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Day 3 Advanced Python Concepts

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Day 3 Advanced Python Concepts

Uploaded by

Deep gaichor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Day 3: Advanced Python Concepts

Modules and Packages: Modules in Python are simply Python files with the .py extension
that contain Python code. Packages are directories that contain multiple modules.

# Example of importing a module


import math
print(math.sqrt(25)) # Output: 5.0

Error and Exception Handling: Errors in Python can be handled using try-except blocks,
allowing graceful recovery from potential exceptions.

# Example of error handling


try:
result = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero!")

Introduction to Numpy: NumPy is a powerful library for numerical computing in Python. It


provides support for multidimensional arrays and matrices.

# Example of using NumPy


import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3])
print(arr) # Output: [1 2 3]

1. Array Creation

 numpy.array(): Create an array from a list or tuple.


 numpy.zeros(): Create an array filled with zeros.
 numpy.ones(): Create an array filled with ones.
 numpy.arange(): Create an array with a range of values.
 numpy.linspace(): Create an array with linearly spaced values.
 numpy.random(): Functions to create arrays with random numbers, such as
numpy.random.rand(), numpy.random.randn(), etc.

2. Array Properties

 ndarray.shape: Get the shape of an array.


 ndarray.ndim: Get the number of dimensions of an array.
 ndarray.size: Get the number of elements in an array.
 ndarray.dtype: Get the data type of the array elements.

3. Array Manipulation

 numpy.reshape(): Change the shape of an array.


 numpy.flatten(): Flatten a multi-dimensional array to a one-dimensional array.
 numpy.transpose(): Transpose the array (swap axes).
 numpy.concatenate(): Concatenate two or more arrays along a specified axis.
 numpy.split(): Split an array into multiple sub-arrays.
4. Indexing and Slicing

 Basic slicing: array[start:stop:step].


 Boolean indexing: array[array > value].
 Fancy indexing: array[[index1, index2, ...]].

5. Mathematical Operations

 Arithmetic operations: +, -, *, /, etc., performed element-wise.


 numpy.sum(), numpy.mean(), numpy.std(): Aggregation functions.
 numpy.dot(): Dot product of two arrays.
 numpy.matmul(): Matrix multiplication.
 numpy.linalg.inv(): Inverse of a matrix.
 numpy.linalg.eig(): Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

6. Statistical Functions

 numpy.min(), numpy.max(): Minimum and maximum values.


 numpy.median(): Median value.
 numpy.percentile(): Percentiles of the array elements.

7. File I/O

 numpy.loadtxt(), numpy.genfromtxt(): Load data from text files.


 numpy.savetxt(): Save an array to a text file.
 numpy.save(), numpy.load(): Save and load arrays in binary format (NumPy .npy
files).

8. Special Functions

 numpy.fft: Fast Fourier Transform.


 numpy.polynomial: Polynomial functions.
 numpy.random: Random number generation and random distributions.

9. Universal Functions (ufuncs)

 Functions that operate element-wise on arrays, such as numpy.sin(), numpy.exp(),


numpy.log(), etc.
Day 3: Advanced Python Concepts
Modules and Packages
Modules:

 A file containing Python code (functions, classes, variables)


 Example:

# mymodule.py
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

# main.py
import mymodule
print(mymodule.greet("Alice"))

 Built-in modules: math, datetime, os, etc.

Packages:

 A directory containing multiple Python modules


 Must contain an __init__.py file
 Example directory structure:

mypackage/
__init__.py
module1.py
module2.py

 Importing from a package:

from mypackage import module1


print(module1.some_function())

Error and Exception Handling


Try-Except Block:

 Used to handle exceptions


 Example:

try:
x = 1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")

Finally Block:

 Executes code regardless of whether an exception occurred


 Example:

try:
x = 1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
finally:
print("This runs no matter what")

Raising Exceptions:

 Use raise to trigger an exception


 Example:

def check_positive(x):
if x < 0:
raise ValueError("x should be positive")

check_positive(-1)

Introduction to Numpy: Arrays, Array Operations


Numpy:

 Fundamental package for numerical computing


 Install with pip install numpy

Arrays:

 Created using numpy.array()


 Example:

import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
b = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])

Array Operations:

 Element-wise operations: a + 1, a * 2
 Matrix operations: np.dot(a, b), a.T (transpose)
 Universal functions: np.sqrt(a), np.exp(a)

Example:
import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
b = np.array([4, 5, 6])
print(a + b) # Output: [5 7 9]
print(a * b) # Output: [ 4 10 18]

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