1. **What does SQL stand for?

**
- a) Structured Query Language
- b) Sequential Query Language
- c) Standard Query Language
- d) Simple Query Language
- **Answer:** a) Structured Query Language

2. **Which SQL command is used to create a new table?**

- a) INSERT
- b) CREATE
- c) ADD
- d) MAKE
- **Answer:** b) CREATE

3. **Which of the following is NOT a basic constraint type in SQL?**

- a) Key constraint
- b) Entity Integrity constraint
- c) Referential integrity constraint
- d) Domain constraint
- **Answer:** d) Domain constraint

4. **What is the purpose of the PRIMARY KEY constraint?**

- a) To ensure unique values in a column
- b) To enforce referential integrity
- c) To allow null values
- d) To create a foreign key
- **Answer:** a) To ensure unique values in a column

5. **Which SQL clause is used to filter records?**

- a) SELECT
 - b) FROM
- c) WHERE
- d) GROUP BY
- **Answer:** c) WHERE

6. **Which command is used to remove a table from a database?**

- a) DELETE TABLE
- b) DROP TABLE
- c) REMOVE TABLE
- d) DESTROY TABLE
- **Answer:** b) DROP TABLE

7. **Which SQL statement is used to update data in a database?**

- a) MODIFY
- b) UPDATE
- c) CHANGE
- d) SET
- **Answer:** b) UPDATE

8. **Which of the following SQL statements is used to retrieve data from a database?**
- a) GET
- b) SELECT
- c) EXTRACT
- d) RETRIEVE
- **Answer:** b) SELECT

9. **Which keyword is used to sort the result-set in SQL?**

- a) SORT BY
- b) ORDER BY
- c) ARRANGE BY
 - d) ORGANIZE BY
- **Answer:** b) ORDER BY

10. **What does the SQL WHERE clause do?**

- a) Filters records
- b) Groups records
- c) Orders records
- d) Joins tables
- **Answer:** a) Filters records

11. **Which SQL statement is used to add new data into a database?**
- a) ADD
- b) APPEND
- c) INSERT
- d) UPDATE
- **Answer:** c) INSERT

12. **Which keyword is used to eliminate duplicate rows from the result set in SQL?**
- a) NO DUPLICATE
- b) DISTINCT
- c) UNIQUE
- d) DIFFERENT
- **Answer:** b) DISTINCT

13. **What type of join returns all records when there is a match in either left or right
table?**
- a) INNER JOIN
- b) OUTER JOIN
- c) LEFT JOIN
- d) RIGHT JOIN
- **Answer:** b) OUTER JOIN
14. **Which of the following is a valid SQL comment?**
- a) //
- b) --
- c) ##
- d) **
- **Answer:** b) --

15. **Which SQL clause is used to group rows that have the same values in specified
columns?**
- a) GROUP BY
- b) ORDER BY
- c) WHERE
- d) HAVING
- **Answer:** a) GROUP BY

16. **Which SQL clause is used to filter groups after the GROUP BY clause?**
- a) WHERE
- b) HAVING
- c) FILTER
- d) SELECT
- **Answer:** b) HAVING

17. **What does the COUNT function do in SQL?**

- a) Calculates the sum of a column
- b) Returns the number of rows
- c) Calculates the average value
- d) Returns the largest value
- **Answer:** b) Returns the number of rows

18. **What is the purpose of the SQL SELECT statement?**

 - a) To delete data from a table
- b) To update existing data
- c) To insert new data
- d) To retrieve data from a database
- **Answer:** d) To retrieve data from a database

19. **Which SQL keyword is used to retrieve all records from a table?**
- a) GET
- b) RETRIEVE
- c) SELECT
- d) FETCH
- **Answer:** c) SELECT

20. **What does the SQL INNER JOIN clause do?**

- a) Joins tables with unmatched rows
- b) Joins tables with matched rows
- c) Joins tables without any condition
- d) Joins tables based on the primary key
- **Answer:** b) Joins tables with matched rows

21. **Which SQL statement is used to remove existing records from a table?**
- a) REMOVE
- b) DELETE
- c) DROP
- d) CLEAR
- **Answer:** b) DELETE

22. **Which SQL function is used to find the minimum value in a column?**
- a) LEAST
- b) MIN
 - c) SMALLEST
- d) LOWEST
- **Answer:** b) MIN

23. **What is the result of a SQL SELECT statement with a missing WHERE clause?**
- a) All rows are returned
- b) No rows are returned
- c) Only unique rows are returned
- d) An error is returned
- **Answer:** a) All rows are returned

24. **Which SQL keyword is used to retrieve only unique values from a column?**
- a) UNIQUE
- b) DIFFERENT
- c) DISTINCT
- d) SEPARATE
- **Answer:** c) DISTINCT

25. **Which clause is used to specify the condition to join two tables in SQL?**
- a) WHERE
- b) JOIN
- c) ON
- d) WITH
- **Answer:** c) ON

26. **Which command is used to change the structure of a table after it has been created?**
- a) MODIFY TABLE
- b) CHANGE TABLE
- c) ALTER TABLE
- d) UPDATE TABLE
 - **Answer:** c) ALTER TABLE

27. **Which SQL function is used to calculate the average value of a column?**
- a) TOTAL
- b) AVERAGE
- c) MEAN
- d) AVG
- **Answer:** d) AVG

28. **Which of the following is a valid SQL aggregate function?**

- a) SUM
- b) COMBINE
- c) JOIN
- d) SORT
- **Answer:** a) SUM

29. **What does the SQL SELECT * statement do?**

- a) Selects all columns from a table
- b) Selects the first column from a table
- c) Selects the primary key from a table
- d) Selects the unique rows from a table
- **Answer:** a) Selects all columns from a table

30. **Which SQL command is used to modify the values of existing records in a table?**
- a) ALTER
- b) CHANGE
- c) MODIFY
- d) UPDATE
- **Answer:** d) UPDATE
31. **Which of the following is a set function in SQL?**
- a) COUNT
- b) JOIN
- c) SELECT
- d) WHERE
- **Answer:** a) COUNT

32. **What does the SQL keyword DISTINCT do?**

- a) Returns all records, including duplicates
- b) Returns only unique records
- c) Sorts the result set
- d) Groups the result set
- **Answer:** b) Returns only unique records

33. **Which SQL clause is used to specify the columns to be displayed in the result set?**
- a) FROM
- b) SELECT
- c) WHERE
- d) DISPLAY
- **Answer:** b) SELECT

34. **Which SQL statement is used to create a view?**

- a) MAKE VIEW
- b) ADD VIEW
- c) CREATE VIEW
- d) DEFINE VIEW
- **Answer:** c) CREATE VIEW

35. **What is a foreign key in SQL?**

- a) A key that uniquely identifies each record in a table
 - b) A key used to link two tables together
- c) A key that cannot be null
- d) A key that automatically increments
- **Answer:** b) A key used to link two tables together

36. **Which of the following SQL keywords is used to retrieve data from a database?**
- a) RETRIEVE
- b) FETCH
- c)

SELECT
- d) GET
- **Answer:** c) SELECT

37. **What does the SQL LIKE operator do?**

- a) Compares two values for equality
- b) Matches a pattern within a column
- c) Sorts the result set
- d) Filters the result set by range
- **Answer:** b) Matches a pattern within a column

38. **Which SQL function is used to count the number of rows in a table?**
- a) NUMBER
- b) TOTAL
- c) COUNT
- d) SUM
- **Answer:** c) COUNT

39. **Which SQL keyword is used to sort the result set in ascending order?**
- a) ASC
 - b) SORT
- c) ORDER
- d) UP
- **Answer:** a) ASC

40. **Which SQL clause is used to specify the table to query data from?**
- a) SELECT
- b) FROM
- c) WHERE
- d) JOIN
- **Answer:** b) FROM

41. **What is the result of the SQL expression: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name?**
- a) The sum of values in a column
- b) The total number of rows in the table
- c) The number of unique values in a column
- d) The maximum value in a column
- **Answer:** b) The total number of rows in the table

42. **Which of the following statements is used to add a new row to a table in SQL?**
- a) ADD ROW
- b) INSERT INTO
- c) ADD INTO
- d) CREATE ROW
- **Answer:** b) INSERT INTO

43. **Which of the following is a valid SQL alias for a column?**

- a) column_name AS alias_name
- b) alias_name AS column_name
- c) alias_name := column_name
 - d) column_name := alias_name
- **Answer:** a) column_name AS alias_name

44. **Which SQL statement is used to create an index on a table?**

- a) CREATE INDEX
- b) ADD INDEX
- c) MAKE INDEX
- d) INSERT INDEX
- **Answer:** a) CREATE INDEX

45. **What does the SQL statement ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name
data_type do?**
- a) Deletes a column from a table
- b) Changes the data type of a column
- c) Adds a new column to a table
- d) Renames a column in a table
- **Answer:** c) Adds a new column to a table

46. **Which SQL function returns the largest value in a column?**

- a) MAX
- b) GREATEST
- c) LARGE
- d) BIG
- **Answer:** a) MAX

47. **Which SQL command is used to remove all rows from a table without removing the table
structure?**
- a) DROP
- b) DELETE
- c) REMOVE
- d) TRUNCATE
 - **Answer:** d) TRUNCATE

48. **What is the purpose of the SQL HAVING clause?**

- a) To specify conditions on individual rows
- b) To specify conditions on groups of rows
- c) To specify the columns to be displayed
- d) To sort the result set
- **Answer:** b) To specify conditions on groups of rows

49. **Which SQL statement is used to change the name of a table?**

- a) ALTER TABLE RENAME TO new_table_name
- b) RENAME TABLE TO new_table_name
- c) MODIFY TABLE new_table_name
- d) UPDATE TABLE new_table_name
- **Answer:** a) ALTER TABLE RENAME TO new_table_name

50. **What does the SQL UNION operator do?**

- a) Combines the result of two queries and returns duplicate rows
- b) Combines the result of two queries and returns all unique rows
- c) Joins two tables
- d) Updates two tables
- **Answer:** b) Combines the result of two queries and returns all unique rows