1. **What does ER stand for in ER Model?

**
- A) Entity-Relationship
- B) Entity-Reference
- C) Entity-Retrieval
- D) Entity-Report
- **Answer:** A) Entity-Relationship

2. **What shape is used to represent a relationship type in ER diagrams?**

- A) Rectangle
- B) Ellipse
- C) Diamond
- D) Triangle
- **Answer:** C) Diamond

3. **In an ER diagram, how is a weak entity type distinguished from a regular entity type?**
- A) Dashed line
- B) Double rectangle
- C) Bold rectangle
- D) Single rectangle
- **Answer:** B) Double rectangle

4. **Which constraint specifies the maximum participation in a relationship?**

- A) Key Constraint
- B) Participation Constraint
- C) Cardinality Ratio
- D) Inclusion Constraint
- **Answer:** C) Cardinality Ratio

5. **What is the cardinality ratio of a binary relationship if each entity can participate in many
relationships?**
- A) 1:1
 - B) 1:N
- C) N:1
- D) M:N
- **Answer:** D) M:N

6. **What type of relationship is described when one entity in a relationship must exist for
another entity to exist?**
- A) Optional Relationship
- B) Mandatory Relationship
- C) Recursive Relationship
- D) Identifying Relationship
- **Answer:** B) Mandatory Relationship

7. **In an ER diagram, what is represented by an ellipse?**

- A) Entity Type
- B) Attribute
- C) Relationship Type
- D) Weak Entity Type
- **Answer:** B) Attribute

8. **Which of the following is a key attribute in an entity type?**

- A) Foreign Key
- B) Primary Key
- C) Composite Key
- D) Candidate Key
- **Answer:** B) Primary Key

9. **What does the term "degree of a relationship" refer to?**

- A) Number of entities in the database
- B) Number of attributes in an entity
- C) Number of participating entity types
 - D) Number of relationships in the database
- **Answer:** C) Number of participating entity types

10. **What type of relationship is EMPLOYEE to SUPERVISION if an employee can

supervise other employees?**
- A) Binary Relationship
- B) Recursive Relationship
- C) Ternary Relationship
- D) Identifying Relationship
- **Answer:** B) Recursive Relationship

11. **In a recursive relationship, the same entity type participates in ______.**
- A) different databases
- B) the same role
- C) distinct roles
- D) none of the above
- **Answer:** C) distinct roles

12. **Which notation specifies the minimum and maximum number of times an entity can
participate in a relationship?**
- A) Cardinality Ratio
- B) Participation Constraint
- C) (min, max) Notation
- D) Inclusion Constraint
- **Answer:** C) (min, max) Notation

13. **What is the default value for the (min, max) notation if no constraint is specified?**
- A) (0,0)
- B) (0,n)
- C) (1,1)
- D) (1,n)
 - **Answer:** B) (0,n)

14. **In the COMPANY database, which relationship type connects EMPLOYEE and
DEPARTMENT?**
- A) WORKS_FOR
- B) MANAGES
- C) SUPERVISION
- D) ALL OF THE ABOVE
- **Answer:** D) ALL OF THE ABOVE

15. **Which of the following is an identifying relationship?**

- A) Works_for
- B) Manages
- C) Contains
- D) Belongs_to
- **Answer:** C) Contains

16. **What is the role of a foreign key in a relationship?**

- A) Identify unique records
- B) Establish a link between tables
- C) Define entity types
- D) Describe attributes
- **Answer:** B) Establish a link between tables

17. **Which entity type can exist without being associated with another entity?**
- A) Weak Entity
- B) Strong Entity
- C) Super Entity
- D) Dependent Entity
- **Answer:** B) Strong Entity
18. **What is a ternary relationship?**
- A) A relationship between three entity types
- B) A recursive relationship
- C) A relationship between two entity types
- D) A relationship with three attributes
- **Answer:** A) A relationship between three entity types

19. **Which database modeling tool is known for its easy user interface with a graphics
editor?**
- A) ERWin
- B) Oracle Developer 2000
- C) Popkin Software
- D) Visio
- **Answer:** A) ERWin

20. **In ER diagrams, which of the following represents a total participation constraint?**
- A) Single line
- B) Double line
- C) Dashed line
- D) Bold line
- **Answer:** B) Double line

21. **Which concept is illustrated by a double rectangle in an ER diagram?**

- A) Strong Entity
- B) Weak Entity
- C) Relationship Type
- D) Attribute
- **Answer:** B) Weak Entity

22. **A relationship type that involves entities participating twice in two distinct roles is called
a ______.**
 - A) Binary Relationship
- B) Ternary Relationship
- C) Recursive Relationship
- D) Identifying Relationship
- **Answer:** C) Recursive Relationship

23. **Which tool is used for mapping from Object-Oriented to relational model?**
- A) Erwin
- B) ER Studio
- C) PwerTier
- D) Visio
- **Answer:** C) PwerTier

24. **In the COMPANY database example, which relationship tracks the hours an employee
works on a project?**
- A) WORKS_FOR
- B) MANAGES
- C) WORKS_ON
- D) CONTROLS
- **Answer:** C) WORKS_ON

25. **Which diagram is used to display the conceptual schema for the COMPANY
database?**
- A) Class Diagram
- B) ER Diagram
- C) UML Diagram
- D) Data Flow Diagram
- **Answer:** B) ER Diagram

26. **What is the participation constraint for an entity type that must participate in at least
one relationship?**
 - A) Optional Participation
- B) Mandatory Participation
- C) Identifying Participation
- D) Null Participation
- **Answer:** B) Mandatory Participation

27. **Which of the following describes the minimum participation in a relationship?**

- A) Cardinality Ratio
- B) (min, max) Notation
- C) Participation Constraint
- D) Inclusion Constraint
- **Answer:** C) Participation Constraint

28. **The process of refining the initial design by transforming attributes into relationships is
called ______.**
- A) Normalization
- B) Optimization
- C) Refinement
- D) Simplification
- **Answer:** C) Refinement

29. **What kind of attribute cannot be divided into smaller parts?**

- A) Simple Attribute
- B) Composite Attribute
- C) Multivalued Attribute
- D) Derived Attribute
- **Answer:** A) Simple Attribute

30. **A relationship type that is derived from a higher-degree relationship is considered
______.**
- A) Redundant
 - B) Recursive
- C) Identifying
- D) Weak
- **Answer:** A) Redundant

31. **What is the relationship between DEPARTMENT and PROJECT in the COMPANY
database?**
- A) MANAGES
- B) CONTROLS
- C) SUPERVISION
- D) WORKS_ON
- **Answer:** B) CONTROLS

32. **Which of the following is a characteristic of a strong entity?**

- A) Depends on another entity for its existence
- B) Has a primary key
- C) Cannot exist without a foreign key
- D) Is always a super entity
- **Answer:** B) Has a primary key

33. **What kind of relationship exists when an employee can manage only one department?**
- A) One-to-One
- B) One-to-Many
- C) Many-to-One
- D) Many-to-Many
- **Answer:** A) One-to-One

34. **In the ER model, which term refers to a collection of entities that share the same
properties?**
- A) Entity Type
- B) Attribute
 - C) Relationship Type
-D

) Schema
- **Answer:** A) Entity Type

35. **Which database tool integrates with popular CASE tools?**

- A) ERWin
- B) Visio
- C) Oracle Developer 2000
- D) Popkin Software
- **Answer:** B) Visio

36. **What type of attribute can take more than one value for a single entity instance?**
- A) Simple Attribute
- B) Composite Attribute
- C) Multivalued Attribute
- D) Derived Attribute
- **Answer:** C) Multivalued Attribute

37. **In the COMPANY database, which relationship type tracks the supervision structure of
employees?**
- A) WORKS_FOR
- B) MANAGES
- C) SUPERVISION
- D) ALL OF THE ABOVE
- **Answer:** C) SUPERVISION

38. **What is an identifying relationship?**

- A) Relationship that connects strong entities
- B) Relationship that defines attributes
 - C) Relationship that connects weak entities to their owner entity types
- D) Relationship that is derived from a higher-degree relationship
- **Answer:** C) Relationship that connects weak entities to their owner entity types

39. **Which constraint ensures that an entity must participate in a relationship at least
once?**
- A) Total Participation
- B) Partial Participation
- C) Existence Dependency
- D) Identifying Participation
- **Answer:** A) Total Participation

40. **In an ER diagram, what represents a derived attribute?**

- A) Dashed ellipse
- B) Double ellipse
- C) Single ellipse
- D) Rectangle
- **Answer:** A) Dashed ellipse

41. **Which relationship type involves more than two entity types?**
- A) Unary
- B) Binary
- C) Ternary
- D) Quaternary
- **Answer:** C) Ternary

42. **Which diagramming tool is well-suited for displaying complex database relationships?**
- A) Visio
- B) PowerDesigner
- C) ERWin
- D) Oracle Developer 2000
 - **Answer:** C) ERWin

43. **In ER modeling, what kind of key is used to uniquely identify a record within a table?**
- A) Foreign Key
- B) Composite Key
- C) Primary Key
- D) Candidate Key
- **Answer:** C) Primary Key

44. **Which entity in the COMPANY database is considered a weak entity?**

- A) EMPLOYEE
- B) DEPENDENT
- C) PROJECT
- D) DEPARTMENT
- **Answer:** B) DEPENDENT

45. **What represents an entity that cannot exist without being associated with another
entity?**
- A) Strong Entity
- B) Weak Entity
- C) Recursive Entity
- D) Composite Entity
- **Answer:** B) Weak Entity

46. **What type of attribute is derived from another attribute?**

- A) Simple Attribute
- B) Composite Attribute
- C) Multivalued Attribute
- D) Derived Attribute
- **Answer:** D) Derived Attribute
47. **In the COMPANY database, which entity type tracks the projects?**
- A) EMPLOYEE
- B) DEPARTMENT
- C) PROJECT
- D) DEPENDENT
- **Answer:** C) PROJECT

48. **What is the purpose of a double line in an ER diagram?**

- A) Denotes weak entity
- B) Indicates total participation
- C) Represents composite attribute
- D) Signifies derived attribute
- **Answer:** B) Indicates total participation

49. **Which notation is used to indicate that an entity can participate multiple times in a
relationship?**
- A) Cardinality Ratio
- B) Participation Constraint
- C) (min, max) Notation
- D) Foreign Key
- **Answer:** C) (min, max) Notation

50. **What describes a situation where an entity type can appear more than once in a
relationship?**
- A) Recursive Relationship
- B) Identifying Relationship
- C) Binary Relationship
- D) Ternary Relationship
- **Answer:** A) Recursive Relationship