SYLLABUS

UNIT – II
• Hazards:
– Fire,
– Chemical (industrial and laboratory scale),
– electrical,
– mechanical,
– biohazards (natural and anthropogenic),
– toxic materials,
• Their types and preventive measures,
• Liquid and vapor phase hazardous methods,
• Storage and handling,
• Containment,
• Precautions,
• Personal safety precautions.
History of Workplace Injuries and Fatalities

• According to statistics, men are

most likely to be injured in
workplaces. But does this mean that
any type of job put men in danger?
• Clearly, the answer is No as it seems
that there are more men working in
hazardous work environments than
women.
• Therefore, the chance of men
getting injured in those
environments is higher.
• What other reasons can cause men
to have a higher injury rates?
 Hazard is a potential source of danger that can result in
death or injuries when it is active.

Ergonomic Chemical

Psychosocial Biological

Physical Safety

High Risk
Activities
Workplace Hazards – Ergonomics

This is a common type that occurs due to improper performance of

conducting work duties such as repetitive movement, lifting, sitting,
improper set up of work stations, etc.
Ergonomic Hazards

• Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of

work, body positions and working
conditions put strain on the worker’s body.
• These damages may not be effective
immediately and can cause injuries over
the time.
• Short term injuries may result in muscle
pain and sore muscles however, the long
term exposure may cause serious health
problems.
Ergonomic Hazards

• Examples of ergonomic Hazards are:

– Improperly adjusted workstations and
chairs
– Frequent lifting
– Poor posture
– Awkward movements such as shaking
legs, especially if they are repetitive
– Repeating the same movements over
and over
– Using excessive force
– Vibration
Hazard Control – Ergonomic

• Preventive solutions
- Regardless of whether or not workers have reported
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD_symptoms, or whether or not
they have filed claims, MSD prevention needs to be a key part of
a workplace health and safety program. MSD risk factors should
be handled like any other workplace hazard.
Hazard Control – Ergonomic

Employers should:
• Advise and train workers about the MSD risk factors in their job
and in the workplace
• Encourage workers to participate in the health and safety
program through early reporting of MSD symptoms or concerns
• Identify and assess job related MSD risk factors
• Put in place controls to reduce workers’ exposure to MSD risk
factors, including design considerations
• Follow-up to make sure preventive measures are working
Hazard Control – Ergonomic

What engineering designs would you consider to reduce MSDs?

Hazard Control – Ergonomic

• Designs as simple as the

raising cart in the figure,
can simply reduce the
risks of MSD.
• It is important to ensure
equipment maintenance
can be conducted in an
ergonomically friendly
way, without excessive
bending, reaching, etc.
Workplace Hazards – Chemical Hazards

Any chemical source such as release of chemical materials with toxic

properties.
Chemical Hazards

• Chemical hazards in the workplaces will vary

by the type of industry.
• Some most common hazards at workplaces
are:
• Liquids like cleaning products, paints,
acids, solvents especially chemicals in an
unlabeled container (warning sign!)
• Vapors and fumes, for instance those
that come from welding or exposure to
solvents
• Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon
monoxide and helium
• Flammable materials like gasoline,
solvents and explosive chemicals.
 Chemical Hazards – Carbon Monoxide

• Carbon monoxide
– Carbon monoxide is a tasteless, odorless
and colorless gas that is highly toxic to
humans.
• Locations
– This hazard may occur while breathing from
an air compressor source.
– The air compressor contains air lubricants
that may break down in high temperature Signs of carbon monoxide
poisoning
and produce carbon monoxide.
– In some cases, the exhaust air of a diesel
engine or any nearby source might enter the
compressor.
Hazard Control – Carbon Monoxide

• Precautions
– The compressor must be connected to clean outdoor source for
the intake air. The compressor must be used and maintained
according to the manufacturer's instructions.
– Ensure that whenever potential sources of CO are introduced
(diesel fork trucks, generators, furnaces, natural gas dryers, etc. )
that the design accounts for the potential of these fuel burning
devices to accumulate CO and adequate ventilation is provided.
– The carbon monoxide level must be monitored using detectors.
Chemical Hazards – Asbestos

• Asbestos is a naturally occurring silicate mineral that can be separated

into fibers considered to be a health hazard.
• Location
– Asbestos may be found in these building locations:
• Corrugated roof panels that have substances of asbestos
cement
• Some paints and textured coatings
• Fire protection and structural steel
• Pipes, water tanks and gutters
• Insulations - thermal and acoustic
Hazard Control – Asbestos

• Precautions
- Ensure that all asbestos containing materials are identified and
workers are informed
- Remediation must be done by qualified workers
- Testing must be conducted to confirm the presence or absence of
asbestos prior to disturbing the area. This is a regulatory
requirement in the Ontario construction regulations.
- Proper PPE such as protective clothing (chemical suits, gloves,
hoods, respirators, etc.) must be available.
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

• Compressed gases
– There are many products available as compressed
gases that contain gases and mixture of gases in a
pressure cylinder.
• There are three forms of compressed gases:
– Dissolved
– Liquefied
– Non-liquefied
• Dissolved
– The most common gas for this type is acetylene
which is known to be a very unstable gas in terms
of its properties.
– Acetylene can be exploded even at atmospheric
pressure. Therefore it is normally used and stored
in high pressure gas cylinders.
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

• Liquefied
– For liquefied, initially the cylinder is almost full of liquid, and gas
fills the space above the liquid. As gas is removed from the
cylinder, enough liquid evaporates to replace it, keeping the
pressure in the cylinder constant. Anhydrous ammonia, chlorine,
propane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are examples of
liquefied gases.
– Health hazards of compressed gasses, in some gas species, the
contact between the skin or eye and liquefied gases in liquid
form can freeze the tissue and result in a burn-like injury.
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

• Non-liquefied
– Gases such as oxygen and nitrogen that do not become liquid at
normal temperature are non-liquefied compressed gases.
• Pressure hazards of compressed gases
– Due to the high pressure of the cylinder, the gas can be released
quickly by either opening the valve or due to a broken valve.
– This might even occur at lower pressure as well.
• Health hazards
– Health hazards associated with compressed gasses can vary
depending on the gas type, area of exposure (eye, skin,
inhalation, etc.), concentration and the length of exposure.
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

• Flammable gasses
– Flammable gasses can burn and explode in some certain
conditions.
– Generally, the concentration of gas in air must be lower than its
flammable range to be safe from any incidents.
– For gasses within the flammable range, any ignition source in
workplace such as open flame, a spark and even hot surfaces
can result in tragedy.
– In some cases, there is no need of any ignition source as auto-
ignition temperate of a gas can be minimum when the gas self-
ignites itself.
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

- It is highly recommended that the area

with compressed gasses is away from any
ignition source or the flammable range and
concentration of the gas is monitored.
- Some gases have very low auto-ignition
temperatures. For example, phosphine's
auto-ignition temperature of 100°C (212°F)
is low enough that it could be ignited by a
steam pipe or a lit light bulb. Some
compressed gases, such as silane and
diborane, are pyrophoric - they can ignite
spontaneously in air.
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

– Flash-back can occur with

flammable gases. Many flammable
compressed gases are heavier than
air.
– If a cylinder leaks in a poorly
ventilated area, these gases can
settle and collect in sewers, pits,
trenches, basements or other low
areas. The gas trail can spread far
from the cylinder. If the gas trail
contacts an ignition source, the fire
produced can flash back to the
cylinder.
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

• Oxidizing gasses
– Oxidizing gases include any gases containing oxygen at higher
than atmospheric concentrations (above 23-25 percent),
nitrogen oxides, and halogen gases such as chlorine and fluorine.
– These gases can react rapidly and fatally with the following
gasses:
• Organic (carbon-containing) substances such as most
flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquids, oils,
greases, many plastics and fabrics
• Finely-divided metals
• Other oxidizable substances such as hydrazine, hydrogen,
hydrides, sulphur or sulphur compounds, silicon and
ammonia or ammonia compounds
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

• Dangerously reactive gasses

– Some pure compressed gases are chemically
unstable and in case of exposure to a minimal
temperature and/or pressure increase, they may
go through some chemical reactions.
– There is a high possibility that these reactions will
result in explosion and other dangerous hazards
such as chemical substance.
– Some of the common dangerously reactive gases
are acetylene, 1,3-butadiene, methyl acetylene,
vinyl chloride, tetrafluoroethylene and vinyl
fluoride.
Chemical Hazards – Compressed Gases

• Corrosive materials
– Corrosive materials can attack the body with a
single touch by destroying the skin layers.
– They immediately show their effects after
exposure.
– They might be hazardous in other ways too,
depending on the particular corrosive material.
– Acids and bases are considered the very
commonly known corrosive materials.
– Common acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric
acid, nitric acid, chromic acid, acetic acid and
hydrofluoric acid.
– Common bases are ammonium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) and sodium
hydroxide (caustic soda).
Chemical Hazards – Organic Peroxide

• Organic peroxide
– An organic peroxide is any carbon containing organic material
with two oxygen atoms compounded.
– Organic peroxides can be severe fire and explosion hazards.
• Hazards
– The main hazard related to organic peroxides are fire and
explosion.
– Organic peroxides may also be toxic or corrosive.
Chemical Hazards – Organic Peroxide

– The amount of exposure, the area of exposure and type of exposure

are playing important roles in determining a possible body harm.
– Corrosive organic peroxides can also attack and destroy metals.
Chemical Hazards – Organic Peroxide

• Organic peroxide
– Usage
• Plastics and rubber industries are the main users of organic
peroxides.
• Organic peroxides and mixtures containing an organic peroxide
are used as accelerators, activators, catalysts, cross-linking
agents, curing agents, hardeners, initiators and promoters.
• It is important to take the necessary steps to know the
materials being used as accelerators, activators, catalysts, etc.
for the workers in that sector.
• Using the terms such as accelerators, activators, catalysts, etc.
may cause confusion about the hazardous level and serious
accidents may occur.
Chemical Hazards – Toxic Materials

• Toxic materials
– Toxic materials are dangerous and most likely to be around the
workplace area.
– There are many ways of toxic materials entering the body:
• Skin contact
• Inhalation
• Non-hygienic practices
– Toxic materials can cause serious health effects in an exposed
individual.
Chemical Hazards – Toxic Materials

The degree of hazard

associated with any toxic
material is related to the
exact material the person
is exposed to,
concentration of the
material, the route into
the body and the amount
absorbed by the body.
Chemical Hazards – Toxic Materials

• Toxic materials are classified as

they are shown in the table.
• WHMIS categorizes toxic
materials in two divisions:
– Division 1: Materials
causing immediate and
serious toxic effects (top
symbol)
– Division 2: Materials
causing other toxic effects
(bottom symbol)
Chemical Hazards – Toxic Materials
Chemical Hazards – Toxic Materials
Hazard Control – Chemical

• General tips for chemical safety

– Always read the label on the chemical bottle.
– Always follow the directions and precautions listed on the label.
– Never use a chemical if you are unsure what it is or how to protect
yourself.
– Always take the time to protect yourself and those working around
you.
– Always dispose of a chemical properly. Every municipality has a
household hazardous waste drop-off location. For safe disposal of
chemical products at work, contact your health and safety
representative.
Hazard Control – Chemical

• Controlling chemical hazards in the workplace

– Reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous chemicals
whenever possible.
– Maintain adequate ventilation systems to reduce
concentrations of airborne chemicals.
– Practicing good personal hygiene (e.g. washing hands) and
maintaining regular workplace cleaning routines can reduce
the amount of a chemical substance that is absorbed by a
worker’s body. Learn how to avoid carrying hazardous
substances home.
Employee Training for Chemical Hazards
Employers must provide training that covers the following elements:
• the location and contents of the chemical hygiene plan
• the physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area
• the location and availability of reference materials on the hazards
• methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence
or release of a hazardous chemical
• signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous
chemicals used in the laboratory
• OSHA’s permissible exposure limits (PELs) for chemicals that have
such limits established
• the measures employees can take to protect themselves from these
hazards

Training should be conducted at the time of an employee’s initial

assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and
before assignments involving new exposure situations.
Workplace Hazards – Psychosocial

Workplace violence, harassment,

stress, etc. are considered as
hazards with psychological
impacts on workers
Psychosocial Hazards

• Psychosocial hazards are hazards that impact the mental state of

workers.
• Violence, stress, and harassment are examples of this type of
workplace hazard.
• Regulations have been enacted in recent years to protect workers
from these hazards in the workplace. For example, most Canadian
jurisdictions now have a requirement for employers to have
workplace violence policy in place.
Hazard Control - Psychosocial

• Preventive solutions
– Implementing collective risk assessment and management
measures, as it is done with other workplace hazards
– Adopting collective and individual preventive and control measures
– Increasing the coping ability of workers by increasing their control
over their tasks
– Improving organizational communication
– Allowing workers’ participation in decision making
– Building up social support systems for workers within the
workplace
– Taking into account the interaction between working and living
conditions
– Enhancing the value placed on safety and health within the
organization
Reckless Endangerment

- Definition: Reckless endangerment

consists of acts that create a substantial risk
of serious physical injury to another person.
The accused person isn't required to intend
the resulting or potential harm, but must
have acted in a way that showed a disregard
for the foreseeable consequences of the
actions.
- Ontario Workplace Violence -
“Worker must not engage in any prank,
contest, feet of strength, unnecessary
running or rough and boisterous conduct.”
Workplace Hazards – Biological

Any biological source that may cause illnesses or other effects on the body
such as viruses, insects, animals, bacteria, plants, etc.
Biological Hazards

• Biological hazards are also known as biohazards.

Any biological source of danger such as viruses,
insects, etc. that can cause harm to the health of
living organism is considered as a biohazard.
• Workplace diseases are also biohazards and
using administrative hazard control methods
such as workplace and employee hygiene, this
hazard can be avoided.
• Employees who experience any symptoms of
body abnormality should immediately report
and be treated.
• Bio hazards are everywhere in the working
environment and there is no certain area.
Therefore, workers need to be aware and always
take personal and workplace hygiene seriously.
Biological Hazards - Examples

Disease Symptoms Preventions

Clostridium difficile: Fever Educate workers
This is a bacterium associated with Nausea Hygiene practices in accordance to
diarrhea and intestinal Abdominal pain safety culture
inflammation. Normally affected Loss of appetite Appropriate protective clothing
by people who have other Watery diarrhea
conditions.
Common cold: Laryngitis (inflammation of the Wash hands frequently
This is an infection of upper larynx) Take fresh air every once in a while
respiratory tract, the nose, nasal Worsening of asthma Stay out of contact of other people
passages and the throat. Ear infection Use common cold consumer
Bronchitis (inflammation of the tablets
bronchial membranes)
Indoor air quality – Moulds and Eye, nose and throat irritation Vent showers and moisture
Fungi: Fatigue generating
This micro-organism generated Aggravation of asthma Humidity control and
from breakdown of leaves, wood Headaches dehumidifiers
and other plants can enter a Concentration difficulty Exhaust fans when cooking or
building through air and they can Cough washing
grow on wood and/or drywall. Immediate flood or spill cleaning
Rapid stain removal of carpets
Biological Hazards - Examples

Disease Symptoms Preventions

Hepatitis A: Fever Educate workers
This is a liver infectious disease Tiredness Hygiene practices in accordance to
caused by the hepatitis A virus Loss of appetite safety culture
(HAV). Nausea Appropriate protective clothing
Adnominal pain
Dark urine

Hepatitis B: Mild symptoms such as general Hepatitis A preventions plus:

This is a liver infectious disease discomfort Safe collection of fluids and tissues
caused by the hepatitis B virus Joint pain for disposal
(HBV). Abdominal pain Safe removal and disposal of
fatigue protective clothing
Detailed observation of using
sharp objects
Biological Hazards - Examples

Disease Symptoms Preventions

Hepatitis C: Fever Safe collection of fluids and
This is a liver infectious disease Nausea and vomiting tissues for disposal
caused by the hepatitis B virus Stomach pain Safe removal and disposal of
(HBV). Extreme fatigue protective clothing
Skin yellowing Detailed observation of using
sharp objects
Influenza: Fever Flu vaccines
Caused by viruses that infect the Cough Canadian national advisory
respiratory tact including nose, Sore throat committee recommends flu shots
throat and lungs. Runny nose for people over six months old.
Headache
fatigue
Hepatitis A: Fever Educate workers
This is a liver infectious disease Tiredness Hygiene practices in accordance to
caused by the hepatitis A virus Loss of appetite safety culture
(HAV). Nausea Appropriate protective clothing
Adnominal pain
Dark urine
Workplace Hazards – Physical Hazards

Hazards such as noise, radiation, high pressure or vacuum, etc are

considered as physical type of hazards.
Physical Hazards

– Physical hazards are type of hazards that do not

necessarily need any contact with the source and
it can easily harm the body whether long term
effects or instant damage.
– Some common physical hazards at workplace
include but not limited to:
• Noise
• Electrical
• Manual Labor
Hazard Control – Noise

• Dependant on the context and conditions, but may include for

example:
– Eliminate the source of the noise where possible
– Find alternative, quieter equipment to use
– Insulate worker areas from noise producing machines
– Reduce the amount of time spent in a high noise environment
– Provide hearing protection
– Provide hearing tests for workers to establish any loss of hearing
attributable to work
Hazard Control – Electrical

• Dependant on the context and conditions, but may include for

example:
– Ensure only appropriately licensed or registered electricians
carry out electrical work
– Switch off electricity where possible before working on
equipment
– Ensure electrical equipment is in good working order (testing
and tagging)
– Use battery operated tools rather than mains power tools
where possible
– Meet electrical safety standards
Hazard Control – Manual Labor

• Dependant on the context and conditions, but may include for

example:
– Assess your workplace / workstation and identify risks or
possible contributing factors
– Is the task necessary?
– Provide specialist equipment to assist in lifting/ carrying /
moving people or objects
– Carry smaller loads
– Take breaks from repetitive work or introduce variation to the
work
– Plan work to avoid the need to lift/carry / move objects when
your body is fatigued
– Lower levels of stress. Tension in muscles long term can lead to
injury
Workplace Hazards - Safety

Inappropriate machine guarding, slipping and tripping, breakdowns,

equipment malfunction are categorized as safety hazards in workplaces.
Workplace Hazards - Safety

High risk activities are types of job that need special attention as in case of
an occurrence, the results may be fatal or serious injuries. They normally
need special training and/or permit.
General Safety Hazards

There are many possible safety

hazards that are categorized as
general safety hazards, such as
working at heights, machine
pinch points and electrical
shock.
General Safety Hazards

• Safety hazards are known as general classification of hazards.

• These hazards consist of mechanical and human error hazards.
• For instance, slipping and tripping are considered safety hazards.
Loss of concentration during walking and accidentally touching
running equipment is also an example of a human error safety
hazard.
General Safety Hazards

• Improper machinery
guarding is an example of a
mechanical hazard.
• Equipment should be
designed so that no part of a
worker’s body (e.g. hands,
fingers, hair) can become
entangled in or touch
moving equipment.
Hazard Control – Safety

Preventive solutions
• According to the Canada Labour Code, the preventive measures for
safety hazards are required by law.
Section 19.5:
• The employer shall, in order to address identified and assessed
hazards, including ergonomics-related hazards, take preventive
measures to address the assessed hazard in the following order of
priority:
– the elimination of the hazard, including by way of engineering
controls which may involve mechanical aids, equipment design
or redesign that take into account the physical attributes of the
employee
Hazard Control – Safety

• As part of the preventive measures, the employer shall develop and

implement a preventive maintenance program in order to avoid
failures that could result in a hazard to employees.
• The employer shall ensure that any preventive measure shall not in
itself create a hazard and shall take into account the effects on the
work place.
• The preventive measures shall include steps to address:
– a newly identified hazard in an expeditious manner
– ergonomics-related hazards that are identified when planning
implementation of change to the work environment or to work
duties, equipment, practices or processes
• The employer shall ensure that any person assigned to implement
ergonomics-related prevention measures has the necessary instruction
and training.
Hazard Control – Safety

• Certain hazards potentially pose such an elevated risk to workers,

that they are singled out. Many companies call procedures related
to these hazards “life saving rules” or “cardinal rules” as failure to
follow these rules may result in death or severe injury.
• These hazards are also generally covered in regulations.
• Life saving rules:
1. Lock, Tag, Clear, Try, Release
2. Vessel Entry (Confined Space Entry)
3. Line Breaks
4. Fall Protection
5. High Energy
6. Intentional overriding of safety or environmental interlocks
7. Reckless endangerment
8. Seat Belts and mobile phones
Difference In Life Saving Rules From General Safety Rules

1.Failure to follow Life saving rules have a higher

potential to result in serious injury including death.

2.Life saving rules are often regulated. (i.e. LTCTR,

vessel entry, fall arrest, seat belts/ cell phones )

3.The response is generally more severe to violations

of life saving rules, often resulting in termination or
disciplinary action.
High Risk Activities

Introduction to high risk

activities
High Risk Activities

• Activities at work that are dangerous and need special training

and/or permit to perform, are referred as High Risk Activity (HRA).
• Depending on the job site, the activities may vary but some general
HRAs are:
• Driving
• Fall from heights
• High-Pressure cleaning
• Working with high temperature equipment
• Confined space
• Line breaks
• Suspended loads
• Powered industrial trucks
Line Break

Line Break: Opening cleared or uncleared lines or equipment by actions

that may include, but are not limited to:
– Breaking flanges
– Removing one or more bolts from flanges
– Removing valve bonnets and non-return (i.e., check) valve caps
– Breaking pipe joints
– Disconnecting tubing
– Disconnecting loading and unloading process hoses
– Opening inspection ports
– Making subtle adjustments (e.g., replacing packing on a valve)
– Before conducting a line break on site, formal training must be
taken.
Line Break

Consider performing line break on a pipe:

• Ensure piping has been shut down, isolated,
blocked and cleared per company’s safe
operation standards.
• Control all job related energy and/or flow
sources and lock out for the time the line
break is being performed.
• Ensure appropriate personal protective
equipment have been used.
• Log all actions performed with exact date
and time.
Fall Protection

• In Canada over 42,000 workers get injured

annually due to fall accidents. This
number represents about 17% of the “lost
time injuries" that were accepted by
workers' compensation boards or
commissions across Canada (based on
statistics from Association of Workers'
Compensation Boards of Canada, 2011).
• All workers who use fall protection must
be trained.
• Where possible, processes should be
designed to eliminate or minimize working
from heights
 Fall Protection

• What is the difference

between fall restraint and fall
protection?
– Fall restraint is a system
that does not allow the
worker to get to the edge.
– Fall protection is required
when working at the edge
where no guard rail exists.
Fall Protection

• In Ontario, ministry of labour requires

employees working in heights to have
special training.
• In addition to training, there are some
regulatory safety equipment needed
under O.Reg. 213/91.
• For construction for instance, these
equipment are:
– Fall restricting system
– Travel restraint system
– Fall arrest system
– Safety net
– Work/Safety belt
Intentional Overriding of an Interlock

• Interlocks serve as important safety

devices in industrial settings, where they
protect employees from devices such as
extruders, blenders, cutters etc.
• While interlocks can be something as
sophisticated as curtains of infrared
beams and photo-detectors, they are
often just switches.
Intentional Overriding of an Interlock

• Safety instrumented function (SIF)—also referred to as a PSM safety

interlock. A function with a specified Safety Interlock, performed by
an Safety Interlock System, that detects an out-of-limit (i.e.,
abnormal) condition or improper sequence and, without human
intervention, either halts further action to prevent the process from
entering an unsafe state or takes corrective action to bring the
process to a functionally safe state. The SIF protects against the
undesired consequence of a specific process hazardous event.
High Energy or Live Work

• High energy is defined as a high energy

circuit or device which when faulted can
generate enough energy to create a fireball
that will cause cell death by causing skin
temperature to rise to at least 205ºF in 0.1
seconds (6 cycles)- 2nd degree burns. A high
energy device is any device with a supply of
600 V, 200amp, and fed from a 750 KVA
transformer or higher.
• Only qualified electrical personnel may
attempt any high energy switching
• High energy work is any work with voltage
above 50V
 Drivers – Use of Cellphone

• Ontario's ban on hand-held devices

while driving took effect on October
26, 2009.
• The law makes it illegal for drivers to
talk, text, type, dial or email using
hand-held cell phones and other hand-
held communications and
entertainment devices. The law also
prohibits drivers from viewing display
screens unrelated to the driving task,
such as laptops or DVD players, while
driving.
 Drivers – Seat Belt

• Today 93% of Canadians use their seat

belts. Each percentage increase in the
national seat belt wearing rate has
helped to reduce the number of motor
vehicle fatalities.
• The 7% of Canadians not wearing seat
belts account for almost 40% of
fatalities in vehicle collisions. Ensure
that you wear your seat belt properly,
and that everyone else in your vehicle
is protected by a seat belt or child
restraint.
• Seat belts save about 1,000 lives a year
in Canada.
Confined Space

Definition of confined space:

1) It is large enough to allow full-body
entry.
2) It has a restricted means of entry and
exit.
3) It is not designed for continuous
human occupancy.
 Confined Space

• Many workers are injured and killed

each year while working in confined
spaces. An estimated 60% of the
fatalities have been among the would-
be rescuers.
• All workers who enter a confined
space or who perform related work,
must be trained.
Confined Space

• Confined space is regulated due to atmospheric hazards that may

occur.
• The atmospheric hazards are:
• The accumulation of flammable, combustible or explosive
agents,
• An oxygen content in the atmosphere that is less than 19.5 per
cent or more than 23 per cent by volume, or
• The accumulation of atmospheric contaminants, including
gases, vapours, fumes, dusts or mists, that could,
• Result in acute health effects that pose an immediate threat to
life, or
• Interfere with a person's ability to escape unaided from a
confined space.
High Risk Activities

For more details about high risk activities, please

visit the following website:

http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/hsprograms/wor
kingalone.html
 Quiz I

Section
Section
1) 44 –– Qualitative
INJURIES CAUSED Risk
Risk Analysis Assessment
Methods
BY REPEATING THE SAME MOVEMENT CONTINUOUSLY ARE A TYPE
OF …
A) PHYSICAL HAZARD
B) ERGONOMIC HAZARD
C) BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
D) SAFETY HAZARD
2) FLASH-BACK OCCURE WITH:
A) FLAMMABLE GASES
B) CARBON MONOXIDE
C) ASBESTOS
D) CORROSIVE MATERIALS
3) CHEMICAL PRODUCT CONTAINERS CAN BE DISPOSED IN ANY BIN.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
 Quiz I

4) EMPLOYEES ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR DOING WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING?

A) FOLLOWING SAFETY RULES
B) SUPERVISING CO-WORKERS
C) REPORTING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
D) USING PPE
5) WHICH TYPE OF HAZARD IS MOST COMMON IN THE WORKPLACE?
A) CHEMICAL HAZARDS
B) BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
C) PHYSICAL HAZARDS
D) PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
6) NAME THE 3 SOURCES TO CAUSE FIRE OR EXPLOSION.
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
7) WHAT ARE THE 3 DEFINITIONS OF CONFINED SPACE?
1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
Quiz I

8) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FALL RESTRAINT AND FALL PROTECTION?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Any question
THANKS !
Classifications of Environmental Hazards
• Chemical • Biological
– dusts – bacteria
– liquids – viruses
– fumes – insects
– mists – plants
– gases – birds
– vapors – animals
– smoke – humans
• Physical • Ergonomic
– radiations – repetitive motion
– noise – awkward work position
– vibration – excessive use of force
– temperature extremes – lifting of heavy objects
 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Contingency plans should be developed for the following potential
emergencies:
• security for facilities and inventory
• fires in the workplace or on the grounds
• chemical release spills
• natural disasters such as tornadoes,
earthquakes, hurricanes, floods
• riots/strikes
• bomb threats
• power failures
• product tampering
• violence in the workplace
 Contributing Factors:
Housekeeping
Floor/surface conditions
Noise
Air quality/temperature
Equipment malfunction
Supervision
Employee morale/attitude/health
Alcohol/drug abuse

At the Accident Scene

 What Equipment Is
Required?
Personal Camera (battery and
Protective film)
Equipment Flashlight (with
Caution Tape batteries)
Emergency Phone
Measuring Tape Numbers
Graph Paper Accident
Pencils Investigation Forms
Lockout / Tagout Optional - tape
recorder, photo log,
Clipboard flares, etc.