2022 - GS 1 (Model Answer)

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GS-1 (PAPER-I) MODEL ANSWER
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GS-I (PAPER -I) MODEL ANSWER
1. How will you explain the medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of
those days? (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach
Introduction: Give contextual introduction.
Body:
 Give arguments how Indian temple sculptures of medieval India represent social life.
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly
The Medieval Indian temples are not only a living example of progress in the field of architecture
and sculpture but also an integral part of socio-cultural life. They have been social institutions
representing society at large.
Medieval Indian Temple Sculptures represent the Social Life:

 Social gradation: The sculptures of deities in medieval Indian temples were divided into
small and bigger ones ranked as per different castes and the fineness in main deity was sharp
as compared to the subsidiary deity. Example: Jagannath temple where Tribal gods being
Aryanized.
 Presence of Feudal elements: In sculptures of medieval temples such as Khajuraho and
Rangnath temple, one can see the influence of feudal aristocratic elements and politically
dominant groups.
 Mythological influence: The temple sculptures at Mahabalipuram show the belief of people
in religious mythologies.
 Religious beliefs: Most of the South Indian temple sculptures at Mahabalipuram,
Kanchipuram tell us that people worshipped Lord Shiva and Vishnu. The Buddhist sculptures
built by Palas tell us about popular religion of people in those regions.
 Erotic depictions: The erotic sculptures at Khajuraho tell us what people of those days
thought about sexual desires and they also give information about ornaments worn by those
people.
 Practice of Nature worship: Ramappa temple in Telangana depicts more than five hundred
elephants with unique style.
 Popular stories and tales: The temple sculptures at Hampi in Karnataka depict the scenes of
Krishna Bal Leela and Ramayana. Ravan shaking mount kailash is based on religious
folklores of Ramayan.
 Ornamentation and clothing: The medieval Odisha temple has representations of young
and charming creatures with a seductive smile, luxurious hair full of jewellery, called
Nayikas.
 Sacred representation of Animals and Plants: Apart from the celestials there are sculptures
of hunters, sages, disciples and wild animals like the lion, tiger, elephant and bear sculpted
around temples of medieval India.
 Representation of Scared Rituals: The beautiful architectural rock sculpture from Cave
No.29 at Ellora shows the marriage of Siva and Parvati.
 Status of Kings: The Vijayanagara emperors caused excellent portraits to be carved by the
sculptors to immortalise them in the vicinity of their favourite deities. For example, sculpture
of Krishnadevaraya in Chidambaram.
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 Local Artistic Works: The influence of the woodcarving tradition of Gujarat is evident in
the lavish carving and sculpture work of Modhera Sun temple.
 Dance and Music: Vijayanagar temple sculptures show sharp angular movements of
Kathakali dance. Karana Mudras on walls of Chidambaram, Bhanga positions in Odisha.
 Social Evils: The sculptures depicted social lives of Devadasi, where small kids were made
to sacrifice their whole life to perform dance for the deity.
 Daily life: Ornaments, hair styles, clothes, make-up, headgear etc are represented in
sculptures of medieval Indian temples.
Indian approach towards religion is not only metaphysical. It is not disconnected from social reality
but reflection of society itself. We see divine in everything around us, so the temple sculptures of
Medieval India also end up reflecting our society.
2. Why did the armies of the British East India Company – mostly comprising of Indian
soldiers – win consistently against the more numerous and better equipped armies of the
Indian rulers? Give reasons. (Answer in 150 words) 10
Approach
Introduction: Composition of army of British East India Company
Body:
 Give reasons for the success of British Army over Indian rulers.
Conclusion: Conclude by relevant statements
Introduction:
The British East India Company in its initial days in India had European soldiers but with subsequent
political expansion, the majority of company’s army was made up of Indian soldiers mostly from the
present states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. For example, the army of British India in 1857 numbered
311,400 men, with 265,900 of them being Indians.
Reasons for the success of British army over Indian rulers:

Basis British Indian Rulers
 Dedicated Governors: Robert  Lack of second line
Clive, Warren Hastings, leadership: Indian side had
Elphinstone, Munro etc. showed brilliant leadership at the top
high quality of leadership and like Haider Ali, Tipu Sultan,
fought for glory of their country- Madhu Rao, Sindhia, Jaswant
men. Rao Holkar but lacked by
 For example: Leadership of second line of leadership.
Leadership Robert Clive in the Battle of
Plassey.
 Second line leaders: The British
had advantage of second line of
leadership such as Sir Eyre
Coote, Lord Lake, Arthur
Wellesley etc. who fought for
the cause their country.
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 Training in European  Lack of systematic training:

methods: British preferred The Indian soldiers were
recruitment of martial poorly equipped and
communities in army such as systematic training was not
Military training Gurkhas, Sikhs, Rajputs who had given to them.
martial skills in their blood.
TheBritish trained these martial
communities with European
methods of warfare.
 A regular system of payment  Most of the Indian rulers did
of salaries and a strict regime of not have enough money to pay
discipline were the means by salaries regularly. For
Loyalty, Military which the English Company Example: The Marathas at
Discipline and ensured that the officers and the times diverted their military
Regular Salary troops were loyal. campaigns to collect revenue
 They fought under the unified to pay their troops.
command of trained British
officers.
 Merit based: The Company  Personal relations based:
officers and troops were given The military officers were
Selection System charge on the basis of their appointed on the basis of caste
reliability and skill and not on and personal relations, often
hereditary or caste and clan ties. disregarding merit and ability.
 Advanced equipment: The  Poor arms and equipment:
European soldiers were equipped The Indian soldiers were
with latest weapons of war like poorly equipped materially,
Enfield Rifle and modern fighting generally with swords
muskets and cannons. and spears and very few guns
Superior Arms and  Example: Effective suppression and muskets.
Military Strategy of 1857 revolt is possible
because of superior arms.
 Example: At Buxar (1764),
7000 company troops defeated
nearly 40,000 enemy soldiers.
 Availability of funds: The  Lack of regular finance: The

British had enough funds to pay Indian rulers did not focused
Continuous Financial its shareholders with good on the regular financial
Support dividends that compelled them to support for their armies or the
finance the English wars in advancement of their defence.
India.
 Better transportation: The East  Less transport: The Indian
India company troops had better soldiers on the other hand had
Transport transport facility. The troops less transport facilities for
could be easily moved from one quick mobilization.
place to another.
Feeling of Superior  Belief of Superiority: British  Lack of forward looking
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Race and National believed that they are the plan: The spirit of fighting for
Pride superior race and Indians are a nation’s cause was not their
uncivilized. British believe in motivation. Thus they often
material advancement. supported the British against
neighbouring rulers. The
consciousness of ‘India’ was
lacking.
 Strong sense of Unity: An  No unity among Indian
economically thriving British rulers: There was constant
people believing in material infighting among Indian rulers
advancement and proud of their for gain of more land and
national glory faced the ‘weak, power. Moreover, at times
divided amongst themselves some rulers joined hands with
Indians’ bereft of a sense of Britishers also (Marathas
unified political nationalism. helped Britishers against
Mysore in 3rd Anglo Mysore
Unity
war).
 Absence of modern
nationalism: A soldier from
Bihar or Awadh did not
believe, and could not have
believed, that assisting the
Company in defeating
Marathas or Punjabis was anti-
Indian.
Conclusion:
The Political factions and lack of unity among Indian rulers resulted in consolidation of British
power from trader to ruler. It is not just about the numbers but also the strategy and the leadership.
The British East Indian army developed a mastery over it with time and hence emerged victorious
against the armies of Indian rulers.
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3. Why was there a sudden spurt in famines in colonial India since the mid-18th century?
Give reasons. (10 Marks, 150 words)
Approach:
Introduction: Contextual introduction.
Body:
 Discuss the reasons for sudden spurt in famines in colonial India.
Conclusion: Conclude appropriately.
Introduction:
From 1760s, the British India was hit by terrible famines on a regular basis due to natural reasons
and due to British apathy and economic and administrative policies. More than 85 million Indians
died in these famines which occurred in present day states of Bihar, Bengal, Jharkhand etc.
Examples: Great Bengal Famine (1770), The Chalisa Famine (1783-84) and Bengal Famine (1943).
Reasons for sudden spurt in famines since the mid-18th century:

 Economic exploitation of Peasants: After obtaining Diwani rights in 1765, the company
increased revenue from 1/10th of produce to 50% of the produce which left peasants with little
money to purchase grain seeds for subsequent crops.
 Commercialization of agriculture: Farmers were forced to grow cash crops such as cotton,
opium, indigo. It reduced the areas under food grains which led to famines.
 Deindustrialization: This had led to increased unemployment and enhanced pressure on land
with many people were dependent on agriculture for their livelihood and this further increased
the intensity of famines.
 Misplaced Priorities of Governor-Generals: Lord Lytton conducted Delhi Durbar in midst of
famine of 1877, Lord Linlithgow diverted civil supplies to armies during Bengal Famine of 1943.
 Prohibition of storage of food: The company prohibited storage of food grains by farmers in
order to prevent the tax evasion by the farmers.
 Confiscation of food stocks: British government would confiscate food stocks at the time of
revenue collection due to which the ryots (farmers) had no option but to borrow money at rip off
interest rates from money lenders to release their grain stocks.
 Drain of Wealth: Big drain on India’s finances was the cost of maintenance of Britain’s armed
forces and funding its wars overseas.
o Example: Lytton fully utilised Indian revenues to fund his disastrous Afghan war adventure.
 Fraud of “Famine Grant”: Grant, which was supposed to raise enough money to prevent another
holocaust like that of 1876-78 recurring. But, nearly 58% of the seventeen crore rupees spent on
“protective railways” and in paying “interest upon Indian Midland and Bengal Nagpur railways”.
 Failure to provide relief: The famine codes of Britishers were not really implemented to
provide relief to people.
 Attitude of British: Feed the English, Starve the Indian Attitude meaning that there was never
anoverall shortage of food in the country, in fact during the worst famines, surplus food grains
were being exported from India.
 Example: The terrible famine of 1876-79 was spread out across nearly the whole of
southern, western and northern India.
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 Belief in Malthusian Principle: An ardent believer of Malthusian principle, Lytton’s emphasis

was always on saving money and he deputed his minion Sir Richard Temple to make sure
“unnecessary” expenditure was not done on relief works.
 Failure of Monsoon: In 1899, the monsoon rains failed in central India and drought burnt crops
over a large area impacting almost 60 million people, food crops losses and livestock death.
 Outbreak of diseases: In 1770, there was good famine but it was accompanied by outbreak of
communicable diseases like Malaria and Small Pox which increased the miseries.
Conclusion:
The British exploitative policies and natural disasters resulted in many famines since mid-18th
century due to which villages were completely wiped off the map as almost all of their inhabitants
died and lakhs of Indians were forced by starvation to sign up as indentured labourers. The famines
could only be controlled after independence with the formation of a responsible government.
4. Describe the characteristics and types of Primary rocks. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
Approach:
Introduction: Brief about Igneous rocks.
Body:
 Mention the characteristics of Igneous Rocks.
 Discuss the different types of Primary Rocks.
Introduction:
Igneous rocks are also called as primary rocks(Parent Rock) because these were originated first of
all the rocks during the formation of upper crust of the earth on cooling, solidification and
crystallization of hot and liquid magmas after the origin of the earth.
Characteristics of Igneous Rocks:

 Hard Rock: In all, igneous rocks are roughly hard rocks and water percolates with great difficulty
along the joints. However, sometimes the rocks become so soft, due to their exposure to
environmental conditions for longer duration, that they can be easily dug out by a spade.
o Example: Basalt.
 Variant Size: Igneous rocks are granular or crystalline rocks but there are much variations in
the size, form and texture of grains because these properties largely depend upon the rate and
place of cooling and solidification of magmas or lavas.
o For Example: When the lavas are quickly cooled down and solidified at the surface of
the earth, there is no sufficient time for the development of grains/crystals. Contrary to
this, if magmas are cooled and solidified at a very slow rate inside the earth, there is
sufficient time for the full development of grains, and thus the resultant igneous rocks are
characterized by coarse grains.
 Layers of Lava: Unlike sedimentary rocks there is no strata in ingenious rocks, rather there
are layers of lavas.
o Examples: Lava layers near Khandala or along the deeply enterenched valleys of the
Koyna river, the Krishna river, the Saraswati river etc. in and around Mahabaleshwar
plateau.
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 Effect of Weathering: Since water does not penetrate the rocks easily and hence igneous rocks are
less affected by chemical weathering but coarse grained igneous rocks are affected by mechanical
or physical weathering and thus the rocks are easily disintegrated and decomposed.
 Absence of Fossils: Since igneous rocks developed when there was no life on the freshly
formed earth and because very hot, molten materials killed fossils due to their extremely high
temperatures, igneous rocks do not contain any fossils.
 Volcanic Rocks: Mostly associated with the volcanic activities and thus they are also called
as volcanic rocks that are generally found in the volcanic zones.
Classification of Primary Rocks:
The igneous rocks are more commonly classified on the basis of the mode of occurrence into two
major groups.
 Intrusive Igneous Rocks/Plutonic Rocks: When the rising magmas during a volcanic
activity do not reach the earth s surface rather they are cooled and solidified below the
surface of the earth, the resultant igneous rocks are called intrusive igneous rocks.
o Ex: Granite is best representative example of this category.
 Extrusive Igneous Rocks: The igneous rocks formed due to cooling and solidification of hot
and molten lavas at the earth’s surface are called extrusive igneous rocks.
o Example: Basalt, Gabbro and obsidian, Granite, breccia, tuff and pegmatite etc.
Conclusion:
Therefore, it may be concluded that there are significant differences in igneous rocks' chemical and
mineralogical properties, grain size and shape, and mode of genesis.
5. Discuss the meaning of color-coded weather warnings for cyclone prone areas given by
IMD. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
Approach:
Introduction: Brief about Color Coded weather warnings.
Body:
 Discuss the meanings of different colors in warning system.
Introduction:
Cyclones in India has become a perennial phenomenon which creates havoc and create huge loss for
people living in nearby areas. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) issues colour-coded
warnings to alert the people and administrators to keep ready and position their resources to handle
early the effects of cyclones.
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Color-Coded weather Warnings for cyclones:

 Four colour-coded warnings: The IMD has four colour-coded warnings as per the intensity of
any weather system i.e. green, yellow, orange and the last one being red.
 No Warning
o Green(Pre-Cyclone Watch): No severe weather expected and no advisories issued.
 Be Updated
o Yellow (Cyclone Alert): It indicates severely bad weather spanning across several days.
 Be Prepared
o Orange/Amber (Cyclone Warning): It is issued as a warning of extremely bad weather
with the potential of disruption in commute with road and rail closures, and interruption of
power supply etc.
 Take Action
o Red (Post Landfall Outlook): Remain extra vigilant and be prepared for extraordinary
measures and follow orders given by the authorities
 How is the colour decided- A special matrix is followed to decide the colour of weather
situations. It is based on the “probability of occurrence of the event as well as its impact
assessment”. The decision of the colour also depends on the meteorological factors, hydrological
factors, geophysical factors that indicate the risk.
The cyclone warnings are issued to state government officials in four stages:
 The First Stage (Pre Cyclone Watch): Issued 72 hours in advance contains early warning about the
development of a cyclonic disturbance in the north Indian Ocean, its likely intensification into a tropical
cyclone and the coastal belt likely to experience adverse weather.
 The Second Stage (Cyclone Alert): Issued at least 48 hrs in advance of the expected
commencement of adverse weather over the coastal areas. It contains information on the location
and intensity of the storm likely direction of its movement, intensification, advice to fishermen,
general public, media and disaster managers.
 The Third Stage (Cyclone warning): Issued at least 24 hours in advance of the expected
commencement of adverse weather over the coastal areas.
 The Fourth Stage (Post landfall outlook): Issued least 12 hours in advance of expected time of
landfall.
Conclusion:
These alerts are universal and are not used exhaustively for cyclones but for a range of natural calamities
including floods, heavy rainfall, snowstorms and other dangerous weather events.
Q.6 Discuss the natural resource potentials of “Deccan Trap”. (10 Marks)
Approach:
Introduction: Briefly describe about Deccan Trap.
Body:
 Mention the natural resource potential.
 Briefly mention the issues in Deccan Trap.
Conclusion: Significance of Deccan Trap for India.
Introduction:
Deccan trap is a large igneous area of West Central India. It extends over the states of Maharashtra,
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This region is formed of basaltic rocks formed
by volcanic activity. It is one of the largest volcanic flood blast region of west-central part of India.
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Natural Resource Potentials of Deccan Trap

 Mineralsdeposit: It is rich in both the metallic and nonmetallic minerals like Iron, Magnesium,
Copper, asbestos, cromites, mica and Bauxite etc. are found in abundance in this physiographic
region.
 Fertile black soil: A substantial part of the Peninsular India is covered by Black Earth (regur
soil). The regur soil is conducive for the successful cultivation of cotton, millets, maize, pulses,
orange and citrus fruits.
 Forestproducts: Apart from teal, sal wood and other forest products, the forests of Western and
Eastern Ghats are rich in medicinal plants and are home to many wild animals.
 Hydroelectricitypotential: It has rivers like Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri flowing through it.
These rivers have greathydrologicalpotential. Dams canbe built on these riversto produce
electricity.
 Oil resources: ONGC has found oiland gas at somelocation in Deccan trap regions of Gujarat
(AnkleshwarandHalisaoilfields).
 Wind and Solar Energy: The region has highestpotentialfor wind energy near Sahayadri hills
and solar energy.
 Tourism: Topography blessed with hills, mountains, rivers provide great aesthetic value to the
peninsular plateau. Famous tourist centers like Panchmarhi, Ooty, etc. are located on plateau.
Issues [Students: The below part should be written in smart art format]
 Increasing population and urbanisation
 Depleting resources - forest, water, land, etc.
 Presence of eco-sensitive zone thus tapping full economic potential is not possible.
 Practice of non-agro climatic cultivation
 Unequal development: Marathwada and Vidarbha Region are more backward.
Conclusion:
Despite challenges the Deccan trap region is the most developed region of India and still holds huge
potential for further development to ultimately help achieve the goal of $5 trillion dollar economy.
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7. Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for their limited
spatial spread. (10 Marks)
Approach:
Introduction: Some factual data about wind energy in India.
Body:
 Mention the wind energy potential in India.
Examine reasons for limited spread.
Conclusion: Significance of tapping wind energy potential.
Introduction:
India with a total wind power
capacity of about 48 GW, has the 4th
largest wind power capacity in the
world. As per recent study by
National institute of wind energy
(NIWE) has shown wind energy
potential of 302 GW at 100 m hub-
height in India.
Potential of Wind Energy in India:

 Long coastline: As per
Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy, the
peninsular and islands of
India with a coastline of
almost 7500 km, can generate
127 GW of wind energy.
 Potential states: Gujarat has
highest Wind Energy
potential, followed by
Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Madhya
Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh.
 Offshore wind energy: Offshore wind mills can be installed in Bay of Bengal and Arabian
Sea. As per Global wind report, 2022, India can generate 127 GW of offshore wind energy.
 Manufacturing base: India has a strong wind power equipment manufacturing base.
 Government target: It has set an ambitious target of 175GW power capacity from clean
renewable energy resources by 2022. Out of this, 60 GW target is set for the wind power.
Reasons for Limited Spatial Spread of Wind Energy:

 Topography: The topography of India varies from region to region. The ideal locations for
wind farms are not available everywhere.
 High initial costs: Initial investment on the wind energy projects is quite high and a risk
factor is always involved.
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 Economic competitiveness: The wind power has high per unit price when compared to
conventional generation.
 Issues with land acquisition: In fertile areas, land acquisition for wind farms is an issue
which results in limited spatial spread.
 Technical: Lack of infrastructure and infrastructure to carry out R&D, majorly based on
European technology.
 Offshore wind turbines: They require more robust foundation and structure than onshore
wind farms. Thus, further increasing the cost of installation.
 Lack of policy support: Policies related to wind energy being still in the transition phase.
There is a ceiling of tariff imposed on every auction. Winds being region-specific, achieving
the particular tariff rate becomes difficult.
 Manufacturing issues: Offshore wind farms typically have larger turbines and longer
windmill blades. But most firms in India do not yet make such high capacity machines which
limits the spread of wind energy.
 Vulnerability to cyclones: The east coast of India is highly prone to cyclonic activities as
well as tsunami, which can cause significant irreparable damage to onshore as well as
offshore wind turbines.
The government has come up with following initiatives to overcome some challenges:
 National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (2018)
o Its objective is to provide a framework for promotion of large grid connected wind-solar
PV hybrid systems for optimal and efficient utilisation of wind and solar resources,
transmission infrastructure and land.
 National Offshore Wind Energy Policy (2015):
o To develop the offshore wind energy in the Indian ExclusiveEconomic Zone (EEZ) along
the Indian coastline of 7,516.6 km.
Conclusion:
Wind energy though costly as compared to some other renewable sources of energy, can help in
achieving SDG 7 (Energy for all) especially for people living in mountainous areas, also help
achieve INDC goals by reducing carbon footprint.
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8. Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work from Home’ on family relationships.
(10 Marks, 150 words)
Approach:
Body:
 Discuss the positive and negative impact of Work From Home on family relationship.
Introduction:
The rising wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in India and the subsequent lockdowns has forced the
corporate world to opt for ‘work from home’, where in employees were allowed work remotely
without coming to the office.
Impact of Work From Home on Family Relationship:

Positive Impacts
 On Relation with Children
 Development of Strong bond: It provides more time to spend with children and spending
more time with little ones enhances the cooperation and understanding between parents and
little ones.
 Better Relationships with Elder Children: Older children(above-12) generally need less
constant supervision and care, so parent’s work roles aren’t as badly affected, allowing them
to enjoy spending more time at home with the kids without it affecting work.
 Increased sense of responsibility: Parents who work from home can customize their day to
meet their family's needs.
 Example: School drop-off and pick-up are easier when you are not required to be in a
physical workplace at a set time.
 With Parents
 More Time for Parents and Older People: WFH provides more time for parents and elderly
people to share traditional knowledge and experiences. Moreover, the children also get more
time to take care of their parents.
 Joint families: Reinforcement of the joint family as most families were back to their home.
 With Partners
 Biological Needs: A new survey by Flex Jobs shows that 80% people think that having a
flexible job would help them be more attentive to their significant other or partner.
 Gender Equality: Shared domestic work may result in gender equality within the household.
 Others
 Balanced Life: Often WFH allows one to be more flexible in terms of hours worked,
allowing one to find a good balance between work role and marriage/family roles.
 Supportive Environment: People with a healthy marriage will find the home a very
supportive environment to work from, but poor marital quality may make working from home
harder.
Negative Impacts
 With partners and children
 Disagreement with Partners and Children’s: According to Wellbeing report, among
parents staying in work mode, 54% say that their work has led to arguments with their
children while 57% say it has led to disagreements with their partners.
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 Spill over effect: When working from home, the work stress and family is at same place.
As a result, it may lead to situation where husband vent out work stress on wife and
children.
 Lack of Privacy: Many children were on constant surveillance of their parents which
deprived them of privacy which required counsellor support.
 In general with partners
 Unnecessary Frustration: Kids at home can demand attention, even if parents have
someone to care for their kids while parents are at work.
 Stress in Relationship: Example-Partner A, the remote worker, runs the errands, walks
the dog during breaks, cooks meals, and picks up the kids, while partner B, who works at
an office, doesn't deal with most or any of those chores. This could cause stress in a
relationship and lead to conflict.
 Over Reliance of Spouse: WFH can result in a smaller social network and less perceived
social support since there are fewer natural opportunities to interact with others.
 Connectivity Issues: Individuals who work from home often find it hard to relax and
switch off from work, since the home environment and workspace are the same. This can
make it hard to relax and connect with your spouse when at home.
 Women specific issues
 More responsibilities, more challenges: Working mothers don’t just have professional
responsibilities, they are also invested in caregiving. The workload increases as they also
have to devote time to help kids with homework results in quick frustration and fights
with in the family.
 Increased divorce rates: An increased incidence of divorce was observed during the
work from home phase.
 Domestic violence: The incidence of domestic abuse, both physical and emotional,
increased (nearly 200% increase in reporting).
 Others: Some people become irritant due to background disturbance and lack of required
work infrastructure.
Conclusion:
Therefore, the governments are expected to make a regulatory framework to enable teleworking,
and organisations should understand the implications of work from home during the crisis and ensure
that they inadvertently do not miss critical compliances.
9. How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with an emphasis
on the culture of consumption? (10 Marks, 150 words)
Approach:
Introduction: Define Tier 2 cities with examples
Body:
 Write on growth of Tier-2 Cities and rise of new middle class.
 Discuss about consumerism trend in Tier-2 cities.
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Introduction:
Tier 2 cities are the upcoming cities in the process of development in terms of investment and
employment which have a population of 50,000 to 1 lakh. They include the cities of Ahmedabad,
Vadodara, Coimbatore, Jaipur, Pune, Varanasi etc.
Growth of Tier 2 Cities and Rise of New Middle Class:

 Economic
 LPG Reform: The LPG reforms has increased the entrepreneur activity leading to a
significant expansion of white collar jobs in tier 2 cities.
 Rise in Start-ups: According to Your Story Research, between 2015 to 2021, Tier-II city
startups in India raised approximately $1.12 billion in funding, across 305 deals which
increased employment opportunities and led to rise of new middle class.
 Tourism centres: Most of the Tier-2 cities are sites of tourism which opened up new
avenues for livelihoods and resulted in rise of new middle class. Example: Udaipur.
 Increased investments: Cities like Jaipur, Indore and Surat have attracted huge
investments providing better employment opportunities which led to rise of new middle
class.
 Globalisation: It led to the rise in service sector which contributes more than 50% to
India’s GDP and more than 64% jobs in the tier 2 and tier 3 cities.
 Government Initiatives and Middle Class: Make in India, Stand up India, Start-up
India, MUDRA Yojana, JAM Trinity, UDAN, etc.in tier 2 cities are expected to bring
more people into the fold of new middle class.
 Infrastructural
o Growth Due to Regional Connectivity: UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik), Nextgen
Airports for Bharat (NABH) and Bharatmala have been rolled out to enhance the
international and regional connectivity in the smaller cities, thus facilitating rise of new
middle class.
o Ripple Effect of Improvement: The ripple effect of the improvement in infrastructure,
business ecosystem, and enhanced connectivity is visible in the growing presence of Tata
Consultancy Services, Wipro, Amazon, and OYO, which have aided in creation of
employment opportunities and reducing outward migration.
o Technological Advancement: The resultant growth in disposable income, proliferation
of Internet and rising aspirations have led to growth in consumer demand across sectors.
o Pollution free Environment: Less pollution as compared to metro cities in the tier 2
cities such as Chandigarh resulted into migration of people from Delhi, thereby resulting
in rise of new middle class in these cities.
o Ease of living: Tier 2 cities such as Surat, Coimbatore, Vadodara, and Indore were
amongst the top 10 cities on the Ease of Living Index (2020) making these cities
attractive for residence and thus leading to rise in new middle class.
o Counter magnets: Tier 2 cities are developing as strong counter magnets to larger
metros by minimizing the out-migration and attracting workforce from Tier 3 cities and
other small towns.
Consumerism Gains Steam in Tier 2 Cities:

 Growth of E-commerce: E-Commercegiants have recorded jump in consumers from smaller
cities.Rise of e commerce led to increase in market access to middle class tier 2 population.
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 Example: AmazonPay revenues grew by 29 percent YoY in FY 21 with over 75 per cent
of its customers using Amazon UPI coming from the Tier 2 and 3 cities.
 Automobile Industries: For Example, Mercedes Benz have laid out plans to expand their
operations to 25 small cities.
 Real Estate: Smaller cities are garnering interest of investors, organisations and consumers
alike across asset classes such as residential, commercial, retail and warehousing.
 Rise in Residential Demand: Tier 2 cities in the past few years have emerged as significant
contributors to the residential real estate market of India.
 Example: According to Housing.com’s IRIS index, Tier 2 cities taking a significant 50-
55 percent share in the overall online property search volume.
 Cost of Living Factor: Moderate cost of living in tier 2 cities for a better lifestyle leads to
more consumption.
 Mushrooming of malls: There has been Mcdonaldization of tier 2 cities with mushrooming
of malls, food court, fast food centres.
 Changing diets: Emergence of big retailers vis a vis the unorganised local shops, leading to
change in dietary habits of people in tier 2 cities.
 Retail Market: Many e-commerce giants have set up their warehousing and fulfilment
centres in Tier 2 cities such as Lucknow, Jaipur and Chandigarh.
Conclusion:
With changing consumer buying patterns and preferences now it is true that the small cities,
especially Tier 2 cities, are emerging as “new growth engines of India” and hotspots with consumers
having rising aspirations and propensity to spend which is especially evident in the increase in online
and luxury retail consumption in the non-metro cities.
10. Given the diversities among tribal communities in India in which specific context should
they be considered as a single category? (10 Marks 150 words)
Approach:
Body:
 Discuss about diversity of tribal community.
 Discuss the singularity among tribes in India
Introduction:
The tribal population constitutes around 8.6% of the total population which is the largest tribal
population in the world. The Indian tribes are culturally rich and have different beliefs in domain of
religion, cuisine, language from the mainstream society. They are an example of the ethnographic
wealth and culture of Indian heritage.
Diversities Among Tribal Communities in India:

 Geographical Diversity
 South India: The states being Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka with
tribes Kadar, Tod, Gonds, Chenchu, Koya, etc.
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 Western India: It includes Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Gujarat and the tribes being
Bhils, Gonds, Korku, Koli, Thakar, Warli, Munda, Katkari, Pardhans, Khond, etc.
 North-eastern region: The tribes here are the Garo, Kuki, Mizo, Khasi, Monda, Nagas,
etc. with regions Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura.
 The Sub-Himalayan Region: The major tribes here are Gurjar, Gaddi, Theru, Jaunsari,
etc.
 The Central and East India: With West Bengal, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh, the tribes are Baiga, Bondo, Joang, Kol, Santhal, Munda, Bhils, Ho, Pahadiya,
etc.
 Based on Language: Austric Langauge Group, Tibeto-Chinese group, The Dravidian
Language group and The Indo-European Language group.
 On ethnic Roots: The Mongoloid Origin, Proto-Austroloid, and The Negrito.
 Pattern of Worship: They are worshipers of the Hindu deities, Animism, and all form of
Pagan worship. Nagas, Mizos, Santhal, Oraons and Mundas etc., have embraced Christianity.
Butia,Lepcha,Chakma have largely been identified with Buddhism.
 Distinct way of life: Each tribe has its own way of behaving, thinking, feelings and acting.
Each has its own customs, traditions, morals values, its own peculiar institutional beliefs, its
own culture.
Specific Contexts in which Tribal Community should be considered as a single category are:
 Social Norms
 Practice of Endogamy: Tribal people do not get married outside that always respect their
commonality.
 Hunting and Gathering activities: Many tribes from across the country practice hunting
and gathering and live a nomadic life such as Raji in Uttar Pradesh; Kharia and Birgias in
Jharkhand.
 Spatial Isolation
 Distinction from the Outside World: These Indian tribes live happily and are unaware
of the technology and developments going around the globe.
 Definite Area: They won't acquire other characteristics, such as a common language,
community, name, rituals, attitudes, territory, etc., if there is no commonplace for them.
 Statecraft
 Distinct political organization: People living there always have an organized political
authority that looks for their interests and welfare.
 Egalitarian values: There is no institution that is based on caste, class or sex. However,
the position of chief is higher but tribal people have no sense of discrimination.
 Culture
 Believe in Magic and Spirits: Taboos are part of their life and largely they trust
animism. Worship of spirits with fear and respect is common.
 Dependent on Forests: The tribal way of life in the country is intricately entwined with
the forests. The tribes in India are largely dependent on forests for their life and
livelihood.
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 Worship of a Common Ancestor: The members of a tribe usually worship a common

ancestor and also “Nature” worship is common in them.
 Unanimity with Nature: The Indian tribes live in harmony with the nature in which they
survive and perfectly portrays a well-balanced environment.
 Simplicity: The tribal society is not complex, they are simple in character, self-reliant
and self-sufficient.
Conclusion:
Each tribe has its own distinctive characteristics that set it apart from the other tribes. However, the
separation from the outside world is something that all of these tribal Indians have in common. The
state must ensure that all the tribal communities are linked to the mainstream society and ensure
socio-economic development of all tribes in India.
11. The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has been a
continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples.
(Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Introduction: Introduce with the one of the major event of re-organization of Indian states like Bengal partition of
1905.
Body:
 Divide the question in two parts and first give arguments related to the political reorganization of states and
territories as a continuing process since mid-nineteenth century.
 Then answer about the administrative reorganization of states related to the above dimension.
Conclusion: Conclude with the ongoing process of reorganization of states and territories of India.
Introduction:
The debate on reorganization of states in India is a century old issue. The participation of Bengal in
the beginning of 20th century, which witnessed Rabindranath Tagore in the forefront of protest
marches in the streets of Calcutta against the division of Bengal, was perhaps the first such an
exercise in India to divide a state for serving political goals on the large scale.
Political Reorganisation of States since Mid-nineteenth Century
 Decline of Mughal Empire and Rise of Regional States: During the Aurangzeb’s reign, the
powerful regional groups like the Jats, Sikhs and Marathas started to defy the authority of the
Mughal state in their bid to create kingdoms of their own. After the decline of Mughal
Empire there was emergence of three different types of states:
a) Successor States: Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad
b) Independent States: Mysore, Kerala and Rajput States
c) The New States: Maratha, Sikhs and Jats
 English vs Maratha: The years between the last quarter of the 18th century andthe first
quarter of the 19th century witnessed the Marathas and the English clashing thrice for
political supremacy, with the English emerging victorious in the end.
 Conquest of Sind: In the early 19th century, the English started to show an interest in Sindh.
In 1843, under Governor-General Ellenborough, Sindh was merged into the British Empire
and Charles Napier was appointed its first governor.
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 Conquest of Punjab: After 2nd Anglo-Sikh War, in 1843, Punjab was placed under a chief
commissioner (John Lawrence).
 North West Frontier Province (NWFP): The area lies between the region of Indus and
Afghanistan. The conquest of Sindh (1843) and annexation of Punjab (1849) carried British
boundaries beyond the Indus and brought them in contact with Baluchand Pathan tribes.
Curzon created the NWFP directly under the Government of India.
 Bengal Partition: The British government’s decision to partition Bengal hadbeen made
public in December 1903. The idea was to have two provinces – Bengal comprising Western
Bengal as wellas the provinces of Bihar and Orissa, and Eastern Bengal and Assam. Despite
the opposition of masses, Bengal was partitioned in 1905.
 Annulment of Bengal Partition and Shifting of Capital: It was decided to annul the
partition of Bengal in 1911 mainly to curb the menace of revolutionary terrorism. It was also
decided to shift the capital to Delhi as a sop to the Muslims. Bihar and Orissa were taken
outof Bengal and Assam was made a separate province.
 Partition of 1947: The Indian Independence Act provided for the creation of two
independent dominions of India and Pakistan with effect from 15th August, 1947.
 Integration of Princely States: At the time of independence, India comprised two categories
of political units, namely, the British provinces (under the direct rule of British government)
and the princely states (under the rule of native princes but subject to the paramountcy of the
British Crown).
 Of the 552 princely states situated within the geographical boundaries of India, 549 joined India
and the remaining 3 (Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir)refused to join India. However, in
course of time, they were also integrated with India–Hyderabad by means of police action,
Junagarh by means of referendum and Kashmir by the Instrument of Accession.
 Formation of First Linguistic State – Andhra State: In October, 1953, the Government of
India was forcedto create the first linguistic state, known as Andhra state, byseparating the
Telugu speaking areas from the Madras state.
 Changes on the basis of Fazl Ali Commission: 14 states and 6 union territories were
created on November 1, 1956. The States Reorganisation Act (1956) established the new
state of Kerala, the new union territory of Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands.
 New States after 1956: Even after the large-scale reorganisation of the states in 1956, the
political map of India underwent continuous changes due to the pressure of popular agitations
and political conditions.
 Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960
 Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1961
 Goa – 1987(taken from Portuguese)
 Daman and Diu (taken from Portuguese and made Separate UT)
 Puducherry (taken from French and made UT in 1962)
 Nagaland in 1963
 Haryana and Chandigarh in 1966
 Himachal Pradesh in 1971 and so on
 In recent Times:
 Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand: In 2000, three more new States of
Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand were created out of the territories of Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, respectively.
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 Telangana: In 2014, the new state of Telangana was carved out of the territories of
Andhra Pradesh.
 Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh: the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act,
2019,bifurcated the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir into two separate union
territories, namely, the union territory of Jammu &Kashmir and the union territory of
Ladakh.
Administrative Reorganisation of States since Mid-nineteenth Century:
 Extension of British Paramountcy through Administrative Policy: The process of
imperial expansion and consolidation of British paramountcy was carried on by the Company
during the 1757-1857 period through a two-fold method:
a) Policy of annexation by conquest or war; and
b) Policy of annexation by diplomacy and administrative mechanisms
i. Ring Fence Policy: Aimed at creating buffer zones to defend the Company’sfrontiers.
Broadly it was the policy of defence of their neighbours’ frontiers for safeguarding
their own territories.
ii. Subsidiary Alliance: An extension of the Ring Fence Policy. Under the system, the
allying Indian state’sruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing ofa
British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy forits maintenance.
iii. Doctrine of Lapse: The doctrine stated that the adopted son could be the heir to his
foster father’s private property, but not the state; it was for the paramount power (the
British)to decide whether to bestow the state on the adopted son or to annex it.
 The Charter Act of 1833: Territories of India were to be governed in the name of Crown.
Bengal, Madras, Bombay and all other territories were placed under complete control of the
governor-general.
 The Charter Act of 1853: The Company was to continue possession of territoriesunless the
Parliament provided otherwise.
 Act of Better Government of India, 1858: It declared Queen Victoria as the sovereign of
British India and provided for the appointment of a Secretary of State for India.
 Government of India Act, 1935: It provided for the establishment of All India Federation
consisting of provinces and princely states as units.
 Indian Independence Act, 1947: As per the Act, Pakistan became independent on August
14 while India got its freedom on August 15, 1947. Jinnah became the first Governor-General
of Pakistan. India, however, decided to request Lord Mountbatten to continue as the
Governor-General of India.
 There were further demands of separate states during the Post Independence era. In order to
analyze their demands, different Commissions were formed by the Government of India like
Dhar Commission, JVP Commission and Fazl Commission
Conclusion:
Even today, there are rising demands for separate states from the regions of Vidharbha and
Bundelkhand. The many regions of North East India demand separate political and state identity.
There are possibilities for the further creation of many new states in India to ease the administrative
challenges.
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12. Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and
culture. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach:
Introduction: Introduce briefly with the importance of Gupta as well as Chold period for Indian heritage and culture.
Body:
 Mention contributions of the Gupta Period to Indian heritage and culture
 Mention contributions of the Chola Period to Indian heritage and culture
Introduction:
The Gupta period has often been referred to as “Golden Age” due to its cultural heritage and great
accomplishments in the field of art, language and literature. Similarly, the Cholas at the height of
their influence patronised all manner of visual, literary, architectural and culinary arts, in essence
imprinting their larger-than-life personalities on every realm the royal treasury enriched.
Contribution of Gupta Period:

 Growth of Art:
o Architecture
 Idol Worship: The Gupta period is known as the phase of Brahmanical resurgence. The
Gupta kings were keenly interested in building temples and installing images of their
devoted gods (ishta-deva) therein.
 Evolution in Temple Architecture: The building medium was stone or brick. Initially,
they were small structures with central shrines having roofs with spouts for easy drainage
of water.
 Creative Enthusiasm: The Gupta period reflects creative enthusiasm and deep sense and
awareness of beauty. These are evident in the following surviving specimens –
Dashavatara temple at Deogarh, Bhitargaon temple (UP), Vishnu temple (MP) etc.
 Cave Architecture: Alongside erection of structures, cave architecture was also in
vogue.
- The breathtakingly beautiful paintings at the caves of Ajanta are known from this
time.
- The cave temple at Udayagiri near Vidisha (MP) also belongs to this period.
 Stupas and Viharas: They are evident from Buddhist sites of Sarnath, Nalanda, Rajgir,
Jaulian and Mohra Maradu (both near Taxila in Pakistan), Pushkalavati etc.
- The Dhamekh stupa at Sarnath is striking on account of a variety of geometric
patterns and artistic designs.
- The earliest brick structure of the Buddhist University at Nalanda founded by
Kumaragupta I belongs to this era. The 300 feet tall Buddha temple at Nalanda is
another fine architectural exhibit from this time.
- The Mani-naga Jaina temple at Rajgir is also known from this period.
o Sculpture
 Advanced Skills of Sculptures: Prime contribution of this age lies in the
development of perfect images – both Brahmanical and Buddhist as well as Jainas
Tirthankars.
- Example: A large sculpture of Varaaha (boar incarnation of Vishnu) was found in
Eran.
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Refinement in Idols Sculpting – New Buddha: The workman of Gupta period

introduced some new elements in fashioning the Buddha image.
- Example: Curly hair as opposed to the shaven head of Kushana Buddha statue.
Wide range of postures (mudras) including hand-poses.
 Expertise in Metal Technology: The Gupta artisans made images in iron, copper and
bronze that shows their expertise in metallurgy and knowledge of advanced metal
technology.
- Example: The best example of brilliance achieved in iron technology is the
Mehrauli Iron Pillar (near Qutub Minar, Delhi).
 Ajanta Caves: The sculptures in Ajanta caves are shows the magnificence of Gupta
art.
- Example: The image in Cave 9 of Naagaraja seated with his queen.
o Painting:
 New kind of Development: Painting in the Gupta era struck a new line of
development like never before, like Ajanta frescoes and cave paintings at Bagh and
Badami/Vatapi etc. The murals of Ajanta are replete with depictions of both religious
and secular life.
 Extraordinary Skill of Painters: Decorations on ceilings, pedestals, columns,
facades, doorways and window-frames give evidence of the painters’ extraordinary
ability of conception and technique.
 Language
 Re-emergence of Sanskrit: “Classical Sanskrit” developed during the Guptas. They
made it the official language of their court and liberally encouraged its use.
 Use of Sankrit by other Religions: The Buddhist scholars, particularly those of
Mahayana Buddhism, started composing their texts in Sanskrit.
o Many works of Jaina faith such as Nyaayavataara and Tatvaarthadhigama-sutra were
authored in Sanskrit in place of Prakrit.
 Use of Sanskrit for Non-Fictional works: Non-fictional works on a range of scientific
subjects like astronomy, medicine and mathematics were also penned in Sanskrit.
o Literature: An efflorescence of religious literature was witnessed. The intelligentsia
of this time presented, explained and wrote precepts and doctrines of “neo-
Hinduism”, philosophical thoughts, ethics etc. in the form of Smritis, Puranas and
Epics.
 Focus on Education and Culturing of Masses: These shastras (rulebooks/law-books)
were authored for education, edification and culturing of the masses. Many digests on
moral and social conduct such as Vishnu Smriti, Narada Smritiwere composed during
Gupta times.
 Literary Legends: The greatest Sanskrit poet Kalidasa(one of the navratnas) of the court
of Changragupta II – wrote dramas like Abhijnana Shakuntalam, Malavikagnimitramand
poetic works such as Raghuvamsham, Ritusamhaarand Meghadutam which show the
unsurpassed and unrivalled literary standards achieved during this time.
 Refinement of Sanskrit Grammar: This period also witnessed development and
refinement of Sanskrit grammar on the foundation prepared by Panini (6th-4th century
BCE) and Patanjali (2nd century BCE).
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 Focus on Science and Mathematics: Great push was given to scientific studies. “Zero”
and the subsequent evolution of the decimal system are credited to be the path-breaking
discoveries of this period.
 Evolution of Philosophical Ideas: The continuing philosophical debate was now
centered on the following six schools/ systems of thought – Nyaaya, Vaisheshika,
Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta.
Contribution of Chola Period:

 Growth of Art
 Architecture:
o Perfected the Dravidian Temple Style: The Dravidian style of art and architecture
reached its perfection under the Cholas. The chief feature of the Chola temple is the
vimana.
- The early Chola temples were found at Narthamalai and Kodumbalur in Pudukottai
district and at Srinivasanallur in Tiruchirappalli district.
o Enormous Temples: The Big Temple at Tanjore built by Rajaraja I is a master-piece of
South Indian art and architecture. It consists of the vimana, ardhamandapa, mahamandapa
and a large pavilion in the front known as the Nandimandapa.
 Sculpture: The Cholas also made rich contributions to the art of sculpture.
 Fine Sculptures: The walls of the Chola temples such as the Tanjore and
Gangaikondacholapuram temples contain numerous icons of large size with fine
execution.
 Use of Bronze and Casting: The bronzes of the Chola period are world-famous. The
bronze statues of Nataraja or dancing Siva are master pieces.
 Paintings: The Chola paintings were found on the walls of Narthamalai and Tanjore temples.
 Education and Literature:
o Temples as Learning Centres: The temples and mathasin the chola period serves as
educational centres. Besides them several educational institutions also flourished. The
inscription at Ennayiram, Thirumukkudal and Thirubhuvanai provide details of the
colleges existed in these places.
o Focus on Science and Mathematics: Apart from the Vedas and Epics, subjects like
mathematics and medicine were taught in these institutions.
o Evolution of Tamil Literature: The development of Tamil literature reached its peak
during the Chola period. Sivakasintamani written by Thiruthakkadevar and Kundalakesi
belonged to 10th century.
 Work of Tamil Grammar and other Scriptures: The works on Tamil grammar like
Kalladam by Kalladanar, Yapperungalam by Amirthasagarar, a Jain, Nannul by
Pavanandhi and Virasoliyam by Buddhamitra were the products of the Chola age.
Conclusion:
The Gupta age, thus, stands out as a significant and noteworthy departure from previous historical
periods, particularly in the cultural history of India due to impressive standards achieved by artistic
and literary expressions of this time. Similarly, the Cholas and their reign mark a remarkable period
of medieval history that saw a massive cultural spurt along with a growth in civilization and its
meaning.
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13. Discuss the significance of the lion and bull figures in Indian mythology, art and
architecture. (Answer in 250 words) 15
Approach
Introduction: Introduce with the importance of animals and birds in Indian culture.
Body:
 Give arguments related to the significance of Lions and Bull figures in Indian mythology, art
and architecture.
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly.
Introduction:
Though animals and birds are a natural inclusion of our surroundings, in Indian culture they often
carry a deeper symbolic meaning. Where on one hand, the animals and birds have been used in arts
and sculptures purely on their merit as physical forms or utilitarian value; on the other hand, they are
also delved with divine or spiritual contexts.
Significance of Lion:
 Mythology:
o Hinduism: Lion is considered sacred and enjoy an exalted status, and share the honors
during worship with major Hindu deities like Goddess Durga.
o Vedas: Lions are mentioned in the Vedas and the Puranas.
o Buddhism: Figure of royalty and leadership. Buddha belonged to the Shakya clan which
means lion clan. In Buddhism lions are symbolic of the bodhisattvas, the "sons of the
Buddha" or "Buddha's lions".
o Jainism: Mahavir Jaina has been considered as a Lion in different Jain literatures. It is
said that the lion is the king of the forest on his own strength, wandering fearlessly in his
field.
o Sikhism: In Sikhism the title of “Singh” was taken to represent the bravery of lion.
 Art and Architecture:
o Lion Capital – National Emblem: The Sarnath lion capital now constitute the official
emblem of the government of India.
o Temples: The face of the lion (simha-mukha) is used in images and sculpture in many
Hindu temples to decorate the doors, walls, arches, and windows.Lion appears on temple
sculptures and murals alongside Shakti, Brahma and Ganesha.
o In Monasteries: Role of dharma protectors supporting the throne of the Buddhas and
bodhisattvas. In the northern areas of Nepal, influenced by Tibetan buddhism, the lions
have become "snow lions".
o Numismatics: Lions have been represented in the coins of the Samudragupta, Western
Chalukya and Satvahna Dynasty.
o Dance and Drama Forms: Lion’s fierce form, bloodshot eyes, and large teeth, represent
Kala, the devourer.
o Paintings: Lion as a symbol can be seen in the paintings of the ancient Bhimbetka arts in
M.P. It represents the duel between the ancient man and the lion and how their life were
interlinked.
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Significance of Bull:
 Mythology:
o Hindusim: Lord Shiva is known as Vrishabhanath, lord of the bulls. His vehicle is Nandi,
the divine bull, also known as Basava.
o Vedic world: The bull represented masculinity, virility, strength, aggression, and fighting
power. The Vedas describe Indra as a strong bull of manliness and mighty strength.
o Significance in Buddhism: Bull is related to the birth of Gautam Buddha. The event of
Buddha’s birth is represented by Lotus and Bull.
o Significance in Jainism: Bull is the symbol of Adinath (Rishabhdev), the first Jain
tirthankar, as he taught the skill of farming.
 Art and Architecture:
o In Prehistoric Rock Paintings: In prehistoric rock paintings of Bhimnbetka (MP), we
find paintings of bulls with various other animals like biasons, deer etc.
o Indus Valley Civilization: Images of bulls were found in several Indus Valley seals. This
bronze figure of a bull from Mohenjodaro deserves mention.
o Found in Hindus temples: The images of Nandi are invariably found in every Shiva
temple.
o During Ashoka’s time:
 Rampurva Capital: The Rampurva pillar installed by Ashoka shows Bull as capital.
 Lion Capital: The abacus of Sarnath’s lion capital contains bull along with lion, an
elephant, and a galloping horse.
 Lomas Rishi Caves: Bull sculptures are found in Lomas Rishi and Barabar caves.
o Numismatics: In some Kushans Emperors, there are appearance of bulls on their silver
punch-marked coins.
o As Emblems: Bulls have been represented as symbols in emblems of many kingdoms
like Rashtrakutas and Pallavas etc.
Conclusion:
The importance of animals is not only seen in Indian arts of sculptures, paintings, architecture or
design but also in its literary treasures. The Indian tradition teaches people to respect all the animals
as spiritual beings and part of God's creation, whose existence and services are vital to the order and
regularity of the worlds.
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14. What are the forces that influence Ocean Currents? Describe their role in fishing industry
of the world. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Approach:
Introduction: Define Ocean Currents.
Body:
 Discuss the forces that influence Ocean Currents.
 Discuss the role of Ocean Currents in fishing industry of the world.
Introduction:
The general movement of a mass of ocean water in a definite direction is called ocean current, which
is more or less similar to water streams (rivers) draining on the land surface on the earth.
Forces that influence Ocean Currents:

 Primary Forces
o Planetary winds: Planetary winds are permanent winds that blow from one pressure belt to
the other. They are probably the dominant influence on the flow of ocean currents.
o Insolation: Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand. That is why, near the equator
the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very
slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope.
o Atmospheric Circulation: Wind blowing on the surface of the ocean pushes the water to
move. Friction between the wind and the water surface affects movement of the water body in
its course.
o Ex: Monsoon winds are responsible for the seasonal reversal of ocean currents in the Indian
ocean.
o Gravity: Gravity tends to pull the water down to pile and create gradient variation.
o Coriolis force: The Coriolis force intervenes and causes the water to move to the right in the
northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
 Secondary Forces
o Density: Differences in water density affect vertical mobility of ocean currents (vertical
currents).
o Salinity: Water with high salinity is denser than water with low salinity and in the same way
cold water is denser than warm water. Denser water tends to sink, while relatively lighter
water tends to rise.
o Temperature: Cold-water ocean currents occur when the cold water at the poles sinks and
slowly moves towards the equator whereas warm-water currents travel out from the equator
along the surface, flowing towards the poles to replace the sinking cold water.
o Land masses: When the moving ocean currents hit the land masses like continents they
change their direction depending upon the shape of continent or island.
Role of Ocean Currents in fishing industry of the world:

 Mixing of Water: Mixing of cold and warm ocean currents bear richest fishing grounds in
the world.
o Ex: Grand Banks around Newfoundland, Canada and North-Eastern Coast of Japan.
 Growth of Planktons: The mixing of warm and cold currents helps to replenish the oxygen
and favour the growth of planktons, the primary food for fish population.
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o Ex: Gulf Stream carries planktons from Mexican Gulf to the coasts of Newfoundland and
north-western Europe.
 Helping the Fisherman to Ship: Current also help the fisherman to ship and make the ship
goes faster to the open ocean rather than sailing without the help of the ocean current.
 Identification of Fish location: Currents help us knowing the fish habit such as salmon.
During the breeding time they will swim and goes somewhere which is against the current.
 Provides Nutrient Balance: With the existence of currents, the decomposed nutrient can be
distributed equally in the ocean. So the living beings in the ocean can get the nutrient and stay
alive.
 Fishing Route: Studying about the ocean current also help us to know the fishing route.
 Salinity Balance: Just like its function to distribute oxygen and nutrition equally, ocean
currents also having a role in balancing the salinity of ocean water. A place that is too salty
will have no living beings on it.
 Plants Distribution: Ocean Current help the seed of the plants to be distributed widely and
when there is a plant there will be a life and fish to catch.
Conclusion:
The marine fishery potential in the Indian waters have been estimated at 5.31 MMT constituting
about 43.3% demersal, 49.5% pelagic and 4.3% oceanic groups.
15 Describing the distribution of rubber producing countries, indicate the major

environmental issues faced by them. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Approach:
Body:
 Describe the distribution of rubber producing countries.
 Discuss the major environmental issues faced by rubber producing countries.
Introduction:
Asia is the largest producer of rubber in the world that produces about 91 per cent of the world
production, followed by Africa, which produces 6 per cent.
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Distribution of Rubber Producing Countries:
 Thailand: Thailand now ranks first in global rubber output and produced 3.09 million metric
tons of rubber – 31 per cent of global total.
 Indonesia: Adaptation of rubber trees to the local tropical climate, zeal of the local people
and cheap labour availability helped Indonesia to prosper and secured second position in
world rubber production. Most of the rubber plantations are confined toJava, Sumatra and
Borneo islands.
 Malaysia: Rubber is grown mainly on the western side of the peninsula and to a lesser
extent or the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia and in scattered areas of East Malaysia.
 The rubber plantations in Malaysia have been developed because of suitable climate,
government patronage, expansion of rubber-growing areas, new presentation, cheap local,
Indian and Chinese labour force, easy transportation facilities, etc.
 India: Rubber plantation was started in 1880 in South India. Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the main rubber producers.
 West African Producers: Liberia, with its large American-owned Firestone estates and
processing factories, was for many years the largest producer in West Africa.
 Other Countries: Sri Lanka, China, Philippines and Cambodia, Nigeria, Kenya, Liberia,
Zaire and Ivory Coast, Brazil also produce rubber.
Environmental Issues Caused by the Rubber Industry:

 Release of Sulphates: The effluent from latex concentrate factories contains high levels of
sulphate, which originate from sulfuric acid used in the coagulation process.
 Example- Most latex factories in Thailand don’t have waste management systems to deal
with all the compounds.
 Odour: Odours like hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, and amines produced by many wastewater
treatment processes.
 Production of Carcinogenic Gases: Basic Polymer and ingredients used for making
rubber products, either individually or after combinations make some carcinogenic gases
and fumes during mixing, vulcanization process and even during storage.
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 Discharge of Waste Water: The wastewater discharged from the latex processing usually
contains high levels of BOD, COD, and SS.
 Leaching of chemicals: During the manufacturing and storage of rubber products, various
gases, vapours, fumes and aerosols are emitted due to the leaching out of chemicals and also
during vulcanization that occurs at high temperatures.
 Example: Plasticizers, antioxidants and residual monomers or polymer oligomers, as well
as primary and secondary reaction products from the cross linking systems.
Conclusion:
To avoid and minimize the pollution, there is need of proper storage, processing techniques,
proper knowledge of chemicals, manpower training, proper selection of material, and developing
the new techniques and methods for scrap disposal and reuse of scrap.
16 Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. (15 Marks)
Approach:
Introduction: Define straits and isthmus with example.
Body:
 Mention their significance with examples.
Introduction:
A strait is a narrow body of water that connects two larger bodies of water. For Example, the Strait
of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf and a part of the Arabian Sea called the Gulf of Oman.
An isthmus is a narrow strip of land that connects two larger landmasses and separates two bodies of
water. For example; The Isthmus of Panama in Panama links the continents of North and South
America, and separates the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
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Significance of Straits and Isthmus in international trade

 Shipping channels: The Strait of Malacca serves as the main shipping channel between the
Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and is one of the most important shipping lanes in the
world.
 Goods and Petroleum transport: Major pathways for the transport of natural gas, heavy
engineering goods, bulk minerals, etc.
o Example: Strait of Hormuz- About 20 percent of the world petroleum traded via sea
route is transported through strait of Hormuz.
 Transit point for merchant ships: They provide good amount of revenue to the sovereign
nations having control over the straits.
o Example: Egypt earns around $6 billion dollars every year from tolls collected from
transiting ships.
 Ease travel for ships: The Panama Canal stretches 77 kilometers across the isthmus, and
allows cargo ships to travel from eastern North America to western North America without
having to go around South America.
 Connects continents: Isthmus of Suez in eastern Egypt connects the continents of Africa and
Asia, and separates the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
 Natural sites for ports: Isthmus are natural sites for ports and canals linking terrestrial and
aquatic trade routes.
 Oil shipments: Kra Isthmus Canal provide an alternative to transit through the Straits of
Malacca and shorten transit for shipments of oil to Japan and China by 1,200 km.
 Communication: The Isthmus of Panama links the continents of North and South America,
and separates the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
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Conclusion:
Straits do not have just economic significance but also strategic military importance, as they are the
major choke points of the world. Thus in order to ensure free movement of shipping vessels many
nations have their military bases near the choke points of these straits like in Djibouti at Bab al-
Mandeb strait.
17. Troposphere is very significant atmospheric layer that determines weather processes. How?
(250 words, 15 Marks)
Approach:
Introduction:Briefly write on troposphere.
Body:
 Explain weather processes occurring in troposphere.
 Give brief about impact of global warming on troposphere.
Conclusion: Significance of troposphere.
Introduction:
The troposphere is the region within the atmosphere between the earth's surface and the tropopause
that is centred at an altitude of about 8-15 kilometres. This region is characterized by decreasing
temperature with increasing altitude.
Significance of Troposphere in determining Weather processes:

 Rainfall: Almost all the weather phenomena like rainfall, fog and hailstorm etc. are confined
to this layer
 Formation of Smog: Smog also forms in this layer of the atmosphere. This will restrict
visibility and cause irritation of the eyes and throat.
 Hydrologic cycle: The troposphere contains about 85% of the atmosphere‘s total mass.
Tropospheric processes, such as the water or hydrologic cycle (the formation of clouds and
rain) and the greenhouse effect, have a great influence on meteorology and the climate.
 Onset of Monsoon: The Jet streams though they move in the tropopause have significant on
the weather in the troposphere - helps in onset of monsoon in India, are a cause formation of
polarvortex, etc.
 Other weather phenomenas like cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, anti-cyclones,
monsoon, heatwaves, cold waves, local winds and breezes, etc. also occur in this layer.
Impact of global warming:

Due to rising temperatures in the troposphere mostly due to anthropogenic activities, is forcing the
upper boundary of troposphere to expand upward. This could have a significant impact on the
weather phenomenas like - erratic monsoon, heatwaves as seen temperate regions, increased rate of
glacier melting as seen in northern Pakistan, increased cyclonic activities, etc.
Conclusion:
Thus, the troposphere is an important layer in Earth‘s Atmosphere, as it is the layer that we live in
and the layer that gives us weather setting various agro-climatic zones and providing necessary
resources like food, water, gases (oxygen for humans, most animals; carbon dioxide for
plants).Arresting global warming and protecting our race should be the prime task of every
individual to protect troposphere.
UPSC CSE MAINS 2022
18. Analyse the salience of sect in Indian vis-à-vis caste, region & religion.
(250 words, 15 marks)
Approach
Introduction: Introduce with definition of sect
Body:
 Salience of sect in Indian society vis-a-vis caste
 Salience of sect in Indian society vis-a-vis region
 Salience of sect in Indian society vis-a-vis religion
Sect is a group of people with somewhat different beliefs from those of a larger group which may be
a caste, region or religion. In recent times, sects have also been used to describe any religious group
that has broken away from an established religion and is now guided by its own set of doctrines
Salience of sect in Indian society vis-a-vis caste:

 Abiding to certain values: Caste in Indian society is a main division. But ‘sect’ is a further
sub-division which adhere to certain values to them.
o Example: Brahmins as a caste are sub-divided into sects of Brahmins of Northern India
& Southern India.
 Unique identity among caste: A unique identity of a particular sect among the caste leads to
further division of society.
o Example: Brahmins of Bengal being as a separate entity are further sub-divided into
paschatya vaidikas, Barendras etc.
 Water tight compartments: Sects are seen as water tight compartments which also prevent
exogamy in the name of beliefs & values.
o Example: Sudhras being at lower state of Varna system are sub-divided into clean &
unclean sudras based on their work.
 Political identity: Owing to rising socio-economic status, various sub caste in India are
asserting their dominance in political and social sectors.
o Example: Gujjar, Jats, Patidhar.etc,.
 Belonging to a greater group: ‘Sect’ among the caste is seen as a unifying factor but with a
feeling of a union to a greater group.
o Example: All castes of the chaturvarna system are seen as belonging to the religion of
Hinduism as a whole.
Salience of Sect in Indian society vis-a-vis region:

 Geographically selected culture: Sect in a region is linked with both geography & culture of
the areas.
o Example: The Shaikh are a Muslim community found in the north Indian states. There
are four main sections in shaikh i.e., siddiqi, farooq, usmani, abbasi. In the plains we see
warriors of sikh, maratha, gujjara, gurkha etc
 Beyond boundaries: Regional differences (or) diversity is confined to a particular extent.
But sectarian diversities goes beyond these.
o Example: Lingayats of Karnataka are a prominent sector spread in Maharashtra too.
 Create sectarian boundaries: Indian political map will be surely different with the
culturally map especially the sectarian map.
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o Example: India can be politically sub-divided into a number of regions where sects re
popular like Lingayat, Veerashaivas of Karnataka.The prominent sects in Maharashtra
are, Nath Sect, Datta Sect, Varkari Sect and Samartha Sect.
 Unifying factors: India can be united based on sect where geographical boundaries are
present differing people.
o Example: Shakti sect of Hinduism is prevalent from Kashmir to Tamil Nadu.
Salience of sect in Indian society vis-a-vis religion:

 A clear sub-division: Sect in a religion is seen as a clear sub-division following their own
belief system.
o Example: Anandmargis in Bengal.
 Stricter division: Religion can be accommodative with various sects but, sect is always
different & specific to a single value & culture.
o Example: Shakti sect is prominent among Hinduism which do not accommodate any
other gods of religion.
 Stronger force: Sect is seen as powerful than religion due to people following it strictly as a
cult.
o Example: Inspite of opposed feelings regarding many sects, people follow it
tremendously leading to a cult form of worship.
 A core belief system: Sect has a separate & unique core belief system being as part of a
larger religion.
o Example: Shaivism sect which worships God ‘Shiva’ has Veerashaivism which is radical
& a belief of equality with no priests in between God & devote.
‘Sect’ emerged as a greater force as a bullet in all spheres of Indian society when compared to caste,
region & religion. However, it must be ensured that Sectarianism does not pose threat to national
unity and integration.
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19. Are tolerance, assimilation & pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form
of secularism? Justify your answer. (250 words, 15 marks)
Approach
Introduction: Write about secular form of India in brief
Body:
 Role of Tolerance, assimilation & pluralism in Indian Secularism
Indian society inspite of being multi-religious, ethnic, linguistic, culture is secular. This is because of
the adoption of values such as tolerance, assimilation & pluralism in the Indian society.
Role of Tolerance in Indian secularism:

 Principle of Sarva dharma samabhav: India since its ancient times lied the foundation for
the tolerance towards other cultures.
o Example: India is the birth place of all the 8 major religions of the world.
 Equal patronage to religions: India being under Hindu rulers, Muslim Invaders & British
colonials was given equal patronage for the development of respective religions.
o Examples: Islam brought by Muslim invaders & Christianity by British was accepted as
part of Indian society.
 Common principle of all religions: India being multi-religious stands on the same principle
of ‘Dharma hirapekshetha’.
o Example: Jainism preaches ‘Anekanthavada’ indicating tolerance.
 Right to religious freedom: In the post-constitution era with fundamental right to religious
freedom, tolerance is at its best in the Indian society.
o Example: Ambur biryani festival of Tamil Nadu is seen as an exclusive example of
tolerance where beef & pork biryani is served by Muslims along with other varieties.
Role of assimilation in Indian secularism:

 India as a melting pot: Indian society has seen various cultures & religions due to power sharing
but Indian culture is unity in diversity.
o Example: Ancient, medieval & British rulers diffused culture into India which has merged
into the Indian society & its way of living.
 Acculturation: Indian stood as an example of assimilation through the process of acculturation,
where the new culture is indistinguishable with the old.
o Example: A high significance is given to the new culture & customs either due to pressure
(or) rationality like Abolition of sati, equality etc.
 Peaceful integration process: Assimilation led to a peaceful integration of new culture with the
prevalent Indian culture which led to development of secularism.
o Example: Sculpture of Christian dieties inside a lotus similar to that of Hindu dieties.
Sculptures of animals like cows, elephants, monkeys onto the church walls.
 No state religion: The Indian state accepts all faiths and protects the Rights of Minorities by
Article 29, Article 30 and there is no state religion
 Led to amalgamation: Indian society developed secularism due to a unique blend (or)
transmutation of various cultures (or) religions.
o Examples: Urdu language is a blend of Arabic, Persian, Turkish & Hindi, which developed
due to assimilation.
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Role of Pluralism in Indian Secularism:

 Diversity in culture: India has a varied culture from north to south & east to west but pluralism
accepted it & led to independency among the cultures.
o Examples: Cultural features of North & south vary but they are treated equally by the Indian
society, the state.
 Acceptance of diversity: Diversity exists in all spheres of life but Indian state treated with equality
& equal separation.
o Examples: Hindu festivals of Diwali are celebrated by all the people & Christmas is celebrated
by all the children irrespective of faiths.
 Unity in diversity: India being as a sub-continent has developed the ideas of unity in diversity.
o Example: India is multi-religious, Zoroastrianism is still evident in India which has lost its place
elsewhere.
 Equal respect to all faiths: Pre-constitution era has been following the principles of equal & mutual
respect which is present since ancient times.
o Examples: Ancient literature calls for Sanathana dharma to be followed.
Indian secularism is seen as the best form of secularism where there is equal separation from the
state.
In a pluralistic society like India, it is incumbent on us to ensure value-education that makes the
younger generation appreciate not only its own religious traditions but also those of the other
religions.
20. Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce
resources, with special reference to India.(250 words, 15 marks)
Approach
Introduction: Definition of Globalization
Body:
 Relationship between globalization & new technology to India with scarce resources
 Mention some negative consequences
Globalization is the process of increased interconnection. It seeks to integrate the world in political,
economic, social, religious, cultural and technological aspects. It is the international integration of
individuals, groups and countries arising from convergence of world views, ideas and other aspects
of culture.
Relationship between globalisation & new technology to India with scarce resources.
Usage oriented:
 Easier access: Globalisation has led to easier access to new technologies to all the regions of
the world.
o Example: The technologies of the developed countries are being transferred & used in
the developing & least developed countries.
 Independent of available resources: Inspite of lack of resources, technologies are being
adopted due to transfer from the emerging countries.
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o Example: Though India lack resources in 5G services, it is readily adopting those

services from the expertise of China
 More freedom: Emerging technologies offered more freedom of choices to consumer.
 Efficient development: Technologies developed are efficient & can be used by any country
providing for global usage.
o Example: Adoption of uniform cables by the US & EU lead to easier & effective usage
of any technological equipment anywhere.
Sector oriented:
 Service sector development: Globalisation at the present day is service sector driven which
leads to technology transfer.
o Example: Across the world, all the developing & LDC’s work as outsourcing points to
the developed counties.
 Easier flow of related information: Due to development of communication there is an
easier way of information flow.
o Example: Internet is a revolution in the technology development around the world.
 Development in developing countries: Due to globalisation, there is development in the
developing & LDC’s.
o Example: India provides export of services which has the larger share in the GDP of the
country.
Economy oriented:
 Increased job opportunities: Increased job opportunities among third world countries.
o Example: Work from home via emerging technologies integrated women in labour
market.
 Lack of adequate resources: There inequality in the availability of resources, which is not
an impediment due to globalisation.
o Example: Though Afghanistan has no available resources, USA has provided it due to
geo-politics.
 Mutual usage of resources: Globalised world led to usage of resources mutually between
countries.
o Example: India & Saudi Arabia has a pact to efficient usage of technology like validation
of Rupay & UPI for financial transactions.
 Availability of cheap raw material: Due to globalised world, the need of raw materials for
technological development are available for a cheaper price with transfer of technology in
return.
o Example: Africa provides cheap raw material to the developed countries.
Social oriented:
 Female literacy: Emerging technologies has improved female literacy.
o Example: Swayam prabha.
 Campaigning via digital media to address vaccine hesitancy globally.
 Social movements: Media empowered women activism.
o Example: #metoo movement.
Political system oriented:
 Provides stability: Due to lack of resources and also technology will lead to issues like
poverty & hunger.
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o Example: Pakistan & Sri Lanka due to side lining with China in geo-politics led crisis
& debt – ridden state.
 Prosper peace: Due to globalisation, nation prospers with mutual usage of resources
efficiently prospering international relations.
o Examples: Iran & USA has signed an action plan for the peaceful usage of
technology
 Address social issues: Due to shift in demographics the need of globalisation is even
stronger.
o Example: japan has a change in its demographic shift to elder people & no match of
the existing birth rate, pacts such as India – US – Japan – Australia for resilient supply
chains are due to globalisation.
The rise of new technologies in globalized world is leading to techno nationalism wherein advanced
countries dominate third world countries through AI, IoT etc. Thus India need to swiftly embrace
emerging technologies and should be more ambitious in developing cutting edge technology to
escape techno colonialism of advanced countries and to address its socio-economic problems.
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Medieval Indian Temple Sculptures represent the Social Life:

Reasons for the success of British army over Indian rulers:

 Training in European  Lack of systematic training:

 Availability of funds: The  Lack of regular finance: The

Reasons for sudden spurt in famines since the mid-18th century:

 Belief in Malthusian Principle: An ardent believer of Malthusian principle, Lytton’s emphasis

Characteristics of Igneous Rocks:

Classification of Primary Rocks:

Color-Coded weather Warnings for cyclones:

Natural Resource Potentials of Deccan Trap

Potential of Wind Energy in India:

Reasons for Limited Spatial Spread of Wind Energy:

Impact of Work From Home on Family Relationship:

Growth of Tier 2 Cities and Rise of New Middle Class:

Consumerism Gains Steam in Tier 2 Cities:

Diversities Among Tribal Communities in India:

 Worship of a Common Ancestor: The members of a tribe usually worship a common

Contribution of Gupta Period:

Refinement in Idols Sculpting – New Buddha: The workman of Gupta period

Contribution of Chola Period:

Forces that influence Ocean Currents:

Role of Ocean Currents in fishing industry of the world:

15 Describing the distribution of rubber producing countries, indicate the major

Distribution of Rubber Producing Countries:

Environmental Issues Caused by the Rubber Industry:

Significance of Straits and Isthmus in international trade

Significance of Troposphere in determining Weather processes:

Impact of global warming:

Salience of sect in Indian society vis-a-vis caste:

Salience of Sect in Indian society vis-a-vis region:

Salience of sect in Indian society vis-a-vis religion:

Role of Tolerance in Indian secularism:

Role of assimilation in Indian secularism:

Role of Pluralism in Indian Secularism:

o Example: Though India lack resources in 5G services, it is readily adopting those

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