULAR SUB-BASE

 Erecting the Truss Structure: Construction of the columns, beams, and roof of truss
structure. The structure is a mild steel truss.The truss is structurally designed to bear
all the loads that are applicable on the shed. The truss that was built was not a
conventional triangular truss, it was a circular truss (truss with circular roofing). The
steel grade and the truss materials are according to the specification.The columns of
the truss are jointed to the footings with the help of bolted connections in order to
ensure the strong hold of the truss structure.

THE TRUSS STRUCTURE BEING ERECTED

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 Roof Installation: Install the roofing material, ensuring it is weatherproof and meets the
design specifications. Galvanized iron sheets (GI sheets) were used for roofing of the
circular truss, the sheet had to be curved first into arcs according to the structural
angles and then assembled on the top of the truss. Wind ties made up of mild
steel(MS) have been attached to the roof of the truss and it ensures that the roof sheet
doesn’t remains attached to the truss framework and doesn’t fly away due to wind or
other weather forces.The wind ties used were essentially MS flat sections of
40mm*6mm dimensions.

ROOFING (GI sheet roof)

GI(Galvanized Iron) SHEETS

 Utilities Installation: Installation electrical, lighting, drainage, and any other mechanical
systems.the electrical lines and cables had to be laid beforehand as it was an
underground electrical supply system.

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 ELECTRICAL LINES AND ILLUMINATION SYSTEM

 Paving and Marking:marking of the parking area and marking of the parking spaces,
entry/exit points, and pedestrian pathways so as to avoid any confusion for people
parking in the facility. The 3m span for gentleman parking is to be denoted on the
parking floor using waterproof and corrosion resistant or scratch resistant paint. This is
for the convenience of the drivers to park the vehicle. Krebs are laid around the
parking facility to denote the boundary of the parking area and also to prevent the
unauthorized entry and exit of the vehicles. Krebs are also laid down on the junction
between the parking area and the adjacent water drainage channel. This is done so
that a vehicle doesn’t accidentally go and fall into the water channel in case proper
brakes haven't been applied to the vehicle.

PAVING AND MARKING , KREBS ALONG THE BOUNDARY OF THE PARKING AREA WITH COLOUR CODING

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5. Finishing Touches

 Painting and Coating: Application of protective coatings, paints, or finishes to the

structure to enhance durability and aesthetics. The paints should be weather proof and
should be able to resist rainfall or storms. The paints also should be according to the
colour coding as per the traffic index. The truss structure needs to be painted with
corrosion resistant paint to prevent rusting of the structure.

 Landscaping: Add any required landscaping around the parking shed to improve the
appearance and manage storm water runoff.

 Signage: Install necessary signage for directions, parking regulations, and safety.

6. Inspection and Quality Control

 Quality Inspection: Conduct thorough inspections to ensure all work meets the design
specifications and quality standards. Ensuring of the proper working of the lights and
other features of the parking facility. The culvert should be tested to ensure it bears
the desired load.

 Safety Inspection: Verify that all safety features are properly installed and functional.

7. Handover and Maintenance

 Handover: Prepare documentation for the completed project and hand over to the
client (NIT DURGAPUR).

 Maintenance Plan: Provide a maintenance plan to ensure the long-term durability and
functionality of the parking shed.

These necessary steps were followed to ensure that the car parking shed is built efficiently,
safely, and to the required standards.

Conclusion:
Constructing a car parking facility requires meticulous planning and execution across various
phases, from design to finishing. By carefully selecting materials, designing a robust foundation,
and ensuring high-quality finishes, the structure can provide safe and efficient parking solutions
for years to come.

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 Construction of Culvert for future car parking
extension
As part of the future extension plans for the car parking facility, a culvert is being constructed
over the existing drain. This culvert will facilitate seamless integration between the current
parking area and the new extension while ensuring proper water flow through the existing
drainage system. The design includes robust materials to support vehicle loads and prevent
structural failure. The culvert's dimensions and placement are carefully planned to maintain
effective drainage and prevent water stagnation. During construction, measures will be taken
to minimize disruption to the existing parking operations. The culvert also incorporates safety
features such as railings and clear signage for both drivers and pedestrians. This infrastructure
upgrade is essential for accommodating future demand and ensuring long-term functionality
and safety of the parking facility

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 PROJECT 2: NEW AUDITORIUM

Auditorium of N.I.T Durgapur with a Seating Capacity of 1500

Students.

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 EXPLANATION TO THE PROJECT
An auditorium is a large space designed for public gatherings, performances, and presentations.
It typically features tiered seating to ensure clear sight lines for all audience members, a stage
or platform for performances and speakers, and advanced acoustics to enhance sound quality.
Modern auditoriums may also include sophisticated lighting and sound systems, as well as
audio visual equipment for multimedia presentations. These spaces are commonly found in
schools, theaters, conference centers, and other venues where large groups convene for events
such as concerts, lectures, and plays.
Some general guidelines for auditorium size are:

 For a standing crowd, six square feet per person is a good rule of thumb.
 For a seated crowd, the space required depends on the type of seating, the slope of the
floor, and the sight lines to the stage.
 For fixed seats with aisles, a multiple-aisle arrangement will have a maximum of 14–16
chairs per row with access to an aisle-way at both ends. A continental arrangement will
have all seats in a central section, but will require wider row spacing, wider aisles, and
strategically located exit doors.

Some additional points about auditoriums:

 Seating Arrangement: The seating in an auditorium is usually tiered or sloped to ensure

that everyone has an unobstructed view of the stage. The layout can vary, including
orchestra, mezzanine, and balcony sections.
 Stage Area: The stage is the focal point of an auditorium. It can be equipped with
curtains, backdrops, and stage machinery to support various types of performances and
presentations.
 Acoustic Treatment: Proper acoustic treatment is essential in an auditorium to ensure
that sound is evenly distributed and clear. This can include the use of sound-reflecting
panels, diffuser, and absorptive materials.
 Technology and Equipment: Modern auditoriums are equipped with high-quality sound
systems, projectors, and other audiovisual equipment to support diverse events such as
multimedia presentations, movies, and live performances.
 Accessibility: Auditoriums are designed to be accessible to all individuals, including
those with disabilities. This includes wheelchair-accessible seating, ramps, and assistive
listening devices.
 Safety Measures: Auditoriums are equipped with safety features like emergency exits,
fire suppression systems, and clear signage to ensure the safety of all attendees.
 Audience Experience: The overall design aims to provide a comfortable and engaging
experience for the audience, with considerations for sight lines, acoustics, climate
control, and seating comfort.

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General Planning Principles & Factors Which Are Important For The Good
Acoustical Condition In Hall:
 Site selection & planning
 Dimensions
 Shape
 Seat & seating arrangement
 Treatment of interior surfaces
 Reverberation & sound absorption

Site selection & planning in the Auditorium Hall:

o The problem of noise is an important
consideration in design.
o A noise survey of the area should be made.
o The site selected should depend upon its
surroundings.
o Sound insulation like plantation should be provided.
o Prudish orientation, place selection into cases where no air conditioning remains
provided.

Dimensions in the Auditorium Hall:

o The site should be fixed concerning some audiences required to be seated.
o Also in proportion to the intensity of sound to be generated.
o During music halls, the volume should be large so that sufficient spaces are available for
some music to spread in that hall.
o For lecture halls, small volumes are useful.

Shape of the Auditorium Hall:

o The shape of a hall or auditorium is an important factor
o The shape of the hall is geometrically arranged in the view of better audibility.
o A fan shape floor plan is preferred.
o The side walls should be arranged to have an angle of not more than 100 degrees with a
certain line.
o The distance of the farthest seats from the curtain line should not normally exceed 23 m.

Seat & seating arrangement in the Auditorium Hall:

o The seat should be arranged in concentric arcs our circles.
o Every angle subtended including horizontal at some front-most observer by the highest
object should not exceed 30°
o For drama, the distance of the first row is about 3.6m.
o For the cinema, it is 4.5m.
o The width of the seat should be 45cm to 56 cm.
o For the balcony, its projection into the hall should not be more than twice the free
height of the opening of the balcony.

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Treatment of interior surfaces of the Auditorium Hall:
o Ceilings, sidewalls, and rear walls play an important role in acoustical design.
o The ceiling & wall should provide favourable reflection.
o Each auditorium's rear walls should be each flat or convex in shape.

Reverberation & sound absorption of the Auditorium Hall:

o A certain amount of reverberation is desirable, especially for giving richness to the
music.
o But too much reverberation is undesirable.
o The optimum time for reverberation in a hall depends upon the purpose for which it is
to be used, the audience factor.

Some important Components associated with auditorium:

Wind Ties:
Wind ties are structural elements used to reinforce the stability of buildings, especially in areas
prone to high winds or seismic activity. In an auditorium, wind ties might be incorporated into
the building's design to ensure its structural integrity and safety, particularly if the auditorium is
large or located in a region susceptible to strong winds or earthquakes. They help prevent the
building from swaying excessively during such events, safeguarding both the structure and the
people inside.
There are different types of wind ties for roofs, depending on the roof profile, material, and
installation method. Some examples are:
 External seam clamps: These are small aluminium clamps that are placed over the seam
of standing seam metal roofs at given intervals. They prevent male-to-female seam
separation and increase the failure pressure of the roof.
 Flat iron sections: These are flat metal bars that are fixed at the eave ends of
corrugated asbestos cement sheets. They are secured with the same hook bolts that
hold the sheets to the purlins.
 Collar and rafter ties: These are wooden or metal members that connect the rafters of
a roof at different heights. Collar ties prevent separation of the roof at the ridge due to
wind uplift, while rafter ties resist the forces caused by gravity loads that would
otherwise cause the roof to collapse and push out the sidewalls.

Carpets/Flooring:
A fire-resistant carpet is a type of flooring material that has been treated with chemicals or
made of natural fibers that can slow down or prevent the spread of fire. Fire resistant carpets
can help reduce the risk of fire damage and protect the occupants of a building in case of a fire
emergency. Some examples of fire-resistant carpets are:
 Wool carpets: Wool is a natural fibre that has high ignition temperature, low flame
spread, and self-extinguishing properties. Wool carpets are also durable, comfortable,
and eco-friendly.

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  Nylon carpets: Nylon is a synthetic fibre that has good resistance to heat and flame.
Nylon carpets are also stain-resistant, easy to clean, and affordable.
 Polypropylene carpets: Polypropylene is another synthetic fibre that has low
flammability and high melting point. Polypropylene carpets are also water resistant,
fade-resistant, and low-maintenance. Polypropylene carpets can also be treated with
fire retardant chemicals to improve their fire resistance.
 Linoleum carpets: Linoleum is a natural material made of linseed oil, wood flour, cork
dust, and resin. Linoleum carpets are biodegradable, antibacterial, and anti-static.
Linoleum carpets have low flammability and can resist moderate heat and flame.
 Laminate carpets: Laminate is a composite material made of layers of wood, paper, or
plastic. Laminate carpets are durable, scratch-resistant, and easy to install. Laminate
carpets have moderate flammability and can resist high temperatures and flame.
 Polyvinyl flooring: is a type of resilient flooring that is made from a mixture of polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) and plasticizers. It is a popular choice for areas that require a durable and
easy-to-clean surface, such as kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry rooms. Polyvinyl
flooring is available in a wide range of colour and patterns, including wood-look and
stone-look designs. It is also available in different thicknesses, with thicker options
providing more cushioning and insulation.

Entries and Exits:

 Entries and exits are the points where people can enter or leave a hall. They are
important for ensuring the safety and convenience of the users.
 According to the National Building Code of India (NBC), which provides guidelines for
residential buildings, every building must have an exit that allows safe escape of
residents in times of fire or earthquakes. An exit must be clearly visible and illuminated.
The NBC also specifies the capacity of exits for different types of buildings, such as
apartments, hotels, or dormitories.
 In addition to the NBC, there are other factors that can affect the design and placement
of entries and exits in a hall. People may use hallways, paths, entries and exits to get
around the building.
 Another aspect to consider is the accessibility of entries and exits for people with
disabilities. The NBC requires that every building must have an accessible entry for
people with disabilities. Similarly, emergency exits must also be usable by people with
disabilities. This may involve providing ramps, lifts, or handrails to facilitate their
movement.
 Another aspect to consider is the accessibility of entries and exits for people with
disabilities. Similarly, emergency exits must also be usable by people with disabilities.
This may involve providing ramps, lifts, or handrails to facilitate their movement.

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Hall Shape:
The shape of the hall is geometrically arranged in the view of better audibility. A fan shape floor
plan is preferred. The side walls should be arranged to have an angle of not more than 100
degrees with a certain line.

Air Handling Unit:

An air handling unit (AHU) is a device that regulates and circulates air as part of a heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning system. It is usually a large metal box that contains a fan, a
filter, a coil, and sometimes a heat exchanger. It can also have other components, such as
dampers, silencers, plenums, and humidifiers.

The main functions of an AHU are to:

 Provide fresh outdoor air and remove stale indoor air
 Filter and purify the air to improve its quality
 Control the temperature and humidity of the air to create a comfortable environment
 Distribute the conditioned air to different zones or rooms through ducts or directly

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36
 STEEL TRUSSES IN NEW AUDITORIUM:
A steel truss framework in an auditorium is a structural system composed of interconnected
beams arranged in triangles to distribute loads efficiently. It provides support for the roof,
helping to span large distances without the need for columns, thus maximizing space for
seating and activities. Trusses are often made of steel or wood and are engineered to
withstand the specific loads and stresses of the auditorium environment. They're crucial for
maintaining the structural integrity of the space while allowing for expansive, open interiors.

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In an auditorium, the truss system typically consists of several key components:

 Top and Bottom Chords: These are the horizontal members at the top and bottom of
the truss, forming the top and bottom edges of the triangle. They bear the majority of
the load and provide stability to the structure.

 Web Members: These are the diagonal members that connect the top and bottom
chords. They help distribute loads and provide additional stability to the truss.

 Nodes: Nodes are the points where the chords and web members intersect. They are
crucial for transferring loads between the various members and ensuring the overall
stability of the truss.

 End Supports: These are the points where the truss is anchored to the surrounding
structure or foundation. They provide support and help distribute the weight of the
truss system.

 Bracing: Bracing members are additional diagonal or vertical members added to the
truss to further increase its stability and resistance to lateral forces, such as wind or
seismic loads.

 Connections: The connections between the truss members are typically welded, bolted,
or riveted to ensure structural integrity and load transfer throughout the system.

These components work together to form a rigid and efficient structural system that supports
the roof and other loads in the auditorium while maximizing space for seating and activities.

Bolted connections Welded connections

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PROJECT 3: public toilet

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General Considerations:
The construction of a public toilet requires careful planning, adherence
to building codes and regulations, and consideration of hygiene,
accessibility, and durability.

Here are the key steps involved in constructing a public

toilet:
 Site Selection and Preparation:
o Choose an appropriate location for the public toilet that is easily
accessible to the public and in compliance with local zoning
regulations.
o Prepare the site by clearing any existing structures or debris and
ensuring proper drainage and utility connections.
 Design and Layout:
o Develop a detailed architectural and engineering plan for the
public toilet, considering factors such as the number of toilet
stalls, urinals, sinks, accessibility features, and ventilation.
o Incorporate separate sections for men and women, as well as
facilities for people with disabilities, as required by building
codes and accessibility standards
 Foundation and Structural Work:
o Construct the foundation and structural elements of the
building, including walls, floors, and roof, using durable and
weather-resistant materials
 Plumbing and Electrical:
o Install the plumbing system, including sewer lines, water supply,
toilet fixtures, sinks, and urinals.
o Install electrical wiring and lighting fixtures to ensure proper
illumination and safety.
 Ventilation:
o Ensure proper ventilation to maintain air quality and minimize
odors inside the public toilet. This may include exhaust fans and
vents.

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 Interior Finishes:
o Apply suitable interior finishes, such as tiles or waterproof
coatings, to walls and floors for ease of cleaning and
maintenance.
o Install partitions and privacy screens between toilet stalls and
urinals for user comfort and privacy.
 Accessibility Features:
o Incorporate features to make the public toilet accessible to
people with special abilities, such as wheelchair-accessible
stalls, grab bars, and signage complying with accessibility
guidelines.
 Hygiene and Maintenance:
o Provide hand washing facilities with soap and water or hand
sanitize dispensers for users to maintain hygiene.
o Design the public toilet layout in a way that facilitates easy
cleaning and maintenance.

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FOOTING AND COLUMN DETAILS

42
 GRADE BEAM LAYOUT PLAN

ROOF BEAM AND SLAB LAYOUT PLAN

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Public Toilet plan of NIT Durgapur

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 Form-work of Grade Beam

Form-work, also known as shuttering, is a temporary structure or mold

used in construction to support and shape fresh concrete until it gains
sufficient strength to carry its own weight and the loads imposed on it.
Form-work is a crucial component in concrete construction and ensures
that concrete is poured into the desired shape and size, resulting in a
sturdy and accurately formed structure.

Key aspects of form-work in construction include:

 Types of Form-work:
o Traditional Form-work: Made of timber, this type is commonly
used for simple structures and is cost-effective
o Engineered/Formed Form-work: Constructed usingpre-fabricated
panels made of metal, plywood, or plastic, offering
greater re-usability and efficiency.
 Form-work Components:
o Form Panels: The primary surface that faces the freshly
poured concrete and gives it shape
o Form' Ties: Connect form panels together and withstand the
lateral pressure exerted by the wet concrete.
o Form-work Supports: Provide stability to the form-work,
ensuring it can carry the weight of the wet concrete.
o Form-work Accessories: Additional components such as
walers, strong backs, and spacers help enhance form-work
stability and performance.
 Construction Process:
o The form-work is assembled and secured in place, following
the design and layout of the structure to be built.
o Reinforcement is positioned within the form-work to provide
additional strength to the concrete.
o Fresh concrete is poured into the form-work, taking care to
avoid voids and ensuring even distribution.
o The concrete is then left to cure and gain strength before the
form-work is removed.

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 Re-usability:
o Form-work materials that are sturdy and well-maintained can
be reused multiple times, optimizing construction costs and
reducing waste.
 Safety Considerations:
o Properly constructed and braced form-work is essential to
prevent accidents and ensure worker safety during concrete
pouring.
 Form-work Removal:
o The form-work should not be removed until the concrete has
gained sufficient strength to support its own weight and any
additional loads.
o The timing of form-work removal depends on factors like
concrete mix design, weather conditions, and the size of the
structure.

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 Damp Proof Course (DPC)
A damp proof course (DPC) is a critical feature in building construction
designed to prevent moisture from rising through walls and floors. Here's a
concise overview:

 Purpose:
To prevent moisture from the ground from rising up through the walls of a
building, which can lead to dampness, structural damage, and mold growth.

 Materials:
Typically made from materials that are impermeable to water, such as:
- Bituminous felt
- Plastic sheeting (polyethylene)
- Slate
- Engineering bricks
- Metal sheets (like lead or copper)
 Placement:
Installed horizontally in the walls of a building, usually at least 150mm
above ground level. It can also be placed vertically in some situations to
block moisture pathways.

47
  Installation:
It is done as mentioned below
- In masonry walls, it is inserted during the construction process.
- For existing buildings, chemical DPCs or physical barriers can be
retrofitted.

 Benefits:
- Prevents rising damp
- Protects structural integrity
- Enhances indoor air quality by preventing mold and mildew
- Preserves aesthetic appearance by preventing plaster and paint from
peeling

 Regulations:
Building codes in many regions require the installation of a DPC in new
constructions and significant renovations to ensure buildings are protected
from moisture-related issues.

A properly installed DPC is essential for maintaining the longevity and health of a
building by effectively managing moisture and preventing associated problems.

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 Some other important Terms:

TILES:
Tiles come in a variety of materials, styles, and applications. Here’s an overview of
different types of tiles commonly used in construction and home design:

 Ceramic Tiles
o Glazed Ceramic Tiles: These have a glass-like coating, offering a
wide range of colors and patterns. They are easy to clean and are
suitable for walls and low-traffic floor areas.
o Unglazed Ceramic Tiles: These are more natural-looking with a
matte finish. They are more slip-resistant and often used for high-
traffic areas.

 Porcelain Tiles
o Full-Bodied Porcelain: The color and pattern run through the entire
thickness, making chips less noticeable. These are extremely durable
and ideal for high-traffic areas.
o Glazed Porcelain: Similar to glazed ceramic but denser and more
durable. Suitable for both floors and walls.

 Natural Stone Tiles

o Marble: Luxurious and elegant with unique veining patterns.
Requires sealing and maintenance to prevent staining and scratching.
o Granite: Hard and durable, often used for counter-tops and high-
traffic floors. Available in various colors and patterns.
o Slate: Natural, rustic look with good slip resistance. Suitable for both
indoor and outdoor use.
o Travertine: Soft and porous with a naturally pitted surface. Needs to
be sealed and is often used for flooring and wall cladding.
o Limestone: Soft, elegant stone that requires sealing. Commonly used
for floors and walls.
o Sandstone: Durable and slip-resistant, often used in outdoor spaces.

49
  Terracotta Tiles
o Made from baked clay, these tiles have a warm, rustic look. They are
porous and need sealing, commonly used for floors.

 Mosaic Tiles
o These can be made from various materials like glass, ceramic, stone,
or metal. They are small and often used to create intricate patterns
and designs on walls and floors.

Each type of tile has its unique properties and ideal applications, making it
important to choose the right type based on the specific needs of our project.

50
 SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK PIT:
When designing a public toilet, a septic tank combined with a soak pit (also
known as a leach pit or drain field) is a common and effective solution for waste-
water management.
Here's an overview of how these components work together:

Septic Tank
Function:
 A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or
plastic through which domestic waste-water (sewage) flows for basic
treatment.
 The primary purpose of the septic tank is to separate solids from liquids.
The heavier solids settle at the bottom, forming sludge, while lighter solids
and grease float to the top, forming scum.
 Anaerobic digestion takes place in the tank, where bacteria break down the
organic matter.

Components:
 Inlet Pipe: Allows waste-water from the public toilet to enter the tank.
 Baffles: Prevent the scum layer from leaving the tank and help distribute
the inflow evenly.
 Outlet Pipe: Transfers the partially treated effluent to the soak pit or drain
field.

Maintenance:
 Periodic pumping is necessary to remove the accumulated sludge and scum
to prevent overflow and maintain efficiency.

Soak Pit
Function:
A soak pit is a covered, porous-walled chamber that allows the liquid effluent
from the septic tank to percolate into the surrounding soil.
The primary purpose is to treat and disperse the effluent into the ground, which
further purifies it through natural filtration and microbial activity.

51
Design Consideration:
 Location: Should be placed at an adequate distance from water sources,
buildings, and the septic tank to prevent contamination and ensure proper
percolation.
 Size: Depends on the volume of effluent and the soil's percolation rate.
Typically, it's a cylindrical pit filled with stones, gravel, or other coarse
material to support infiltration.
 Construction: Often made of brick or stone with gaps left between the
materials to allow water to seep out.
Maintenance:
 Regular inspection to ensure there is no blockage or clogging.
 Should be designed to handle the expected volume of waste-water without
overflow.

Manholes
Manholes are critical components in urban
infrastructure, providing access to
underground utilities like sewer systems,
storm water drains, and electrical conduits.
Here’s a comprehensive overview of
manholes:

Materials Used :

Concrete: Most common material due to its

strength and durability
 Brick: Used in older constructions; can still be found in many places.
 Polymer: Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, suitable for certain
applications.
 Composite Materials: Increasingly used due to their light weight and
resistance to corrosion and theft.

Components of a Manhole:
 Cover: The top part, which can be removed to access the manhole. Made
from cast iron, steel, or composite materials.
o Light, weight of cover with frame is around 38 kg
o Circular, weight of cover with frame is around 56 kg
 Frame: Supports the cover and provides a stable opening.
 Chamber: The main body of the manhole, providing access to the utilities.
Can be circular or rectangular.

52
  Steps/Ladders: Installed inside for safe descent and ascent.
 Base: The bottom part of the manhole, often reinforced to withstand the
load

Manholes in public toilets serve several important purposes:

 Access for Maintenance: Manholes provide access to the sewer or
drainage system beneath the public toilet facility, allowing maintenance
workers to inspect, clean, and perform repairs as needed.
 Emergency Access: In case of blockages or other emergencies in the sewer
lines, manholes provide a point of entry for personnel to address the issue
promptly.
 Ventilation: Manholes can also serve as ventilation points for the sewer
system, allowing gases to escape and preventing the buildup of harmful
fumes within the toilet facility.
 Monitoring: Manholes may be equipped with monitoring equipment to
track the flow and condition of waste-water, helping authorities detect and
address issues such as leaks or overflows.

Overall, manholes play a crucial role in the proper functioning and maintenance
of public toilet facilities, ensuring hygiene, safety, and efficient operation.

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 Integration for Public Toilets:
 Design Phase:
o Capacity Planning: Estimate the number of users and calculate the
expected waste-water volume to size both the septic tank and the
soak pit adequately.
o Soil Testing: Conduct percolation tests to determine the soil's
absorption capacity, which will influence the soak pit design.
 Construction:
o Septic Tank: Install a septic tank with appropriate capacity, ensuring
it is watertight and properly vented.
o Soak Pit: Construct a soak pit with sufficient depth and diameter,
considering the soil type and percolation rate.
 Operation and Maintenance:
o Regular Inspection: Monitor both the septic tank and soak pit to
ensure they are functioning correctly.
o Pumping Schedule: Establish a regular schedule for pumping the
septic tank to remove sludge and scum.
o Blockage Prevention: Ensure that the inlet and outlet pipes are clear
of obstructions and that the effluent is flowing freely into the soak
pit.

Benefits:
 Cost-Effective: Septic tanks and soak pits are relatively low-cost solutions
compared to building extensive sewage infrastructure.
 Scalable: Suitable for varying sizes of public toilets, from small installations
to larger facilities.
 Environmentally Friendly: When properly maintained, they provide an
effective means of waste-water treatment that minimizes environmental
impact.

Challenges:
 Regular Maintenance: Requires regular maintenance to prevent system
failure.
 Space Requirements: Needs sufficient space for both the septic tank and
soak pit.
 Soil Conditions: Effectiveness can be limited by soil type and groundwater
levels.

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 Types of pipe joints in sewage system
 Threaded Joint:Pipes have threaded ends that can be screwed together,
often used for smaller diameter pipes.

 Flanged Joint: Pipes have flanges at the ends, which are bolted together
with gaskets to create a seal. This type is common for larger diameter pipes
or where frequent disassemble is needed.

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 Welded Joint: Pipes are welded together at the joints, creating a
permanent and strong connection.

 Flushed joint:A type of tubing connection in which the internal or

external surfaces are the same diameter throughout the tubing joint.
Internal flush joints are most common, offering no restriction to fluid
flow. Externally flush joints are typically used in more specialized
applications, such as washover pipe for fishing operations, to allow
adequate outer diameter clearance

56
  Expansion joints:Expansion joints are installed in a piping system to
absorb vibration and shock. They also have advantages for thermal
expansion in hot applications.

 Lead joints: Lead joints were historically used in sewage systems for
their ability to create tight seals by pacing oakum and pouring molten lead.
However due to leads toxicity and potential for corrosion , these joints
pose serious health and environmental risk .

Each type has its advantages and is chosen based on factors like pipe material,
diameter, and the required strength of the joint.

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 Flow of drainage system of public toilet:
1.Toilet Fixtures:
Toilets, urinals, sinks, and floor drains are installed in the public restroom .

2.Waste Collection:
I)Waste from toilets, urinals, and sinks flows through drain pipes.
Ii)Wastes from toilets and urinals are collected trough drain pipes to sewer line.
Iii)Wastes from sinks are collected into drainage system.

3.Drain Pipes
I)Drain pipes are typically made of PVC or cast iron and are installed beneath the
floor or within walls.
II)Pipes are sloped to ensure proper drainage and flow of waste.
III)Floor drains are connected to the main drain system to collect waste water and
prevent flooding.

4.Grease Traps
In some cases, grease traps may be installed to capture grease and oil from sinks
to prevent clogging in the drainage system.

5.Main Sewer Line:

I)Drain pipes connect to the main sewer line, which is typically larger in diameter
and located underground.
II)The main sewer line may be connected to the municipal sewage system or an
on-site septic tank.

6.Municipal Sewer System:

I)If connected to the municipal sewage system, waste flows into the city's sewer
lines.
II)Municipal sewer lines transport waste-water to treatment facilities.

7.Treatment:
I)At treatment facilities, waste-water undergoes various treatment processes,
including screening, settling, biological treatment, and disinfection.
II)These processes remove solids, organic matter, pathogens, and other
contaminants from the waste-water.

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8.Disposal or Reuse
I)Treated waste-water may be discharged into bodies of water, such as rivers or
oceans, in compliance with environmental regulations.
II)Alternatively, treated waste-water may be reused for purposes such as
irrigation, industrial processes, or groundwater recharge.

9.Maintenance:
I)Regular inspection and maintenance of the drainage system are essential to
prevent blockages, leaks, and other issues.
II)Maintenance tasks may include cleaning drains, inspecting pipes for damage,
and repairing or replacing damaged components

59
 Conclusion of summer training at cpwd
The summer training at CPWD provided a comprehensive and invaluable experience
in the field of civil engineering and construction management. Throughout this
training, we had the opportunity to visit and learn from various construction
projects within the campus of NIT Durgapur, including the construction of a car
parking facility, the completed steel trusses in the auditorium, and the construction
of a public toilet.

We gained practical insights into the intricate processes involved in construction

projects, from initial client requisition and joint planning meetings to the detailed
estimation, tendering, and final execution stages. Observing the CPWD's structured
approach, including rigorous project supervision, quality checks of materials, and lab
testing for soil and concrete strength, has enhanced our understanding of
maintaining high standards in construction.

Visiting the completed steel trusses in the auditorium provided us with a valuable
learning experience on the design and implementation of structural frameworks.
Additionally, witnessing the construction of the car parking facility and public toilet
highlighted the importance of precision, safety, and efficiency in construction
practices.

The hands-on experience of seeing steel frameworks, the use of wind ties, and the
implementation of site safety rules underscored the critical aspects of structural
integrity and workplace safety. This training has equipped us with valuable skills and
knowledge that will undoubtedly benefit us in our future careers as civil engineers.

In conclusion, the summer training at CPWD was a transformative experience,

providing us with both theoretical knowledge and practical exposure to real-world
construction challenges and solutions. We are grateful for the opportunity to learn
from seasoned professionals and to witness firsthand the dedication and expertise
that go into creating safe, durable, and functional structures.

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Photo gallery

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