CSIR-NET Previous year paper with answer key

SHORT NOTES for All Subjects {With time new notes will updated for
every subject}

Important Book's Drive link {it’ll updated with time}

Note:- Click on the references name given in this pdf to access that
particular book /notes/ website. It'll take you to the source (TELEGRAM
, DRIVE , GOOGLE ) and you can download it.
EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC, OCEAN AND PLANETARY SCIENCES

Instruction - The question paper is divided in three parts :

Part A: This part contains twenty (20) objective type questions. The candidates
shall be required to answer any 15 questions. Each question shall be of two marks.
The total marks allocated to this section shall be 30 out of 200.
Part B : This part contains fifty (50) objective type questions. The candidate shall
be required to answer any 35 questions. Each question shall be of two marks. The
total marks allocated to this section shall be 70 out of 200.

Part C : This part contains eighty (80) objective type questions. A candidate shall
be required to answer any 25 questions. Each question shall be of four marks. The
total marks allocated to this section shall be 100 out of 200.

Note-There will be negative marking for PART-A and PART-B @ 25% marks
and for PART-C @ 33% marks for each wrong answer.

SYLLABUS EARTH SCIENCE-REFERENCES

PAPER I (PART B)

1. The Earth and the Solar System:

Milky Way and the solar system. Modern theories on the origin of the
Earth and other planetary bodies. Earth‟s orbital parameters {
Introduction to planetary science GUNTER FAURE}
Kepler‟s laws of planetary motion [Fundamentals of Geophysics by
WILLIAM LOWRIE Pg No,2]
Geological Time Scale; Space and time scales of processes in the solid
Earth, atmosphere and oceans.{Earth as an Evolving planetary system
Kent C.Condie}
 Radioactive isotopes and their applications {PRINCIPLES OF
GEOCHEMISTRY by Masson & Moore Pg No.187 }
Meteorites Chemical composition and the Primary differentiation of the
earth{ [asteroids,comets,meteorites by Jon Erickson
,Asteroids,comets,Meteorites by Linda T.Elkins}
Basic principles of stratigraphy {Fundamentals of Historical Geology &
Stratigraphy by Ravinder Kumar PgNo.9-40}
Theories about the origin of life and the nature of fossil record{Earth as
an Evolving Planetary system by Kent C.Condie PgNo.233}
Earth‟s gravity and magnetic fields and its thermal structure: Concept
of Geoid and, spheroid; Isostasy. {Fundamentals of Geophysics by
WILLIAM LOWRIE}

2. Earth Materials, Surface Features and Processes:

Gross composition and physical properties of important minerals and
rocks; properties and processes responsible for mineral concentrations;
nature and distribution of rocks and minerals in different units of the
earth and different parts of India. Physiography of the Earth; weathering,
erosion, transportation and deposition of Earth‟s material; formation of
soil, sediments and sedimentary rocks; energy balance of the Earth‟s
surface processes;{Earth Materials by kevin Hefferan and John
O’Brien,Understanding Earth by G. Jordan and F. Press}
physiographic features and river basins in India

3. Interior of the Earth, Deformation and Tectonics

Basic concepts of seismology and internal structure of the Earth.

Physico-chemical and seismic properties of Earth‟s
interior{Fundamentals of Geophysics by WILLIAM LOWRIE},
Concepts of stress and strain.Foundations of Structural by R.G Park pg
41} Behaviour of rocks under stress; Folds, joints and faults. Structural
Geology by S.K GHOSH} Earthquakes – their causes and measurement.
Fundamentals of Geophysics by WILLIAM LOWRIE Interplate and
intraplate
seismicity. Paleomagnetism, sea floor spreading and plate tectonics.
4. Oceans and Atmosphere

Hypsography of the continents and ocean floor –continental shelf, slope,

rise and abyssal plains{Physical Oceanography by Robert H. Stewart
PgNo.21}
Physical and chemical properties of sea water and their spatial
variations. Residence times of elements in sea water. Ocean currents,
waves and tides, important current systems, thermohaline circulation and
the oceanic conveyor belt. Major water masses of the world‟s oceans.
Biological productivity in the oceans.
{Essentials of Oceanography Tom Garrison, Oceanography by Alan P.
Trujillo & Harold V Thurman }
Motion of fluids {Physical Oceanography by Robert H. Stewart pg
no.103}
waves in atmospheric and oceanic systems. Atmospheric turbulence and
boundary layer. Structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere,
lapse rate and stability, scale height, geopotential, greenhouse gases and
global warming. Cloud formation and precipitation processes, air- sea
interactions on different space and time scales. Insolation and heat
budget, radiation balance, general circulation of the atmosphere and
ocean. Climatic and sea level changes on different time scales.
{Climatology by Savindra Singh, Physical Geography by Savinder
Singh}
Coupled ocean-atmosphere system, El Nino Southern Oscillation
(ENSO). Essentials of Oceanography Tom Garrison }
General weather systems of India, - Monsoon system, cyclone and jet
stream, Western disturbances and severe local convective systems,
distribution of precipitation over India, Marine and atmospheric
pollution, ozone depletion.
{Climatology by Savindra Singh}.

Note-Go through this link-Good and simple explanation

https://www.pmfias.com/geography/
5. Environmental Earth Sciences
Properties of water;{FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY TIM DAVIE PgNo.3}
hydrological cycle;Ground water Hydrology by TODD PgNo.13} water resources
and management.{FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY TIM DAVIE pg-151}

Energy resources, uses, degradation, alternatives and management; Ecology and

biodiversity. Impact of use of energy and land on the environment. Exploitation
and conservation of mineral and other natural resources. Natural hazards.
{Foundations of Environmental Geology]

Elements of Remote Sensing.{Remote Sensing by R.P.Gupta}

PAPER I (PART C)

I. GEOLOGY

1) MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY:

Concept of point group, space group, reciprocal lattice, diffraction and imaging.
Concepts of crystal field theory and mineralogical spectroscopy. Lattice defects
(point, line and planar). Electrical, magnetic and optical properties of minerals.
Bonding and crystal structures of common oxides, sulphides, and silicates.
Transformation of minerals – polymorphism, polytypism, and polysomatism. Solid
solution and exsolution. [Manuals of Mineralogy by C. Klein, Mineralogy
by Dexter Perkins For optical-Introduction to Mineralogy by W.D.
Nesse]
[Tulane university notes-Crystallography + Mineralogy]

Steady-state geotherms. Genesis, properties, emplacement and crystallization of

magmas. Phase equilibrium studies of simple systems, effect of volatiles on melt
equilibria. Magma-mixing, -mingling and -immiscibility.Metamorphic
structures and textures; isograds and facies.
Mineral reactions with condensed phases, solid solutions, mixed volatile equilibria
and thermobarometry. Metamorphism of pelites, mafic-ultra mafic rocks and
siliceous dolomites. Material transport during metamorphism. P-T-t path in
regional metamorphic terrains, plate tectonics and metamorphism.
Petrogenetic aspects of important rock suites of India, such as the Deccan Traps,
layered intrusive complexes, anorthosites, carbonatites, charnockites, alkaline
rocks, Kimberlites, ophiolites and granitoids.

[Principles of Igneous. & Metamorphic Petrology A. R. Philpotts , An

Introduction to Igneous and metamorphic petrology J. D. Winter,
[Tulane university notes-https://Igneous and metamorphic petrology]

2) STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOTECTONICS:

Theory of stress and strain. Behaviour of rocks under stress. Mohr circle. Various
states of stress and their representation by Mohr circles. Different types of failure
and sliding criteria. Geometry and mechanics of fracturing and conditions for
reactivation of pre-existing discontinuities. Common types of finite strain
ellipsoids. L-, L-S-, and S-tectonic fabrics. Techniques of strain analysis. Particle
paths and flow patterns. Progressive strain history. Introduction to deformation
mechanisms. Role of fluids in deformation processes. Geometry and analyses of
brittle-ductile and ductile shear zones. Sheath folds. Geometry and mechanics of
development of folds, boudins, foliations and lineations. Interference patterns of
superposed fold. Fault-related folding. Gravity induced structures. Tectonic
features of extensional-, compressional-, and strike-slip-terrains and relevance to
plate boundaries. mantle plumes.
Himalayan Orogeny; concept of super continent, their assembly and breakup.
[Haakon Fossen, Structural Geology by M.P.Billings,Marshak & Mitra]

3) PALEONTOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS:

Theories on origin of life. Organic evolution – Punctuated Equilibrium and
Phyletic Gradualism models. Mass extinctions and their causes. Application of
fossils in age determination and correlation. Paleoecology, Life habitats and
various ecosystems, Paleobiogeography. Modes of preservation of fossils and
taphonomic considerations. Types of microfossils. Environmental significance of
fossils and trace fossils. Use of microfossils in interpretation of sea floor tectonism.
Application of micropaleontology in hydrocarbon exploration. Oxygen and Carbon
isotope studies of microfossils and their use in paleoceanographic and
paleoclimatic interpretation. Important invertebrate fossils, vertebrate fossils, plant
fossils and microfossils in Indian stratigraphy.
[Palentology by Benton, Invertebrate paleontology by Shrock]

4) SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY:

Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks ; elastic, volcanoclastic and
chemical. Classification of elastic rocks. Flow regimes and processes of sediment
transport. Sedimentary textures and structures. Sedimentary facies and
environments, reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Formation and evolution of
sedimentary basins. Diagenesis of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks.
Recent developments in stratigraphic classification. Code of stratigraphic
nomenclature – Stratotypes, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
(GSSP). Lithostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic subdivisions.
Methods of startigraphic correlation including Shaw‟s Graphic correlation.
Concept of sequence stratigraphy. Rates of sediment accumulation,
unconformities. Facies concept in Stratigraphy – Walther‟s law. Methods for
paleogeographic reconstruction. Earth‟s Climatic History. Phanerozoic
stratigraphy of India with reference to the type areas– their correlation with
equivalent formations in other regions. Boundary problems in Indian Phanerozoic
stratigraphy. [Principal of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy by Sam Boggs-For
sedimentary environment & Rock classification] [Sedimentology &Stratigraphy by
Nichols, Sedimentary_geology_by_Donald_R_Prothero_Fred_Schwab]
5) MARINE GEOLOGY AND PALEOCEANOGRAPHY:
Morphologic and tectonic domains of the ocean floor. Structure, composition and
mechanism of the formation of oceanic crust. hydrothermal vents-. Ocean margins
and their significance. Ocean Circulation, Coriolis effect and Ekman spiral,
convergence, divergence and upwelling, El Nino. Indian Ocean Dipole
Thermohaline circulation and oceanic conveyor belt. Formation of Bottom waters;
major water masses of the world‟s oceans. Oceanic sediments: Factors controlling
the deposition and distribution of oceanic sediments; geochronology of oceanic
sediments, diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments. Tectonic evolution
of the ocean basins. Mineral resources. Paleoceanography – Approaches to
paleoceanographic reconstructions; various proxy indicators for paleoceanographic
interpretation. Reconstruction of monsoon variability by using marine proxy
records Opening and closing of ocean gateways and their effect on circulation and
climate during the Cenozoic. Sea level processes and Sea level changes.
Methods of paleo Sea Surface temperature. Quantifications.
[ Tom_Garrison_Oceanography_An_Invitation_to_Marine_Science_Brooks ]

6) GEOCHEMISTRY:
Atomic Structure and properties of elements, the Periodic Table; ionic substitution
in minerals; Phase rule and its applications in petrology, thermodynamics of
reactions involving pure phases, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and fluids;
equilibrium and distribution coefficients. Nucleation anddiffusion processes in
igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary environments, redox reactions and Eh-pH
diagrams and their applications. Mineral/mineral assemblages as „sensors‟ of
ambient environments. Geochemical studies of aerosols, surface-, marine-, and
ground waters. Radioactive decay schemes and their application to geochronology
and petrogenesis. Stable isotopes and their application to earth system processes;
geochemical differentiation of the earth; geochemical cycles. [Geochemistry
Gunter Faure, Rollinson Geochemistry, Geochemistry By White]
7) ECONOMIC GEOLOGY:
Magmatic, hydrothermal and surface processes of ore formation. Metallogeny and
its relation to crustal evolution; Active ore-forming systems, methods of mineral
deposit studies including ore microscopy, fluid inclusions and isotopic systematics;
ores and metamorphism- cause and effect relationships. Geological setting,
characteristics, and genesis of ferrous, base and noble metals. Origin, migration
and entrapment of petroleum; properties of source and reservoir rocks; structural,
stratigraphic and combination traps. Methods of petroleum exploration. Concepts
of petrophysics, Petroliferous basins of India. Origin of peat, lignite, bitumen and
anthracite. Classification, rank and grading of coal; coal petrography, coal
resources of India. Gas hydrates and coal bed methane. Nuclear and non-
conventional energy resources.
[Ore deposit geology by John Ridley, An introduction to economic geology by
Anthony M. Evans, ]

8) PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGY AND CRUSTAL EVOLUTION:

Evolution of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere;,
lithological, geochemical and stratigraphic characteristics of granite – greenstone
and granulite belts. Stratigraphy and geochronology of the cratonic nuclei, mobile
belts and Proterozoic sedimentary basins of India. Life in Precambrian.
Precambrian – Cambrian boundary with special reference to India.
[ Geology Of India M Ramakrishnan Vol.1 ], [Geology of India M Ramakrishnan
2.pdf ]
[The making of INDIA Geodynamic evolution K.S. Valdiya]

{Note –follow only one book for stratigraphy }

9) QUATERNARY GEOLOGY:
Definition of Quaternary. Quaternary Stratigraphy – Oxygen Isotope stratigraphy,
biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy. Quaternary climates – glacial-interglacial
cycles, eustatic changes, proxy indicators of paleoenvironmental/ paleoclimatic
changes, - land, ocean and cryosphere (ice core studies). Responses of geomorphic
systems to climate, sea level and tectonics on variable time scales in the
Quaternary, Quaternary dating methods, –radiocarbon, Uranium series,
Luminescence, Amino-acid. Quaternary stratigraphy of India– continental records
(fluvial, glacial, aeolian, palaeosols and duricrust); marine records; continental-
marine correlation of Quaternary record.
Evolution of man and Stone Age cultures. Plant and animal life in relation to
glacial and interglacial cycles during Quaternary.
Tectonic geomorphology, neotectonics, active tectonics and their applications to
natural hazard assessment.
[ Quaternary_Geology ],Notes ,[Quaternary Dating Methods ]

10) (I)APPLIED GEOLOGY:

(i) Remote Sensing and GIS: Elements of photogrammetry, elements of

photo-interpretation, electromagnetic spectrum, emission range, film and imagery,
sensors, geological interpretations of air photos and imageries. Global positioning
systems. GIS- data structure, attribute data, thematic layers and query analysis.
[Remote Sensing by R.P.Gupta]
(ii) Engineering Geology: Engineering properties of rocks and physical
characteristics of building stones, concretes and other aggregates. Geological
investigations for construction of dams, bridges, highways and tunnels. Remedial
measures. Mass movements with special emphasis on landslides and causes of
hillslope instability. Seismic design of buildings. [ Engineering Geology... Subinoy
],[ Engineering Geology by fg bell]
(iii) Mineral Exploration: Geological, geophysical, geochemical and
geobotanical methods of surface and sub-surface exploration on different scales.
Sampling, assaying and evaluation of mineral deposits. [Introduction to Mineral
Exploration Charles J. Moon, Michael K.G. Whateley & Anthony M. Evans]
(iv) Hydrogeology: Groundwater, Darcy‟s law, hydrological characteristics of
aquifers, hydrological cycle. Precipitation, evapotranspiration and infiltration
processes. Hydrological classification of water-bearing formations. Fresh and salt-
water relationships in coastal and inland areas. Groundwater exploration and water
pollution. Groundwater regimes in India. [Ground water Hydrology by TODD
FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY TIM DAVIE]
(II) PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
1) Geomorphology: Concepts in geomorphology. Historical and process
Geomorphology. Landforms in relation to climate, rock type, structure and
tectonics. Processes – weathering, pedogenesis, mass movement, erosion,
transportation and deposition. Geomorphic processes and landforms – fluvial,
glacial, eolian, coastal and karst. River forms and processes – stream flow, stage-
discharge relationship; hydrographs and flood frequency analysis. Submarine
relief. Geomorphology and topographic analysis including DEM, Environmental
change– causes, effects on processes and landforms. Extra-terrestrial
geomorphology.[ ESSENTIALS OF Geology Tarbuck, Summerfield ]
2) Climatology: Fundamental of climatology. Earth‟s radiation balance;
latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature, pressure, wind belts,
humidity, cloud formation and precipitation, water balance. Air masses, monsoon,
Jet streams, tropical cyclones, and ENSO. Classification of climates – Koppen‟s
and Thornthwaite‟s scheme of classification. Climate change.
[ Climatology by D.S.Lal ]
3) Bio-geography: Elements of biogeography with special reference to India;
environment, habitat, plant-animal association; zoo-geography of India; Biomes,
elements of plant geography, distribution of forests and major plant communities.
Distribution of major animal communities. Conservation of forests. Wildlife
sanctuaries and parks. [ Global Biogeography ]
4) Environmental Geography: Man-land relationship. Resources –
renewable and non-renewable. Natural and man-made hazards – droughts, floods,
cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis. Ecological balance, environmental
pollution and deterioration. [Environmental Geology by K.S valdiya]
5) Geography of India: Physiography, drainage, climate, soils and natural
resources – the Himalaya, Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains, and peninsular India
Precambrian shield, the Gondwana rift basins, Deccan Plateau. Indian climatology
with special reference to seasonal distribution and variation of temperature,
humidity, wind and precipitation; Climate zones of India. Agricultural geography
of India. Population – its distribution and characteristics. Urbanization and
migration. Environmental problems and issues.[Geography of India by MAJID
HUSSAIN]

(III) GEOPHYSICS
Follow book >>

Fundamental of Geophysics by WILLIAM LOWRIE

Whole earth Geophysics by J.Lillie
Applie Geophysics by Telford
1) Signal Processing: Continuous and discrete signals; Fourier series;
auto and cross correlations, linear time invariant systems with
deterministic and random inputs; band limited signal and sampling
theorem; Fourier and Fast Fourier transforms; Z-transform; convolution;
Filters: discrete and continuous, recursive, non-recursive, optimal and
inverse filters; deconvolution; fractal analysis.
2) Field theory: Newtonian potential; Laplace and Poisson‟s equations;
Green‟s Theorem; Gauss‟ law; Continuation integral; equivalent
stratum; Maxwell‟s equations and electromagnetic theory; Displacement
potential, Helmhotz‟s theorem and seismic wave propagation.
3) Numerical analysis and inversion: Numerical differentiation and
integration, finite element, and finite difference techniques; Simpson‟s
rules; Gauss‟ quadrature formula; initial value problems; pattern
recognition in Geophysics. Well posed and ill-posed problems; method
of least squares; direct search and gradient methods; generalized
inversion techniques; singular value decomposition; global optimization.
4) Gravity and Magnetic fields of the earth: Normal gravity field;
Clairaut‟s theorem; Shape of the earth; deflection of the vertical, geoid,
free-air, Bouguer and isostatic anomalies, isostatic models for local and
regional compensation. Geomagnetic field, secular and transient
variations and their theories; palaeomagnetism, construction of polar
wandering curves.
5) Plate Tectonics and Geodynamics: Marine magnetic anomalies, sea
floor spreading; mid-oceanic ridges and geodynamics; plate tectonics
hypothesis; plate boundaries and seismicity. Heat flow mechanisms,
thermal moddling of earth,core-mantle convection and mantle plumes.
6)Seismology Elastic theory: Seismometry: short period, long period,
broad band and strong motion; elements of earthquake seismology;
seismic sources: faulting source, double couple hypothesis, seismic
moment tensor, focal mechanism and fault plane solutions; seismic gaps;
seismotectonics and structure of the earth; Himalayan and stable
continental region earthquakes, reservoir induced seismicity; seismic
hazards; earthquake prediction, travel time residuals, velocity anomalies,
seismic tomography.
7) Gravity and Magnetic Methods: Gravimeters and magnetometers;
data acquisition from land, air and ship; corrections and reduction of
anomalies; ambiguity; regional and residual separation; continuation and
derivative calculations; interpretation of anomalies of simple geometric
bodies, single pole, sphere, horizontal cylinder, sheet, dyke and fault.
Forward modelling and inversion of arbitrary shaped bodies and 2-D, 3-
D interfaces. Interpretations in frequency domain.
8) Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods: Electrical profiling and
sounding, typical sounding curves, pseudo-sections; resistivity transform
and direct interpretation; induced polarization methods. Electromagnetic
field techniques; elliptic polarization, in-phase and out of phase
components, horizontal and vertical loop methods; interpretation; VLF
(very low frequency); AFMAG (Audio frequency magnetic) methods;
and central frequency sounding; transient electromagnetic methods;
magneto-telluric method; geomagnetic depth sounding.
9) Seismic Methods: Generalized Snell‟s Law; Ray theory; reflection,
refraction, diffraction; Zoeppritz‟s equation; seismic energy sources;
detectors; seismic noises and noise profile analysis; seismic data
recording, reduction to a datum and weathering corrections;
Interpretation of refractionand reflection data; CDP/CMP; velocity
analysis, F-K filtering, stacking, deconvolution, migration before and
after stack; bright spot analysis; wavelet processing; attenuation studies,
shear waves, AVO; VSP; introduction to 3D seismics; seismic
stratigraphy.
10) Well logging: Open hole, cased hole and production logging;
Electrical logs; lateral, latero, induction, temperature, S.P; porosity logs;
sonic, density, neutron; natural gamma; determination of formation
factor, porosity, permeability, density, water saturation, lithology;
logging while drilling.

(IV) METEOROLOGY
Follow Book
[C._Donald_Ahrens]_Meteorology_Today,_9th_Edition
[ Climatology, Donald.pdf ], [ Climatology by D.S.Lal ]
[ The atmosphere Tarbuck and lutgen 12e ]
1) Climatology: Same as under Geography
2) Physical Meteorology: Thermal structure of the atmosphere and its
composition. Radiation: basic Laws - Rayleigh and Mie scattering,
multiple scattering, radiation from the sun, solar constant, effect of
clouds, surface and planetary albedo. Emission and absorption of
terrestrial radiation, radiation windows, radiative transfer, Greenhouse
effect, net radiation budget; Thermodynamics of dry and moist air:
specific gas constant, Adiabatic and isoentropic processes, entropy and
enthalpy, Moisture variables, virtual temperature; Clausius – Clapeyron
equation, adiabatic process of moist air; thermodynamic diagrams:
Hydrostatic equilibrium: Hydrostatic equation, variation of pressure with
height, geopotential, standard atmosphere, altimetry. Vertical stability of
the atmosphere: Dry and moist air parcel and slice methods. Tropical
convection. Atmospheric optics - visibility - optical phenomenon -
rainbows, haloes, corona, glarg, mirage.
3) Atmospheric Electricity: Fair weather electric field in the
atmosphere and potential gradients, ionization in the atmosphere.
Electrical fields in thunderstorms, theories of thunderstorm
electrification - Structure of lightening flash-mechanism of earth-
atmospheric change balance-role of thunderstroms.
4) Cloud Physics: Cloud classification, condensation nuclei, growth of
cloud drops and ice-crystals, precipitation mechanisms: Bergeron,
Findeisen process, coalescence process – Precipitation of warm and
mixed clouds, artificial precipitation, hail suppression, fog and cloud –
dissipation, radar observation of clouds and precipitation, radar equation,
rain drop spectra, radar echoes of hail storm and tornadoes, radar
observation of hurricanes, measurements of rainfall by radar.
5) Dynamic Meteorology: Basic equations and fundamental forces: Pressure,
gravity, centripetal and Corolis forces, continuity equation in Cartesian and
isobaric coordinates. Momentum equation Cartesian and spherical coordinates;
scale analysis, inertial flow, geostrophic and gradient winds, thermal wind.
Divergence and vertical motion Rossby, Richardson, Reynolds and Froude
numbers. Circulation, vorticity and divergence; Bjerknese circulation theorem and
applications, vorticity and divergence equations, scale analysis, potential vorticity,
stream function and velocity potential. Atmospheric turbulence: Mixing length
theory, planetary boundary layer equations, surface layer, Ekman layer, eddy
transport of heat, moisture and momentum, Richardson criterion; Linear
Perturbation Theory: Internal and external gravity waves, inertia waves, gravity
waves, Rossby waves, wave motion in the tropics, barotropic and baroclinic
instabilities. Atmospheric Energetics: Kinetic, potential and internal energies –
conversion of potential and internal energies into kinetic energy, available
potential energy.

6) Numerical Weather Prediction: computational instability, filtering of

sound and gravity waves, filtered forecast equations, barotropic and equivalent
barotropic models, two parameter baroclinic model, relaxation method. Multi-layer
primitive equation models. Short, medium and long range weather prediction.
Objective analysis; Initialization of the data for use in weather prediction models;
data assimilation techniques, application of satellite in NWP (Numerical Weather
Prediction) and remotely sensed data.
7) General Circulation and Climate Modelling: Observed zonally
symmetric circulations, meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy
transport of momentum and energy, angular momentum and energy budgets;
zonally asymmetric features of general circulation; standing eddies; east-west
circulations in tropics: climate variability and forcings; feedback processes, low
frequency variability, MJO Madden-Julian oscillation), ENSO, QBO (quasi-
biennial oscillation) and sunspot cycles. Basic principles of general circulation
modelling; grid-point and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modelling;
interannual variability of ocean fields (SST, winds, circulation, etc.) and its
relationship with monsoon, concepts of ocean – atmosphere coupled models.
8) Synoptic Meteorology: Weather observations and transmission, synoptic
charts, analysis of surface, upper air another derivative chart, stream-lines, isotachs
and contour analysis; tilt and slope of pressure/weather systems with height.
Synoptic weather forecasting, prediction of weather elements such as rain,
maximum and minimum temperature and fog; hazardous weather elements like
thunderstorms, duststorms, tornadoes. Tropical meteorology: Trade wind
inversion, ITCZ; monsoon trough tropical cyclones, their structure and
development theory; monsoon depressions; tropical easterly jet stream; low level
jets, Somali jet, waves in easterlies; western disturbances; SW and NE monsoons;
synoptic features associated with onset, withdrawal, break active and weak
monsoons and their prediction. Air masses and fronts: sources, origin and
classification of air masses; and fronts, frontogenesis and frontolysis; structure of
cold and warm fronts; weather systems associated with fronts. Extra-tropical
synoptic scale features: jet streams, extratropical cyclones and anticyclones.
9) Aviation Meteorology: Role of meteorology in aviation, weather hazards
associated with take off cruising and landing, inflight – icing, turbulence, visibility,
fog, clouds, rain, gusts, wind shear and thunderstorms, nowcasting and very short
range forecasting.
10) Satellite Meteorology: Meteorological satellites – Polar orbiting and
geostationary satellites, visible and infrared radiometers, multiscanner radiometers;
identification of synoptic systems, fog and sandstorms, detection of cyclones,
estimation of SST, cloud top temperatures, winds and rainfall: temperature and
humidity soundings.

(V) OCEAN SCIENCES

Follow Book

[Essentials_of_Oceanography_by_Alan_P_Trujillo,_Harold_V_Thu
rman ] , [ Pinet Oceanography]

1) Physical Oceanography: T-S diagrams; mixing processes in the

oceans; characteristics of important water masses.
Wind generated waves in the oceans; their characteristics; shallow and
deep water waves. Propagation, refraction, and reflection of waves.
Wave spectrum, principles of wave forecasting.
Tide-producing forces and their magnitudes; prediction of tides by the
harmonic method; tides and tidal currents in shallow seas, estuaries and
rivers. Factors influencing coastal processes; transformation of waves in
shallow water; effects of stratification; effect of bottom friction,
phenomena of wave reflection, refraction and diffraction; breakers and
surf; littoral currents; wave action on sediments – movement to beach
material; rip currents; beach stability, ocean beach nourishment; harbour
resonance; seiches; tsunami; interaction of waves and structure.
Estuaries: classification and nomenclature; tides in estuaries; estuarine
circulation and mixing; depth – averaged and breadth – averaged
models; sedimentation in estuaries; salinity intrusion in estuaries; effect
of stratification; coastal pollution; mixing and dispersal of pollutants in
estuaries and near-shore areas; coastal zone management.
The global wind system; action of wind on ocean surface; Ekman‟s
theory; Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk‟s theories; upwelling and sinking
with special reference to the Indian ocean. Inertial currents; divergences
and convergences; geostrophic motion; barotropic and baroclinic
conditions; oceanic eddies, relationship between density, pressure and
dynamic topography; relative and slope currents. Wind driven coastal
currents; typical scales of motion in the ocean.
Characteristics of the global conveyor belt circulation and its causes.
Formation of subtropical gyres; western boundary currents; equatorial
current systems; El Nino; monsoonal winds and currents over the North
Indian Ocean; Somali current; southern ocean. Upwelling process in the
Arabian Sea.
2) Chemical Oceanography: Composition of seawater – Classification
of elements based on their distribution; major and minor elements, their
behavior and chemical exchanges across interfaces and residence times
in seawater. Element chemistry in atypical conditions-estuaries,
hydrothermal vents, anoxic basins, HNLC waters, sediment pore fluid
and anthropogenic inputs. Chemical and biological interactions – Ionic
interactions; biochemical cycling of nutrients, trace metals and organic
matter. Air-sea exchange of important biogenic dissolved gases; carbon
dioxide-carbonate system; alkalinity and control of pH; biological pump.
Factors affecting sedimentary deposits-CaCO3, Silicate, Manganese
nodules, phosphorites and massive single deposits.
3) Geological Oceanography: Same topics as under subhead “Marine
Geology & paleo-oceanography”
4) Biological Oceanography: Classification of the marine environment
and marine organisms.
Physio-chemical factors affecting marine life – light, temperature,
salinity, pressure, nutrients, dissolved gases; adaptation and biological
processes. Primary and secondary production; factors controlling
phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and diversity; nekton and
fisheries oceanography; benthic organisms; coastal marine communities
and community ecology – estuaries, coral reefs and mangrove
communities, deep-sea ecology including hydrothermal vent
communities. Energy flow and mineral cycling – energy transfer and
transfer efficiencies through different trophic levels; food webs
including the microbial loop. Human impacts on marine communities;
impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity. Impact of pollution on
marine environments including fisheries.

CSIR-NET Numerical Important Topics

1. GEOPHYSICS

➢ Light, Gravitation, Electricity, Magnetic-Basic chapter for Class-9th ,

10th ,11th 12th Physics
➢ Gravity anomaly related formulae {Cylinder, Sheet, Infinite Sheet}
➢ Anomalies {Bouger, F.A } & All corrections
➢ Resistivity Profiling
{for all type of arrays} {for all type of curves like-A,Q,H,K}
➢ Magnetic anomalies and its related formulae {magnetic
field,magnetisation,magnetic moment}
➢ Seismology and all related formulae {seismic moment,moment
magnitude,body wave and surface wave magnitude,
➢ Reflection seismology / Refraction seismology
➢ Isostasy

2. PLANETARY SCIENCE

➢ Planetary law {Kepler’s law}, Bode’s law

➢ Solar constant related all formulas

3.GEOCHEMISTRY

➢ Half life related formulae and everything

 ➢ Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,K-Ar,Pb-Pb systematic
➢ Thermodynamic related all formulas
➢ Equilibrium crystallization/Melting related all formulas
➢ Isotope geochemistry
➢ Eh-pH diagram of water
➢ CO2 , H2O, O cycles
➢ Learn the age of all radioactive element

4.HYDROLOGY

➢ Darcy law related all formulas

➢ Confined and Unconfined aquifer all formulas
➢ Theis equation,for Confined and Unconfined aquifer Copper-Jacob
method
➢ Ghyben –Herberg relationship {important}
➢ Porosity related all formulas
➢ Auger hole test

5.ENGENEERING GEOLOGY

➢ Soil mechanics and related all formulas

➢ RQD compressive strength related all formulas

6.REMOTE SENSING

➢ Wein Displacement law, Emissivity related formula

➢ Resolution related formulas
➢ Scale related formulas
➢ Spectral band related formulas

7.STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

➢ Dip / Strike all formulas

 ➢ Kinematics of folding
➢ Stress-Strain relationship

8.ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

➢ Metal content related all formulae

9.ATMOSHPHERIC SCIENCE

➢ M.O.R Thickness related all formulas

➢ Like- {thickness- 10√𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 }, Heat flow and thickness
relation
➢ Adiabatic lapse rate formulas
➢ Scale height formula
➢ Mixing ratio, mass mixing ratio, relative humidity , absolute
humidity, specific humidity
➢ Relation of volume mixing ratio with relative humidity
➢ Salinity , Chlorinity formula
➢ Ocean waves and related formulas
➢ Tides, wave brake, wave speed all formulas, tidal flow,
wave steeping
➢ NDVI

NOTE:
No tips and tricks work for CSIR-NET exam. only thing we'll suggest you make your
own strategy . just practice previous year paper as much as you can.

1:-As oceanography and climatology together contain minimum 40-45% questions

2:- For csir there are 8 major subject's that cover most of the portion of paper.

i- Oceanography

ii-Climatology
iii-Geomorphology

iii-Sedimentology

iv-Remote Sensing

v- Planetary Science

vi-Igneous Petrology

vii-Geophysics

viii-Geochemistry

These are the major subject's if you cover these 8 subject's enough you can crack
the exam even you can get the JRF

But for good rank you need to also focus on

Aptitude

+Remaining Subjects (If you have time )

+Research Paper related to oceanography and climatology (if you feel you have
enough time left)

Most important:- Solve the Previous year paper's side by side So that you can
understand what type of csir asked the questions .

Important:- Try to solve every paper twice .First time you need to tick all the
answers that you know very well

Second time give the time those questions which are conceptual..

Additional Topic
Best wishes …
 Made By:

Team

क्रांतिकररी GEOLOGISTS
Special thanks to- Miss Bhanu Priya

AIR-2 CSIR-NET 2020

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