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    Cohort and Observational Studies

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    Cohort and Observational Studies

    Uploaded by

    abishekchettri740
    4 views13 pages
    Cohort pdf

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    Cohort and observational Studies

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    4 views13 pages

    Cohort and Observational Studies

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    abishekchettri740
    Cohort pdf

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13

    Cohort Studies

    Definition

    Cohort study is a type of analytical study which is undertaken to obtain


    additional evidence to refute or support existence of association between
    suspected cause and diseases.
    Other names of cohort study are Longitudinal study, Incidence study and
    forward looking study
    Introduction

    Cohorts are identified prior to appearance of disease under investigation


    The study groups are observed over a period of time to determine the
    frequency of disease among them
    The study proceeds from cause to effects
    Indications for cohort study

    There is good evidence of an association between exposure and disease,


    from other studies.
    Exposure is rare.
    Attrition of study population can be minimized.
    Sufficient fund is available.
    Framework of cohort study

    Cohort
    Population

    Exposed Unexposed

    Non Non
    Diseased Diseased
    diseased diseased
    Types of cohort study

    Prospective study
    Retrospective cohort study
    Ambi-directional cohort study
    Prospective cohort study

    The common strategy of cohort studies is to start with a reference


    population (or a representative sample thereof), some of whom have
    certain characteristics or attributes relevant to the study (exposed group),
    with others who do not have those characteristics (unexposed group).
    Both groups should, at the outset of the study, be free from the condition
    under consideration. Both groups are then observed over a specified
    period to find out the risk each group has of developing the condition(s) of
    interest.
    Retrospective Cohort Study

    A retrospective cohort study is one in which the outcome have all occurred
    before the start of investigation.
    Investigator goes back to the past to select study group from existing
    records of the past employment, medical and other records and traces
    them forward through time from the past date fixed on the records usually
    to the present
    Known with the name of Historical Cohort and noncurrent cohort
    Ambi-directional cohort Study

    Elements of prospective and retrospective cohort are combined.


    The Cohort is identified from past records and assesses of date for the
    outcome. The same cohort is the followed up prospectively into future for
    the further assessment of outcome
    Comparison of Retrospective
    and Prospective cohort study

    Attribute Retrospective Approach Prospective Approach

    < Complete > Complete


    Information
    < Accurate > Accurate

    Emerging new
    Not useful Useful
    exposures

    Expense Less costly More costly


    Completion time Shorter Longer
    Observational Studies
    Introductioin

    Observational studies fall under the category of analytic study designs and
    are further sub-classified as:
    – Observational
    – Experimental study designs
    The goal of analytic studies is to identify and evaluate causes or risk
    factors of diseases or health-related events.
    The differentiating characteristic between observational and experimental
    study designs is that in the latter, the presence or absence of undergoing
    an intervention defines the group
    TYPES

    1. Case-control study: study originally developed in epidemiology, in which two


    existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some
    supposed causal attribute.
    2. Cross-sectional study: involves data collection from a population, or a representative
    subset, at one specific point in time.
    3. Cohort study or Panel study: a particular form of longitudinal study where a group of
    patients is closely monitored over a span of time.
    4. Longitudinal study: co-relational research study that involves repeated observations
    of the same variables over long periods of time.
    5. Ecological study: an observational study in which at least one variable is measured
    at the group level.

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