GIS & REMOTE

SENSING
FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo- 2023

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023
What is monitoring and Evaluation

• Monitoring – The process of continuously collecting , analyzing ,

and reviewing data about project interventions, service
implementation , product development etc.
• Evaluation- is the process of determining the levels at which the
results conform to the stneeds or goals. It aims to earth reasons of
the discrepancies and mitigation measures

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

WHAT IS GIS?

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 Definition of GIS

• GIS as a “Set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and
displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes”
(Burrough 1987)
• GIS as a “computer - assisted system for the capture, storage, retrieval,
analysis and display of spatial data, within a particular organization” (Stillwell
and Clarke 1987)
• GIS as a computer-based system that provides four sets of capabilities to
handle georeferenced data, viz., data input, data management (data storage
and retrieval), manipulation analysis, and data output (Aronoff 1989)
• Users can visualize, explore, and analyze data by location, revealing hidden
patterns, relationships, and trends that are not readily apparent in
spreadsheets or statistical packages. As an extremely powerful and versatile
tool, GIS had proven as invaluable in solving many real-world problems, which
include mapping, monitoring, and management of land resources
Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023
 GIS

• Today GIS is multibillion industry , employing hundreds of thousands of

people
• It is now taught ins schools, colleges and universities across the world
• Professionals and spacialists in every discipline are becoming aware of
the advantages of using GIS for addressing their unique spatial
problems

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

OBJECTIVES OF GIS IN M&E

• Maximising the efficiency of planning and decision making

• Integrating information from multiple sources
• Facillitating complex querying and analysis

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 WHY IS GIS SO IMPORTANT?

• Presenting data in the

form of a map helps to
understand the
significance of where,
when, and by whom.

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 HISTORY OF GIS
• 1834- French Geographer Charles Piquet represented the 48 Districts of
Paris by color gradient according to the percentage of Deaths per 1000
inhabitants.
• 1854- John Snow depicted cholera outbreak in London using points to
represent the locations of some individual cases (Earliest use of GIS in
Epidemiology)
• His study of the distribution of cholera led to the source of the disease
being identified (Broad Street pump)
• 1960 – First true operational GIS in Otawa, Ontario, Canada by the
Federal Department of Forestry and Rural Dvelopment.
• The Canada Geographic Information System- Land Inventory of Canada
Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023
HISTORY….cont

• In 1986 the Mapping Display and Analysis System (MIDAS ) , the

first desktop GIS product emerged. It was later renamed in 1990 to
MapInfo.
• The first use of the term GIS was by Roger Tomlison –
Acknowledged as the father of GIS

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 COMPONENTS OF GIS
• GIS provides functionalities
for data capture, data
management, data
manipulation, data analysis
and visualization of the
results in both graphic and
report form.
• These are linked together
through databases and
networks

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 HARDWARE

• It consists of the equipments and

support devices that are required
to capture, store , process and
visualize geographic information
• These include Hard disks,
computers, digitisers, scanners,
printers and plotters
• Today users can interact with GIS
through a device in a different
building or even different country
• Cloud Computing – Real time
access
• Peripheral Devices- mobile
devices to collect data and make
field observations
Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023
SOFTWARE

• The range in GIS Software systems is as variable as the hardware it

runs on.
• Their functionalities is centred on four common capabilities
a. Data Input
b. Data Storage and database management
c. Data output and presentation
d. Data transformations, analysis and modelling

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023
 DATA
• Data is a fundamental pillar of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It
forms the foundation upon which all GIS analysis, visualization, and
decision-making are built.
• The data consists of Spatial, Non-spatial and Meta data.
• Spatial data represents the geographic features of the Earth's surface, such
as points, lines, polygons, and raster images.
• Attribute data describes the characteristics of spatial features. It is stored in
tabular formats and is linked to spatial data through a common identifier.
This data can include information like population, land use, or temperature

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

SOURCES OF DATA IN GIS

• Data collected directly for a specific

GIS project, often through surveys,
GPS, or remote sensing
• Existing data sources that were
collected for other purposes but can be
repurposed for GIS projects. These
sources include government
databases, academic research, and
publicly available datasets.

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 SPATIAL DATA
• Anything that is anywhere , either tangible such as a road or intangible
such as religious adherence is a spatial phenomenon having location
and is capable pf being mapped
• Spatial data is data whose location (x,y) is known or data that is spatially
referenced
• Geographic data come in four basic forms: points, lines, polygons (or
areas), and surfaces. A fifth form, related to surfaces, is volumes

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 • The basic elements of spatial
or geographic data include the
location of such features (i.e.,
coordinates), the attribute data
(i.e., the phenomena of
interest), and a
• transformation to convert
geographic locations into a
position on a flat surface (i.e.,
• a projection).
Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023
 ATTRIBUTE DATA

• Attribute data refers to tabular data which records characteristics of geo

features

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

PEOPLE

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 THE PEOPLE

• Includes all those individuals (programmer, database manager, GIS

researchers, GIS analysts) who make GIS work and individuals who are the
the users of GIS services , applications and tools
• Place is nolonger a dormanin of geographers, geodesists and earth
scientists
• Behind the scenes there are GIS developers- who build applications,
database systems.
• These maybe a continent away but we are connected to them through
information networks
• Second group are GIS end users or practitioners

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 METHODS
• These include ways by which data has to be input in the system ,
retrieved, processed, transformed and presented.
• These methods can include spatial analysis techniques such as buffering
or overlaying layers of data to identify patterns or relationships.
• It may also include the organizational policies for collecting spatial data,
analyzing, and using the results for planning and implementation

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 CAPABILITIES OF GIS

• GIS has 5 main functions or capabilities:

1. Data Capture/ Input
2. Data Storage and Retrieval (Management)
3. Data Manipulation
4. Data Analysis
5. Data Ouput (Visualisation)

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 DATA INPUT/CAPTURE
• This function involves the
collection of data from
various sources such as
GPS, satellite imagery, and
surveys.
• The data is then converted
into a digital format that can
be used in GIS software.

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 DATA CAPTURE IN M&E
Capturing data on crop yields, soil quality, and weather patterns to help
farmers make informed decisions about planting and harvesting crops.
Capturing data on disease outbreaks, vaccination coverage, and health
service utilization to help public health officials identify areas of need and
allocate resources effectively
Capturing data on wildlife populations, habitat quality, and land use to help
conservationists identify areas of high ecological value and prioritize
conservation efforts.
Capturing data on traffic patterns, road conditions, and public transportation
usage to help transportation planners identify areas of congestion and plan for
future infrastructure improvements.
Capturing data on population density, land use, and infrastructure to help
urban planners design more livable cities that meet the needs of residents.

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

SOURCES OF DATA INPUT INCLUDE:
• Text files
• Existing maps
• Aerial photographs
• Satelite Imagery
• Airborne sensors
• Field measurements
• Websites
• Social Media

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 Data Management (Storage and Retrieval)
• This function involves the organization and
storage of data in a GIS database.
• The data can be retrieved and used for
analysis or visualization
• This subsystem organizes data (Spatial and
Attribute) in a form which permits it to be
quickly retrieved by the user for analysis and
also updates to be made
• Data is organized though Database
Management Systems (DBMS)
• File formats – Vector vs Raster formats
Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023
Data Manipulation

• is the process of modifying data to suit specific needs. It includes

operations such as merging and clipping
• include geocoding, reprojecting, and converting data between different
formats.

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

DATA ANALYSIS

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

Spatial analysis

• is the process of analyzing spatial relationships between features in

a dataset. For example, you can use spatial analysis to determine
the proximity of features to one another, or to identify areas that
meet specific criteria.

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

Network analysis

• is the process of analyzing networks such as roads, pipelines, or

electrical grids.
• Network analysis can be used to determine the shortest path
between two points on a network, or to identify areas that are most
vulnerable to disruption

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

Statistical analysis

• is the process of analyzing data using statistical methods.

• Statistical analysis can be used to identify trends in data, or to
determine the relationship between different variables.
• For example, you can use statistical analysis to determine whether
there is a correlation between population density and crime rates.

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

Market Analysis

• GIS can be used to

analyze market trends
and consumer behavior.
For example, you can use
GIS to identify areas with
high demand for a
particular product or
service.

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 Buffer Analysis

• is the process of creating a zone around a geographic feature

containing locations that are within a specified distance of that feature.
• This zone is called the buffer zone.
• Buffers are typically used to create areas that can be further analyzed
using a tool such as Overlay Layers.
• For example, if the question is “What buildings are within 1 metre of the
school?”, the answer can be found by creating a 1-metre buffer around
the school and overlaying the buffer with the layer containing building
footprints

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

Buffer Zones

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 PRACTICE
• World Vision initiated a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) project in a
particular ward with the aim of ensuring that all 562 households (HHs) in
the project area have access to a water source within a 1km-meter radius. At
the beginning of the project, there were only 2 boreholes serving the entire
ward. After 6 months of the project, additional 8 boreholes have been
constructed.
• a) Calculate the number of households (HHs) that now have access to safe water
in the ward within a distance of 1km.
• b) Determine the number of HHs that still lack access to safe water in the ward.
• c) Calculate the percentage progress made towards achieving the project target of
providing safe water access to all HHs within a 500-meter radius.
Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023
 OVERLAY ANALYSIS
• is a GIS operation that combines two or more spatial data layers to create a
new output layer.
• The new layer contains information from both input layers, such as the
intersection, union, or difference of the features in the input layers .
• For example, overlay analysis can be used to create a flood map by
combining data on elevation, slope, land cover, rainfall, and distance from
water bodies. The resulting map can be used to identify areas that are at high
risk of flooding and prioritize flood mitigation efforts

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

DATA VISUALISATION

• GIS allow users

to generate
graphic displays
normally maps,
tables, charts,
graphs,
animations and
reports

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 APPLCATIONS OF GIS
• Water Resource Management
• Land degradation
• Land use and Land cover change
• Disaster Risk Management
• Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
• Food Security and Poverty Reduction
• Health and Telemedicine
• Land Administration/Cadastre

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

Applications of GIS

• Socio-Economic mapping
• Utility Management
• Transport
• Media (e.g. TV: for
Reporting, Marketing,
Advertising, etc.)

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 NATURAL RESOURCES MGNT

• Monitoring endangered species and their habitats

• Monitoring the impact of human influence on various natural resources
• Land conservation, farm planning, and precision farming in agriculture
• Timber assessment management, harvest scheduling and planning, forest
planning and environmental impact assessment, pest management in forestry
• Habitat assessment and management, rare species studies in wildlife
• Analysis and determination of factors that affect the utilization of natural
resources
• Providing hydrological data for the analysis of watershed management and
Watershed analysis

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 LAND DEGRADATION
• Soil Erosion Modelling
• Monitoring deforestation
• Burnt Area
• Changes in Water Surface Area
• Wind scars

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

• Droughts
• Floods
• Earth Quakes
• Risk Assessments
• Veld Fires
• Search and Rescue
• Terrorism and Wars
• Evacuation routes
• Pandemics
• Post Disaster Damage Assessment
• Reconstruction and Rehab

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023

 URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

• Urban Sprawl Analysis

• Cadastral Mapping and Management
• Land use/ Landcover Mapping
• Site suitability
• Protected Zones
• Utility Management
• Urban Surface Temperatures
• Transportation

Lecturer: Bukhosi Ngqabutho Khumalo, Lupane State University 2023