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    Module - 1 Intro To SQL Database

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    Santhosh Pa

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Module - 1 Intro To SQL Database

    Uploaded by

    Santhosh Pa
    8 views38 pages

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    Module_1 Intro to Sql Database

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views38 pages

    Module - 1 Intro To SQL Database

    Uploaded by

    Santhosh Pa

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 38

    Intro to SQL Database

    Overview

    Introducing SQL Server Databases

    Working With SQL Server Programming Tools

    Understanding Transact-SQL Elements

    Programming Language Elements

    Executing Transact-SQL Statements


    Lesson: Introducing SQL Server Databases

    Types of Databases

    User defined database

    Database Objects

    How Are SQL Server Objects Referenced?

    System Tables

    How Metadata Is Retrieved


    Types of Databases

    System Databases

    master
    model tempdb msdb
    User defined database
    Overview

    Defining Databases
    Using Filegroups
    Managing Databases
    How Are Databases Created?

    Creating a Database Defines:


     The name of the database
     The size of the database files
     The location where the database will reside
    CREATE DATABASE Sample
    ON
    PRIMARY ( NAME=SampleData,
    FILENAME='c:\Program Files\..\..\Data\Sample.mdf',
    SIZE=10MB,
    MAXSIZE=15MB,
    FILEGROWTH=20%)
    LOG ON
    ( NAME=SampleLog,
    FILENAME= 'c:\Program Files\..\..\Data\Sample.ldf',
    SIZE=3MB,
    MAXSIZE=5MB,
    FILEGROWTH=1MB)
    How is Database Information Retrieved?

    Use System Stored Procedures to Display Information About


    Databases and Database Parameters

     sp_helpdb

     sp_helpdb database_name

     sp_spaceused [objname]

     EXEC sp_dboption 'mydb', 'single user', 'FALSE'

     EXEC sp_dboption 'pubs', 'read only', 'FALSE'

     EXEC sp_dboption 'sales', 'offline', 'TRUE'


    Lesson: Using Filegroups

    What Are Filegroups?


    Filegroup Management
    What Are Filegroups?

    Northwind Database
    sys... ...
    sys... Orders
    sysusers OrdHistYear2
    Customers
    sysobjects Products OrdHistYear1

    C:\ D:\ E:\


    OrdHist1.ndf
    Northwind.mdf OrdHist2.ndf Northwind.Idf

    Default Filegroup OrderHistoryGroup


    Guidelines for Managing File Growth

    Use Automatic File Growth


    Expand Database Files
    Add Secondary Database Files
    ALTER DATABASE Sample
    MODIFY FILE ( NAME = 'SampleLog',
    SIZE = 15MB)
    GO

    ALTER DATABASE Sample


    ADD FILE
    (NAME = SampleData2,
    FILENAME='c:\Program Files\..\..\
    Data\Sample2.ndf',
    SIZE=15MB,
    MAXSIZE=20MB)
    GO
    How Databases Are Dropped

    Methods of Dropping a Database


     Object Explorer
     DROP DATABASE statement
    DROP DATABASE Northwind, pubs

    Restrictions on Dropping a Database


     When a user is connected to it
     If it is a system database
    Lab A: Creating and Managing Databases

    Exercise 1: Creating the ClassNorthwind


    Database
    Exercise 2: Managing the Growth of the
    ClassNorthwind Transaction Log File
    Exercise 3: Setting the Database
    Recovery Model
    Database Objects

    Clustered Index
    Anderson Stored
    PK Anderson FK Procedure
    Barr UpdatePhone Trigger
    ...
    EmpNum LastName FirstName CtryCode Extension LastMod
    integer varchar(35) varchar(20) char(2) char(6) char(15)

    10191 Lang Eric FR x19891 \HR\KarlD

    10192 Lang Ingelise FR x19433 \HR\KarlD

    10202 Miller Frank SP x21467 \HR\AmyL

    EmployeePhoneView
    SELECT lastname, firstname, extension Check
    FROM employee x#####
    How Are SQL Server Objects Referenced?

    Fully Qualified Names


     server.database.owner.object
    Partially Specified Names
     Server defaults to the current instance on the local server
     Database defaults to current database
     Owner defaults to the logged on user, then to dbo

    CREATE TABLE Northwind.dbo.OrderHistory


    .
    .
    .
    System Tables

    System Tables Store Information (Metadata) About


    the System and Database Objects
    How Metadata Is Retrieved

    System Stored Procedures


    EXEC sp_help Employees

    System and Metadata Functions


    SELECT USER_NAME(10)

    Information Schema Views


    SELECT * FROM
    INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
    Lesson: Working with SQL Server Programming
    Tools

    Microsoft Sql Server Management Studio


    SQLCMD
    SQLCMD Utility

    Command-line utility

    Use the QUIT or EXIT command to exit

    sqlcmd -U login_id [-d db_name]


    [-P password] [-S server_name] –Q [“select * from <table name>”]
    Lesson: Understanding Transact-SQL Elements

    Standards Compliance
    Data Control Language Statements
    Data Definition Language Statements
    Data Manipulation Language Statements
    SQL Server Object Names
    Guidelines for Naming Database Objects
    Data Control Language Statements

    Set or Change Permissions


     GRANT
     DENY
     REVOKE
    Data Definition Language Statements

    Define the Database Objects


     CREATE object_type object_name
     ALTER object_type object_name
     DROP object_type object_name
    Data Manipulation Language Statements

    Use When Working with Data in the Database


     SELECT
     INSERT
     UPDATE
     DELETE
    SQL Server Object Names

    Standard Identifiers
     First character must be alphabetic
     Other characters can include letters, numerals,
    or symbols
     Identifiers starting with symbols have special uses
    Delimited Identifiers
     Use when names contain embedded spaces
     Use when reserved words are portions of names
     Enclose in brackets ([ ]) or quotation marks (" ")
    Guidelines for Naming Database Objects

    Use Meaningful Names Where Possible


    Keep Names Short
    Use a Clear and Simple Naming Convention
    Chose an Identifier That Distinguishes Types of Objects
     Views
     Stored procedures
    Lesson: Programming Language Elements

    Local Variables
    Operators
    Types of Functions
    Function Examples
    Control-of-Flow Language Elements
    Comments
    Local Variables

    User-defined with DECLARE Statement


    Assigned Values with SET or SELECT Statement

    DECLARE @vLastName char(20),


    @vFirstNamevarchar(11)
    SET @vLastName = 'Dodsworth'
    SELECT @vFirstName = FirstName
    FROM Northwind..Employees
    WHERE LastName = @vLastName
    PRINT @vFirstName + ' ' + @vLastName
    GO
    Operators

    Types of Operators
     Arithmetic
     Comparison
     String concatenation
     Logical
    Types of Functions

    Aggregate Functions
    SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) FROM Products

    Scalar Functions
    SELECT DB_NAME() AS 'database'
    Function Examples

    SELECT 'ANSI:' AS Region,


    CONVERT(varchar(30), GETDATE(), 102) AS Style
    UNION
    SELECT 'European:', CONVERT(varchar(30), GETDATE(), 113)
    UNION
    SELECT 'Japanese:', CONVERT(varchar(30), GETDATE(), 111)

    Result
    Region Style
    ANSI: 2000
    European: 22 Mar 2000 14:20:00:010
    Japanese: 2000/03/22
    Control-of-Flow Language Elements

    Statement Level
     BEGIN…END blocks IF USER_NAME() <> 'dbo'
    BEGIN
     IF…ELSE blocks print('Must be sysadmin
     WHILE constructs to Perform Operation',)
    RETURN
    Row Level END
    ELSE
     CASE expression DBCC CHECKDB(Northwind)
    Comments

    In-Line Comments
    SELECT ProductName,
    (UnitsInStock + UnitsOnOrder) AS Max -- Calculates inventory
    , SupplierID
    FROM Products

    Block Comments
    /*
    This code retrieves all rows of the products table
    and displays the unit price, the unit price increased
    by 10 percent, and the name of the product.
    */
    SELECT UnitPrice, (UnitPrice * 1.1), ProductName
    FROM Products
    Lesson: Executing Transact-SQL Statements

    Dynamically Constructing Statements


    Batches
    Scripts
    Transactions
    XML Support
    Best Practices
    Dynamically Constructing Statements

    Use EXECUTE with String Literals and Variables


    Use When You Must Assign Value of Variable at
    Execution Time
    Any Variables and Temporary Tables Last Only
    During Execution

    DECLARE @dbname varchar(30), @tablename varchar(30)


    SET @dbname = 'Northwind'
    SET @tablename = 'Products'

    EXECUTE
    ('USE ' + @dbname + ' SELECT * FROM '+ @tablename)
    Batches

    One or More Transact-SQL Statements


    Submitted Together
    Define a Batch by Using the GO Statement
    How SQL Server Processes Batches
    You Cannot Combine Some Statements in a Batch
     CREATE PROCEDURE
     CREATE VIEW
     CREATE TRIGGER
     CREATE RULE
     CREATE DEFAULT
    Scripts

    Contain Saved Statements


    Can Be Written in Any Text Editor
     Save by using .sql file extension
    Execute in SQL Query Analyzer or osql Utility
    Use to Re-Create Database Objects or to Execute
    Statements Repeatedly
    Transactions

    Processed Like a Batch


    Rollback Logic Can Ensure Data Integrity
    Changes to the Database Are Either Applied Together
    or Rolled Back

    BEGIN TRANSACTION
    UPDATE savings SET balance = (amount - 100)
    WHERE custid = 78910
    … <Rollback transaction if error>
    UPDATE checking SET balance = (amount + 100)
    WHERE custid = 78910
    … <Rollback transaction if error>
    COMMIT TRANSACTION
    XML Support

    The FOR XML AUTO Option


     Each table represented as an XML element
     Element includes data and attributes
    The FOR XML RAW Option
     Elements have generic identifier row as the element tag

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