School: CITI GLOBAL COLLEGE - CABUYAO Grade Level: ELEVEN

Grades Core –
11 to 12 PHYSICAL
Teacher: BENEDICT E. RICO Learning Area: SCIENCE
Lesson Strand: HUMSS
Exemplar Teaching Dates Semester:
ST
1 SEM
and Time: (Week 1) Quarter: FIRST

Why
Tuesday
I. OBJECTIVES

A. Content Standards 1. The formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
2. The distribution of the chemical elements and the isotopes in the universe

B. Performance Standards The learners shall be able to effectively present or discuss the aspects of a scientific theory
in light of its evidence.

C. Learning Competencies Give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory
and LC Code (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)

D. Enabling Competencies

E. Specific Objectives At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
a. Briefly discuss the cosmology of the Big Bang model
b. Provide an overview of the proof for the Big Bang model
c. Write reactions involving the nucleosynthesis of the first elements
II. CONTENT How the elements found in the universe were formed
III. LEARNING
RESOURCES
A. References
1. Teacher’s Guide Pages pp 14-24
2. Learner’s Materials
Pages
3. Textbook Pages

4. Additional Materials Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP). (2003

from Learning November).
Resources September 16, 2015 from http://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/
teachersguide/pdf/Chap10.pdf

Peebles, P.J.E., Schramm, D.N., Turner, E.L. & R.G. Kron 1991, "The Case for the
Relativistic Hot Big Bang Cosmology", Nature, 352, 769 - 776.
https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_theory.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=formation+of+the+lights+elements+in+the+big
+bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2
Ffigure%2FNuclear-reaction-network-in-Big-bang

B. Other Learning Laptop, Power Point Presentation, White Board Marker, Marker, A Video, Ballon, Stickers,
Resources and Materials Ballon Pump
for Development &
Engagement Activities
IV. PROCEDURES
Introduction Preliminary Activities:
-Prayer
-Greetings
-Maintaining cleanliness and orderliness of the classroom
-Checking of the learners’ attendance
-Rules and Regulations
-There’s always LOVE:

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 L-isten
O-bserve
V-erify
E-xplain

Introducing the following list of important terms that learners will encounter:
• Cosmology
• Big Bang theory/Big Bang model
• Singularity
• Inflation
• Annihilation
• Recombination
• Redshift
• Relative abundance
• Cosmic microwave background

Specific Learning Objectives’ Presentation:

a. Briefly discuss the cosmology of the Big Bang model
b. Provide an overview of the proof for the Big Bang model
c. Write reactions involving the nucleosynthesis of the first elements

Pre-test: To test the students’ mind for what they know about the Big Bang

1. Why is the end of the plasma Universe so important to the creation of greater
complexity?
A. At the end of the plasma Universe, 380,000 years after the Big Bang, human life
began.
B. The Universe cooled enough to allow for the formation of atoms.
C. The fundamental force, gravity, was created.
D. The fundamental force, gravity, was created.

2. What were the first two elements to form once the Universe expanded and cooled
A. Helium and Oxygen
B. Carbon and Helium
C. Hydrogen and Oxygen
D. Hydrogen and Helium

3. What are the four fundamental forces that emerged right after the Big Bang?
A. Gravity, dark energy, hydrogen, and helium
B. Gravity, strong nuclear forces, weak nuclear forces, and electromagnetism
C. Gravity, electrons, atoms, and electromagnetism
D. Gravity, quarks, atoms, and dark matter

4. What simple yet revolutionary idea does Hubble’s law describe?

A. Gravity’s role in the creation of the Universe
B. The constant expansion of the Universe
C. The constant shrinking of the Universe
D. The theory of the Big Bang

5. What is the difference between matter and energy?

A. Matter can cause physical changes in things while energy cannot.
B. Matter is the physical “stuff” of the Universe while energy is what makes things
happen.
C. Energy is a physical “stuff” of the Universe while matter is what makes things
happen.
D. Matter is visible while energy is not.

The Answers:
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B

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 Development
What is cosmology on how universe began?

Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe,
from the Big Bang to today and on into the future. According to NASA, the definition of
cosmology is "the scientific study of the large scale properties of the universe as a whole."

Big Bang Cosmology (The Big Bang Model)

The Big Bang Model or the Big Bang Theory is a broadly accepted theory for the origin and
evolution of our universe. It postulates that 12 to 14 billion years ago, the portion of the
universe we can see today was only a few millimeters across. It has since expanded from
this hot dense state into the vast and much cooler cosmos we currently inhabit. We can see
remnants of this hot dense matter as the now very cold cosmic microwave background
radiation which still pervades the universe and is visible to microwave detectors as a
uniform glow across the entire sky. Astronomers George Lemaître and Edwin Hubble were
some of its first proponents.

According to the big bang models, the early universe was filled with a particle soup of
protons and neutrons. At cosmic times between a few seconds and a few minutes, nuclear
reactions produced the first light elements, mainly nuclei of deuterium, different varieties of
helium and lithium.

The Big Bang Model Rests on Two Theoretical Pillars:

General Relativity by: Albert Einstein

The first key idea dates to 1916 when

Einstein developed his General Theory of
Relativity which he proposed as a new
theory of gravity. His theory generalizes
Isaac Newton's original theory of gravity, c.
1680, in that it is supposed to be valid for
bodies in motion as well as bodies at rest.
Newton's gravity is only valid for bodies at
rest or moving very slowly compared to the
speed of light (usually not too restrictive an
assumption!). A key concept of General
Relativity is that gravity is no longer
described by a gravitational "field" but rather
it is supposed to be a distortion of space and time itself. Physicist John Wheeler put it well
when he said "Matter tells space how to curve, and space tells matter how to move."
Originally, the theory was able to account for peculiarities in the orbit of Mercury and the
bending of light by the Sun, both unexplained in Isaac Newton's theory of gravity. In recent
years, the theory has passed a series of rigorous tests.

The Cosmological Principle

After the introduction of General Relativity a
number of scientists, including Einstein,
tried to apply the new gravitational
dynamics to the universe as a whole. At the
time this required an assumption about
how the matter in the universe was
distributed. The simplest assumption to
make is that if you viewed the contents of
the universe with sufficiently poor vision, it
would appear roughly the same everywhere
and in every direction. That is, the matter in
the universe is homogeneous and isotropic when averaged over very large scales. This is
called the “Cosmological Principle”. This assumption is being tested continuously as we
actually observe the distribution of galaxies on ever larger scales. The accompanying
picture shows how uniform the distribution of measured galaxies is over a 70° swath of the
sky. In addition the cosmic microwave background radiation, the remnant heat from the Big
Bang, has a temperature which is highly uniform over the entire sky. This fact strongly
supports the notion that the gas which emitted this radiation long ago was very uniformly
distributed.

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 The Big Bang Illustration of Expansion

Timeline of the metric expansion of space, where space, including hypothetical non-
observable portions of the universe, is represented at each time by the circular sections. On
the left, the dramatic expansion occurs in the inflationary epoch; and at the center, the
expansion accelerates (artist's concept; neither time or size are to scale).

Timeline of the metric expansion of space, where space, including hypothetical non-
observable portions of the universe, is represented at each time by the circular sections. On
the left, the dramatic expansion occurs in the inflationary epoch; and at the center, the
expansion accelerates (artist's concept; neither time or size are to scale).

Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons
(protons and neutrons) and nuclei. According to current theories, the first nuclei were
formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, through nuclear reactions in a process called Big
Bang Theory Nucleosynthesis. It is first occurred within a few minutes of the said theory. At
that time, a quark-gluon plasma, a soup of particles known as quarks and gluons,
condensed into protons and neutrons.

Nuclear Reactions during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Point out that due to the rapid cooling due to expansion, nucleosynthesis ground to a halt
about three minutes after the Big Bang occurred.
This left us with mostly H isotopes (p, D and T), He isotopes and a very tiny bit of other
elements like Li. The relative
abundance of He and H did not change much until today.

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 Big Bang Theory Key Stages

What happened in the first 5 minutes after the Big Bang?

Between about 10-12 and 10-6 second after the Big Bang, neutrinos, quarks, and electrons
formed. Protons and neutrons began forming shortly after, from about 10-6 to 1 second
after the Big Bang. Within about 3 minutes after the Big Bang, conditions cooled enough for
these protons and neutrons to form hydrogen nuclei.

Engagement Activity 1: (Collaborative Approach)

The teacher will group the students into 6 groups. Each group will be having a leader who
will present the activity. He will be giving 20 minutes to the learners to prepare.

What will be the activity?

A. The Model-Cosmic Inflation Game

Procedures:

1. Each group will put small stickers on the surface of the uninflated ballon.

2. All the ballons of 6 groups with stickers will be inflated through a ballon
pump or breath.

3. Observe what happened to the stickers.

B. Answer the following questions:

•Why do the stickers appear to be moving away from each other?

• Are the stickers moving across the balloon?

• Do the stickers themselves grow in size?

RUBRICS/CRITERIA
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 Explanation Content - 50%
Presentation - 30%
Teamwork/Collaboration - 20
Total: 100%

Assimilation Activity 2 (Constructivist Approach)

The teacher will drop such lines which are related to the lesson that had been discussed.
Each student will select a line and find a partner to form a question and answer based from
the five statements below:

1. The Big Bang Model or Theory is a big expansion.

2. The more, the universe is being explored, the wider it becomes.
3. Proton and neutron are parts of the atom.
4. The possibilities of 5 minutes after the Big Bang.
5. Big Bang is an important factor in the formation of light elements

ASSIGNMENT: Kindly research about the formation of heavy elements and what are those
first heavy elements being formed.

V. REFLECTION
A. No. of learners who earned
75% on the formative
assessment
B. No. of Learners who require __________ out of __________
additional activities for
remediation
C. No. of learners who have __________ out of __________
caught up with the lesson.
D. No. of learners who continue __________ out of __________
to require remediation
E. Which of my teaching
strategies worked well? Why did
these work?

F. What difficulties did I

encounter which my principal or
supervisor can help me solve?

Prepared by: Checked by: Noted by:

__BENEDICT E RICO ____________________________ ______________________

Subject Teacher Department Head Principal

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