Higher Technological Institute

Chemical Engineering Department

Material Balance
Material Balance Without Chemical
Reaction
For steady state conditions
Main Chemical Equipment
Reactor

Diagram picture Real-life picture

 Distillation

Diagram picture Real-life picture

MIXER
Material Balance without chemical
reactions
Steady-state operation: Under steady-state, the

values of all variables associated with the process do not

change with time. That is, at any given location in the process,
the values of temperature, pressure, composition, flow rates,
etc. are independent of time. Even though a process may be
steady state, it is important to realize that temperature, flow
rates, or other variables may, and typically do, change from one
location to another (e.g. from one process stream to another).
 Example (2): Material balances on a Mixing unit
A mixing unit is fed with three streams; the first stream is 20 Kg
of mixture A and B. The second stream is 60Kg of A, B (20%A)
and the third stream is 30 Kg of A and B (50%A). If the final
product contains 40%A. find the composition of each stream.
M1 20kg
A
B

M4
M2 60kg
A 20% A 40%
B ? M3 30kg B
A
B
Over all mass balance
M1 + M2 + M3 = M4
60 + 20 + 30 = M4
M4 = 110
Component Material Balance on component A

20*%A + 60*0.2 + 30*0.5 = 110*0.4

%A M1 = 85 %
Component Material Balance on component B
20*% B + 60*0.8 +30*0.5 = 110*0.6

%B M1 = 15 %
2
Example (2): Material balances on a distillation
column
A mixture of Benzene and
Toluene is separated into two
fractions, calculate the amount of
the bottom stream and its
composition.

Over all material balance

Total moles in = Total moles out

F=D+B
B=F-D
B = 100 - 50 = 50 mol/hr
Component Material Balance

Benzene Material Balance

Moles in of benzene = Moles out of benzene

100 * (60/100) = 50 * (95/100) + moles of benzene in bottom

streamof benzene in bottom stream = 60 - 47.5 = 12.5 mol/hr
moles

Toluene Material Balance

Moles in of toluene = Moles out of toluene

100 * (40/100) = 50 * (5/100) + moles of toluene in bottom

stream
40 - 2.5 = 37.5 mol/hr
Example (3): Material balances on a distillation
column

O.M.B
F= D+B
100 = 40+ B
B = 60 Kg/min
C.M.B on NaOH
20 = 5 + NaOH mo
NaOHB = 15 Kg/min
C.M.B on H2O
80 = 35 + H2O B
H2O B = 45 Kg/min
Example (4): Material balances on a distillation column
A distillation unit is fed
with 30 Kg/s with a feed
containing 30% ethanol .
If the concentration of
ethanol in the distillate is
95 % and in bottom
product is 2%, Calculate
the total amount (mass)
of distillate & bottom
product.
 Over all mass balance
F =D + B
30 = D + B
B = 30 - D
Component mass balance w.r.t ethanol
F * (x ethanol) F = D *(x ethanol) D + B *(x ethanol) D
30*0.3 = D*0.95 + B*0.02
9 = 0.095 D+ 0.02 B
9 = 0.095 D + 0.02(30- D)
9 = 0.95D +0.6 +0.02 D
8.4 = 0.93 D D = 9.03 Kg
B = 30 -9.03 B = 20.97 Kg
Material Balance for Reacting system
The Chemical Reaction Equation
and Stoichiometry
Reactants:
• Fuel
• Oxygen
• Inerts (don’t react)

Products:
• CO2
• H2O
• Inerts (flow out)
 Molecular weight:-
the combustion reaction for Ethane as an
C2H6 = 2 × 12 + 6 × 1 = 30
example O2 = 2 × 16 = 32
CO2 = 12 + 2 × 16 = 44
C2H6 + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O H2O = 2 × 1 + 16 = 18
If the molar mass of C = 12, H = 1, O = 16
Remember
Balance C: C2H6 + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O
Balance H: C2H6 + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O
Balance O: C2H6 + 3.5 O2(g) → 2CO2(g)+ 3 H2O
To get the balanced equation:
C2H6 + 3.5 O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3 H2O
30 3.5 × 32 2 ×44 3 × 18

Remember
mole in ≠ mole out
Mass in = 1 × 30 +3.5 × 32 = 142 gm 1+3.5 ≠ 2+3
Mass out = 2 × 44+3 × 18 = 142 gm
Use of excess of one component of reactants

CH4 +2 O2 →CO2 +2 H2O

This is the stoichiometric reaction; but usually we use excess of one of the
components.

If we use 20 % excess of oxygen,

then the reaction will be

CH4 + (2+ 2*0.2)O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O + 0.4 O2

Example
Propane (C3H8) burns in this reaction:
C3H8+5O2→4H2O+3CO2
50% excess O2

If 200 g of propane is burned, how many g of H2O is produced?

Answer: Actual wt.

C3H8+ (5+2.5) O2→4H2O+3CO2 + 2.5 O2

C3H8+ 7.5 O2→4H2O+3CO2 + 2.5 O2

Theoretical wt. 44*1 7.5 * 32 4*18 3*44 2.5*32
Actual wt.. 200 x
Actual wt. O2 reactant = (200 *7.5*32) / 44 = 1090.9 gm
Actual wt. H2O =( 200 *4*18) / 44 = 327.27 gm
Actual wt. CO2 = (200 *3*44) / 44 = 600 gm
Actual wt. O2 product = ( 200 *2.5*32) / 44 = 363.63 gm
 Energy Balance
Physical Process
(Without Chemical Reaction)
i. Without any phase change
E is Sensible Energy
The energy lost or gained is given by: the energy causing a change in
𝐓𝐓𝟐𝟐 system temperature (without
𝐄𝐄 = � 𝐦𝐦 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝 phase change)
𝐓𝐓𝟏𝟏
m …….. mass or mole of the fluid (kg) or (kmole)

Cp …….. Specific heat capacity of the fluid (kJ/kg K) or (kJ/kmol K)

If the specific heat doesn’t vary with temperature

𝐄𝐄 = 𝐦𝐦 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 ∆𝐓𝐓
Δt ……. temperature difference
 Latent energy
The energy that causes
ii. With Phase Change change in the phase
without change in
temperature
The energy lost or gained is given by:

𝐄𝐄 = 𝐦𝐦 𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 ∆𝐓𝐓 + m’ × latent heat

m …….. Total mass of the fluid (kg)
m ‘ …….. mass of the fluid changing its phase

Heat Exchanger
The energy balance is calculated according to:

Heat lost = Heat gained

Example 1
Calculate the mass of hot oil required to raise the temperature of 200 kg water
from 20 °C to 70 °C ; given that:
 Cp for water =4.18 kg /kg °C
 Cp for oil = 2.1
 Initial temperature of oil = 120 °C
 Final temperature of oil = 90 °C
Example 2

Calculate the mass of hot oil used for heating 600 Kg of milk from 4 °C to 82 °C given
that:
• Cpmilk= 4.3 kJ/Kg °C,
• Cpoil= 1.8 kJ/Kg °C,
• Initial temperature of oil = 150 °C ,
• Final temperature of oil = 90 °C

m milk × Cpmilk × (tout –tin) = m oil × Cpoil × (Tin – Tout)

600 × 4.3 × (82 - 4) = m oil × 1.8 ×(150 - 90)
m oil = 1863.33 Kg
Example 3

Calculate the mass of component (A) with Cp= 2.1 kJ/ kg C, cooling by 200 kg cold
water from 50 °C to 25 °C, the cooled water inter the heat exchanger at 4 °C and out
at 20 °C, Cpwater=4.18 kJ/kg.C

mA × CpA × (Tin-Tout) = mwater × Cpwater ×(tout-tin)

mA × 2.1 × (50 - 25) = 200 × 4.18 × (20 - 4)
MA= 254.78 Kg
 Energy Balance
With Chemical Reaction
The heat of reaction is produced or absorbed during
chemical reactions. The value of the enthalpy change
reported for a reaction is the amount of heat released or
absorbed when reactants are converted to products

Enthalpies of Chemical Change

Enthalpy
• is a state function whose value depends only on the current state of the system, not
on the path taken to arrive at that state

• ΔH = H products – H reactants

• The physical states of reactants and products must be specified as solid (s), liquid (l),
gaseous (g), or aqueous (aq) when enthalpy changes are reported
When the heat of reaction is measured under
Standard Thermodynamic Conditions
 1 atm pressure
 specified temperature usually 25 C,
 1 M concentration for all substance in solution
is called a standard heat of reaction and is indicated by the symbol ΔH0r.

We can calculate the heat of reaction using different methods

1. By the knowledge of heat of formation of both reactants and
products.
2. Using Hess’s law
3. By using the bond dissociation energy.
 1. By the knowledge of heat of formation of both
reactants and products

The Standard heat of formation Is the enthalpy change for the

formation of 1 mol of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in
their standard states.

N.B. The heat of formation of element is equal zero.

ΔH0r = [ 2 × ( H f𝐂𝐂)+ 1 × ( H fD )] – [ 2 × (H fA ) + 3 × ( H fB )]
 2. Using Hess’s Law
HESS’S LAW The overall enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to
the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the reactions.
Reactants and products in the individual steps can be added and
subtracted like algebraic quantities in determining the overall equation
 3. By using the bond dissociation energy.

Bond dissociation energies are always positive because energy

must always be put into a bond to break it.
ΔH is called the dissociation energy of the bond X – Y.
For a certain chemical reaction, the standard heat of reaction
ΔH0
ΔH0 = Σ D (reactant bonds - Σ D (product bonds)
e.g. H2+ Cl2→2 HCl
ΔH0 = [D (H – H) + D (Cl – Cl)] - 2 × D (H – Cl) ]
Calculate the standard heat of the following reaction
CH4 + 3Cl2 → CHCl3 + 3HCl.
Given that:
C–H D = 410 KJ / mole.
C – Cl D = 330 KJ / mole.
Cl – Cl D = 243 KJ / mole.
H – Cl D = 432 KJ / mole.
Solution
ΔH0r = [ 3 × D (Cl – Cl) + 4 × D (C – H) ] – [ D (C – H) +
3 × D (C – Cl) + 3 × D (H – Cl) ]
= [ 3 × 243 + 4 × 410] – [ 1 × 410 + 3 × 432 + 3 ×
330] = - 327 KJ.