Ans 1.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the development of computer systems

that can perform tasks requiring human-like intelligence. These systems process
data, identify patterns, and make decisions based on the information they collect. AI
encompasses techniques like Machine Learning, Natural Language
Processing, Computer Vision, and Robotics. Its goal is to create machines that can
emulate human capabilities and carry out various tasks more efficiently and
precisely1.

Five Applications of AI:

1. Gaming:
o AI plays a crucial role in strategic games like chess. It enables
machines to think through numerous possible positions based on deep
knowledge, making games challenging and exciting.
2. Natural Language Processing (NLP):
o AI helps us interact with computers using natural language spoken by
humans. Think of virtual assistants like Siri, Google Assistant,
and Alexa. They understand our voice commands and respond
accordingly.
3. Expert Systems:
o These are like virtual experts. They imitate human decision-making
abilities and provide explanations and advice. For instance, an AI
system could help diagnose medical conditions based on patient data.
4. Vision Systems:
o AI allows computers to understand, explain, and describe visual input.
Imagine software that can recognize objects in images or videos. This
technology is used in fields like surveillance and self-driving cars.
5. Speech Recognition:
o AI-based speech recognition systems can hear what we say, convert it
into text, and even understand its meaning. Examples
include Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant.

Ans 2. Data Science:

o Definition: Data Science involves applying mathematical and statistical principles

to data. It’s like creating artful intelligence by weaving together loose ends of
data to find optimal solutions.
o Types of Data: Data can be categorized into three types:
1. Audio: Think of sound recordings or music files.
2. Visual: This includes images and videos.
3. Textual: Written content, such as articles or social media posts.
o Data Sets: A data set is a collection of different kinds of data. For example, when
someone posts on Facebook, the likes, shares, dislikes, and comments form a
dataset. There are two types of datasets:
1. Training Dataset: Used for training AI models (about 80% of the data).
2. Testing Dataset: Used for testing the model (about 20% of the data).
o Big Data: Big Data deals with large volumes of data beyond what traditional
software can handle. It focuses on three key concepts: volume, variety, and
velocity1.
6. Computer Vision:
o Definition: Computer Vision enables machines to understand and interpret visual
input, such as images and videos.
o Applications:
1. Image Recognition: Identifying objects or patterns within images.
2. CBIR (Content-Based Image Retrieval): Retrieving similar images based
on content.
3. Face Recognition: Recognizing faces in photos or videos.
4. Smart Interaction: Enabling devices to respond to visual cues1.
7. Natural Language Processing (NLP):
o Definition: NLP focuses on understanding and processing human language.
o Components:
1. NLU (Natural Language Understanding): Extracting meaning from text or
speech.
2. NLC (Natural Language Communication): Enabling machines to
communicate with humans using natural language.
o Examples:
1. Virtual assistants like Siri and Google Assistant use NLP to understand
voice commands.
2. Chatbots on websites engage in NLC with users1

Ans 3. 1. Learning (ML):

o Definition: ML is a subfield of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on

developing algorithms and statistical models. These models enable computers to
learn and make predictions or decisions without explicit programming.
o Training Process: ML algorithms are trained on large datasets to identify
patterns and relationships. They then use these patterns to make predictions or
decisions about new data.
o Types of ML:
▪ Supervised Learning: When we have labeled training data (with correct
answers), ML algorithms learn to predict outcomes based on input
features. Examples include spam email detection and image
classification.
▪ Unsupervised Learning: In this case, we aim to find patterns or groups in
the dataset without specific labels. Examples include clustering
customer segments or topic modeling.
o Example:
▪ Imagine training an ML model to predict whether an email is spam or not.
The model learns from historical data where emails were labeled as
spam or not, and then it can classify new emails accordingly.

2. Deep Learning (DL):

o Definition: DL is a subset of ML that uses neural networks with multiple layers to

analyze complex patterns and relationships in data. It’s inspired by the structure
and function of the human brain.
o Architecture: DL models consist of deep neural networks (hence the name
“deep”). These networks have many hidden layers, allowing them to learn
intricate representations.
o Applications:
 ▪ Computer Vision: DL excels in tasks like image recognition, where it can
identify objects, faces, and scenes in images.
▪ Natural Language Processing (NLP): DL powers language models for
tasks like sentiment analysis, machine translation, and chatbots.
▪ Speech Recognition: DL algorithms can transcribe spoken language into
text.
o Example:
▪ Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a type of DL architecture used
for image classification. They learn hierarchical features from pixel data,
enabling accurate object recognition.

Ans 4. Robotics is the interdisciplinary study and practice of designing, constructing,

operating, and using robots. These machines are created to perform tasks that were traditionally
done by humans. Robotics combines elements from various fields, including mechanical
engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, and more. The ultimate goal is to design
machines that assist and enhance human capabilities.

Two exciting applications of robotics are:

1. Security:
o Description: Imagine a world where all security guards are robots. These robotic
security agents would tirelessly patrol areas, ensuring safety without being
vulnerable to danger like human guards.
o Example: Knightscope, a company in the United States, has developed
autonomous security robots equipped with cutting-edge features. These robots
provide real-time intelligence, helping prevent and address crimes such as armed
robberies, burglaries, and domestic violence. Their presence alone acts as a
deterrent for potential wrongdoers.
2. Space Exploration:
o Description: Space missions involve tasks that are dangerous or impossible for
astronauts to perform directly. Robots become indispensable in these scenarios,
as they can explore distant planets, collect soil samples, and conduct
experiments without risking human lives.
o Example: The Mars Rover, an autonomous robot developed by NASA, roams the
Martian surface. It captures images of interesting rock formations and sends
them back to Earth for scientific analysis. Robots like the Mars Rover enable us
to explore space beyond human limitations.

Ans 5. In book on Pg- 218 first give heading from the question then from pg 218

(i) Unemployment [ACCORDING se lekar by the year 2020] (ii) Security [ Technology se
lekar create mines ] (iii) Negative impact of AI [There are se lekar using these technologies]

1. Ans. 6 Natural Language Generation (NLG):

o Description: NLG is a trendy AI technology that converts structured data into
human-readable language. It allows machines to generate text automatically.
o Application in Smart Buildings:
▪ Automated Reports: NLG can create automated reports for building
management. For instance, it can summarize energy consumption data,
maintenance logs, and occupancy patterns in plain language.
▪ Tenant Communication: NLG can generate personalized messages for
tenants, such as alerts about upcoming maintenance or energy-saving
tips.
2. Speech Recognition:
 o Description: Speech recognition technology converts spoken language into a
format that computers can understand. It’s the foundation of virtual assistants
and voice-controlled systems.
o Application in Smart Buildings:
▪ Voice-Controlled Building Systems: Residents or facility managers can
control lighting, HVAC, security, and other building features using voice
commands.
▪ Emergency Response: Speech recognition can identify distress calls or
alarms, automatically notifying emergency services.
3. Machine Learning (ML):
o Description: ML algorithms learn from data and improve their performance over
time. They can identify patterns, predict outcomes, and make data-driven
decisions.
o Application in Smart Buildings:
▪ Energy Optimization: ML models can analyze historical energy usage
data to optimize heating, cooling, and lighting schedules. This reduces
energy waste and lowers costs.
▪ Predictive Maintenance: ML algorithms can predict when equipment
(e.g., elevators, HVAC systems) is likely to fail. Maintenance teams can
proactively address issues, minimizing downtime.

Ans 7. impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the United Nations Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs):
1. Healthcare and Pandemic Response:
o During the COVID-19 pandemic, AI played a crucial role in accelerating
research and development of vaccines and treatments. For instance,
the US company Moderna used AI algorithms and robotic automation
to speed up vaccine development, producing around 1,000 mRNA
molecules per month compared to the previous 30[1].
o AI can enhance disease detection, drug discovery, and personalized
medicine, contributing to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being).
2. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability:
o AI can analyze large datasets to model climate change impacts, predict
extreme weather events, and optimize energy consumption.
o It supports SDG 13 (Climate Action) by aiding in climate research and
mitigation strategies.
3. Agriculture and Food Security:
o AI-powered precision agriculture can improve crop yield, reduce
resource waste, and enhance food distribution.
o SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) benefits from AI-driven solutions for sustainable
farming.
4. Transport and Infrastructure:
o AI can optimize transportation systems, reduce traffic congestion, and
enhance public transport efficiency.
o SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) is positively impacted
by AI-enabled smart mobility.
5. Education and Inclusion:
o AI can personalize learning experiences, provide accessible education,
and bridge gaps in remote areas.
o SDG 4 (Quality Education) benefits from AI-driven educational tools.
 o Ans. 8 Quality education is often considered one of the most crucial
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) because it serves as a foundation for
achieving progress across various other goals.
6. Empowerment and Equality:
o Quality education empowers individuals with knowledge, critical
thinking skills, and the ability to make informed decisions.
o It promotes gender equality by ensuring equal educational
opportunities for all, regardless of gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic
background.
7. Breaking the Cycle of Poverty:
o Education equips people with skills needed for employment,
entrepreneurship, and economic growth.
o SDG 1 (No Poverty) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth)
are closely linked to quality education.
8. Health and Well-Being:
o Education fosters health literacy, leading to better health outcomes.
o SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being) benefits from an educated
population.
9. Environmental Sustainability:
o Education promotes environmental awareness and sustainable
practices.
o SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) intersect with
quality education.
10. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions:
o Education contributes to social cohesion, tolerance, and conflict
resolution.
o SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) relies on educated
citizens.

Ans 9. On pg 212 and 213 types of careers in AI (I) – (IX)

Ans. 10 AI Ethics refers to a multidisciplinary field that studies how to

optimize the beneficial impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) while minimizing
risks and adverse outcomes. It involves considering moral principles and
values to guide the development, deployment, and use of AI systems.

two ethical challenges associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI):

1. Biased AI:
o AI systems can inadvertently perpetuate biases present in the data they are
trained on. For example:
▪ Gender Bias: Search engines may display biased results, reinforcing
stereotypes about men and women. Addressing gender bias is crucial
to ensure equal representation and accurate search outcomes11.
▪ Racial Bias: Facial recognition algorithms have shown racial
disparities, leading to misidentification and potential harm.
o Mitigation: Developers must actively work to reduce bias during algorithm
development, use diverse training data, and regularly audit AI systems for
fairness.
2. AI in the Court of Law:
o The increasing use of AI in judicial systems raises ethical questions:
▪ Transparency: AI decisions are not always intelligible to humans,
making it challenging to understand how a decision was reached11.
▪ Fairness and Accountability: Ensuring that AI decisions are fair,
unbiased, and accountable is critical. Lack of transparency can erode
public trust in the legal system.
▪ Balancing Human Judgment: While AI can enhance efficiency, striking
the right balance between automated decision-making and human
judgment remains a challenge