1.

**Which of the following SQL features allow users to specify more complex retrievals from a
database?**
- A) Nested queries
- B) Joined tables
- C) Aggregate functions
- D) All of the above
- **Answer: D**

2. **What is the meaning of NULL in SQL?**

- A) Unknown value
- B) Unavailable or withheld value
- C) Not applicable attribute
- D) All of the above
- **Answer: D**

3. **SQL uses a three-valued logic. What are the possible values?**

- A) TRUE, FALSE, NULL
- B) TRUE, FALSE, UNKNOWN
- C) TRUE, NULL, UNKNOWN
- D) FALSE, NULL, UNKNOWN
- **Answer: B**

4. **Which SQL operator checks whether an attribute value is NULL?**

- A) IS NULL
- B) IS NOT NULL
- C) Both A and B
- D) None of the above
- **Answer: C**

5. **What is a nested query in SQL?**

- A) A query that includes subqueries in the SELECT clause
 - B) A query that includes subqueries in the WHERE clause
- C) A query that includes subqueries in the FROM clause
- D) All of the above
- **Answer: B**

6. **Which comparison operator can be used with sets or multisets in nested queries?**
- A) IN
- B) ANY
- C) SOME
- D) All of the above
- **Answer: D**

7. **What does the operator `= ANY` (or `= SOME`) return when used in a query?**
- A) TRUE if the value is equal to all values in the set
- B) TRUE if the value is equal to some value in the set
- C) TRUE if the value is not in the set
- D) FALSE if the value is in the set
- **Answer: B**

8. **What is an assertion in SQL?**

- A) A type of constraint on individual attributes
- B) A type of constraint on individual tuples
- C) A query that selects tuples violating a desired condition
- D) A trigger that performs actions when conditions are met
- **Answer: C**

9. **What are the components of a typical SQL trigger?**

- A) Event, Condition, Action
- B) Event, Action, Assertion
- C) Condition, Action, Assertion
 - D) Event, Condition, Assertion
- **Answer: A**

10. **Which command is used to create a trigger in SQL?**

- A) CREATE ASSERTION
- B) CREATE TRIGGER
- C) CREATE VIEW
- D) CREATE FUNCTION
- **Answer: B**

11. **In the context of SQL, what is a view?**

- A) A real table stored in the database
- B) A virtual table derived from other tables
- C) A trigger for monitoring changes
- D) A constraint for ensuring data integrity
- **Answer: B**

12. **What is the purpose of the CREATE VIEW command?**

- A) To create a new table
- B) To define a virtual table with a query
- C) To update an existing view
- D) To delete an existing view
- **Answer: B**

13. **How does SQL ensure that a view is always up-to-date?**

- A) By manually refreshing the view
- B) By automatically updating the view
- C) By storing the view as a table
- D) By using triggers
- **Answer: B**
14. **Which command is used to delete a view in SQL?**
- A) DELETE VIEW
- B) REMOVE VIEW
- C) DROP VIEW
- D) ALTER VIEW
- **Answer: C**

15. **What is the main advantage of the query modification approach for view
implementation?**
- A) Efficiency in querying
- B) Simplicity in updating
- C) Avoiding storage of view tables
- D) Reducing query execution time
- **Answer: C**

16. **What is view materialization in SQL?**

- A) Creating a view on-the-fly
- B) Physically storing the view as a table
- C) Dropping a view when no longer needed
- D) Using a view in a nested query
- **Answer: B**

17. **Which strategy for view materialization updates the view immediately after the base
tables change?**
- A) Immediate update strategy
- B) Lazy update strategy
- C) Periodic update strategy
- D) On-demand update strategy
- **Answer: A**
18. **Which statement is true about updating views?**
- A) All views can be updated directly
- B) Views with joins can always be updated
- C) Views without aggregate functions and with a single base table can often be updated
- D) No views can be updated
- **Answer: C**

19. **What does the clause WITH CHECK OPTION ensure in a view definition?**
- A) That tuples being updated stay in the view
- B) That the view is always materialized
- C) That the view is automatically updated
- D) That the view is deleted when not needed
- **Answer: A**

20. **Which command is used to add a column to an existing table in SQL?**

- A) ADD COLUMN
- B) ALTER TABLE
- C) MODIFY TABLE
- D) INSERT COLUMN
- **Answer: B**

21. **What does the CASCADE option do when dropping a schema?**

- A) Drops the schema only if it is empty
- B) Drops the schema and all its elements
- C) Drops the schema if it has no foreign keys
- D) Drops the schema and renames it
- **Answer: B**

22. **What is the purpose of the ALTER TABLE command in SQL?**

- A) To modify an existing table
 - B) To delete an existing table
- C) To create a new table
- D) To query a table
- **Answer: A**

23. **How can a default value for a column be dropped in SQL?**

- A) ALTER COLUMN DROP DEFAULT
- B) REMOVE COLUMN DEFAULT
- C) DELETE COLUMN DEFAULT
- D) ALTER TABLE DROP DEFAULT
- **Answer: A**

24. **Which of the following is true about SQL triggers?**

- A) They are used to enforce constraints
- B) They can perform actions in response to certain events
- C) They are only used for data validation
- D) They cannot access other tables
- **Answer: B**

25. **What does the CREATE TRIGGER statement do?**

- A) Creates a new table
- B) Creates a new view
- C) Creates a rule for automatic actions in response to events
- D) Creates a new schema
- **Answer: C**

26. **Which of the following SQL features can be used to hide certain attributes from
unauthorized users?**
- A) Assertions
- B) Triggers
- C) Views
 - D) Indexes
- **Answer: C**

27. **What is the DROP command used for in SQL?**

- A) To delete rows from a table
- B) To remove named schema elements
- C) To modify the structure of a table
- D) To insert data into a table
- **Answer: B**

28. **In the context of SQL views, what does the term "inline view" refer to?**
- A) A view that is defined within the FROM clause of a query
- B) A view that is permanently stored in the database
- C) A view that is updated immediately after changes
- D) A view that cannot be updated
- **Answer: A**

29. **What is the purpose of the CREATE ASSERTION command in SQL?**

- A) To create a new table
- B) To specify a query that selects any tuples violating a condition
- C) To create a virtual table
- D) To drop a schema element
- **Answer: B**

30. **Which of the following is an example of a semantic constraint that can be specified as an
assertion in SQL?**
- A) NOT NULL constraint
- B) UNIQUE constraint
- C) A complex condition involving multiple attributes and tables
- D) Primary key constraint
- **Answer: C**
31. **How can complex conditions that go beyond simple attribute and domain checks be
enforced in SQL?**
- A) Using primary keys
- B) Using foreign keys
- C) Using assertions
- D) Using indexes
- **Answer: C

**

32. **What is the purpose of the ALTER SCHEMA command in SQL?**

- A) To change the name of the schema
- B) To add or drop schema elements
- C) To modify table structures within the schema
- D) All of the above
- **Answer: D**

33. **Which clause can be used to filter rows in the results of an SQL query?**
- A) SELECT
- B) WHERE
- C) FROM
- D) GROUP BY
- **Answer: B**

34. **What is the purpose of the GROUP BY clause in SQL?**

- A) To filter rows
- B) To group rows sharing a property for aggregate functions
- C) To sort rows
- D) To join tables
- **Answer: B**
35. **How can an SQL trigger be specified to activate only once for the triggering statement,
rather than once for each row?**
- A) By using FOR EACH ROW
- B) By using FOR EACH STATEMENT
- C) By using FOR EACH TRANSACTION
- D) By using FOR EACH ACTION
- **Answer: B**

36. **Which of the following statements about SQL triggers is false?**

- A) Triggers can be used to enforce referential integrity
- B) Triggers can only be used with SELECT statements
- C) Triggers can perform actions such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
- D) Triggers can be used to automatically update views
- **Answer: B**

37. **Which SQL feature allows the definition of a virtual table based on a query?**
- A) Trigger
- B) Assertion
- C) View
- D) Index
- **Answer: C**

38. **What does the RENAME command do in SQL?**

- A) Renames a table
- B) Renames a view
- C) Renames a column
- D) All of the above
- **Answer: D**
39. **Which of the following can be used to perform operations in response to changes in the
database?**
- A) Assertions
- B) Triggers
- C) Views
- D) Queries
- **Answer: B**

40. **What is the main benefit of using triggers in SQL?**

- A) To automate repetitive tasks
- B) To enforce complex business rules
- C) To ensure data integrity
- D) All of the above
- **Answer: D**

41. **Which command can be used to modify an existing trigger?**

- A) ALTER TRIGGER
- B) MODIFY TRIGGER
- C) UPDATE TRIGGER
- D) REPLACE TRIGGER
- **Answer: A**

42. **What is the purpose of the DROP TRIGGER command?**

- A) To delete a trigger
- B) To disable a trigger
- C) To modify a trigger
- D) To create a new trigger
- **Answer: A**

43. **What is a stored procedure in SQL?**

- A) A precompiled collection of one or more SQL statements
 - B) A trigger that is automatically executed
- C) A virtual table derived from a query
- D) An assertion that enforces constraints
- **Answer: A**

44. **Which clause can be used to specify the columns of a table that should be indexed?**
- A) SELECT
- B) INDEX
- C) CREATE INDEX
- D) ALTER INDEX
- **Answer: C**

45. **What is the purpose of the CASCADE option in the DROP TABLE command?**
- A) To drop the table only if it is empty
- B) To drop the table and all objects that depend on it
- C) To drop the table if it has no foreign keys
- D) To rename the table
- **Answer: B**

46. **Which of the following is not a valid aggregate function in SQL?**

- A) COUNT
- B) SUM
- C) AVERAGE
- D) MAX
- **Answer: C**

47. **What does the HAVING clause do in SQL?**

- A) Filters rows before grouping
- B) Filters groups after grouping
- C) Joins tables
 - D) Sorts results
- **Answer: B**

48. **Which SQL clause is used to sort the results of a query?**

- A) SELECT
- B) WHERE
- C) ORDER BY
- D) GROUP BY
- **Answer: C**

49. **What is a foreign key in SQL?**

- A) A key that uniquely identifies a row in a table
- B) A key used to enforce referential integrity
- C) A key that cannot contain NULL values
- D) A key used for indexing
- **Answer: B**

50. **How can you ensure that an attribute in an SQL table must always have a value?**
- A) By defining it as a primary key
- B) By using the NOT NULL constraint
- C) By defining it as a foreign key
- D) By creating an index on the attribute
- **Answer: B**

These questions cover various aspects of SQL queries, triggers, views, and schema
modifications as discussed in the provided text.