REPORT ON REMOTE SENSING & GIS

Barrackpore, GKCEM, Kolkata

Organised by 3rd year civil department of APC Ray polytechnic

INTRODUCTION :

It is a foundation of next generation of engineering prospective. It is useful in earth observation,

space technology ,sun observation etc. Remote sensing & GIS gas various application in various
branch of engineering & science also.

REMOTE SENSING: It is the science & art of obtaining information about an object through the
analysis data acquired by a device that is not contact with the object.

STAGES OF REMOTE SENSING:

a) Emission of electromagnetic radiation

 The sun or EMR source located on the platform
b) Transmission of energy from the source to the object to the object
 Absorption & scattering of the EMR while transmission
c) Interaction of EMR with the object & subsequent reflection & emission
d) Transmission of energy from the object to the sensor
e) Recording of energy by the sensor
 Photographic or non- photographic sensors
f) Transmission of the recorded information to the ground station
g) Processing of data into digital or hard copy image
h) Analysis of data

FIG :STAGES OF REMOTE SENSING

PRINCIPLE OF REMOTE SENSING :

 The principle (or technique) in general consists of acquiring information about an object or
phenomenon ,situated at a very long distance by virtue of either reflected or emitted
electromagnetic from such object in the form of (remotely sensed) images that are recorded
by sensors fron space platforms.
 Such images are further processed & interpreted to locate , identify & judge the significance
of these objects .
 Thus , a remote sensing system thar makes use of electro magnetic radiation(E.M.R)
essentially consists of the following
1) Source of energy
2) Interaction with the earth’s surface .
3) Interaction with the atmosphere &
4) Remote sensor.
5) Instatntenous or real time data handling.

ADVANTAGES :

 It takes picture in visible region, short wave infrared & far infeared region .
 We are seen little bit of spectrum. It will also works in infrared region .
 It aids scientific research by providing data for various studies including climate change research,
geological surveys & ecosystem analysis.
 Provides data of very remote & inaccessible regions &rapid production of maps for interpretation
is possible .
DISADVANTAGES OF REMOTE SENSING:

 The interpretation of imagery requires a certain skill level

 Needs cross verification with ground ( field ) survey data
 Data from multiple sources may create confusion
 Distortions may occur in an image due to the relative motion of sensor & source .
Need of remote sensing is everywhere like in meterology, oceanology, glaciology, archeology etc.

A vehicle to carry sensor is called a “Platform”. Aircraft or satellites are used as platforms.
 Platform are two types
 Air borne
 Space borne
Space borne platforms are also called satelites.
Satelites are also two types
1. Geostationary satellite
2. Sun synchronous satellite .

1)GEOSTATIONARY SATELITE :

A geostationary satellite is a type of satellite that orbits the earth at an altitude above an
equator. Its altitude approximately 36000 km.
Some examples of geostationary satellite are GMS, INSAT , GOE5, METEOSAT etc.

2)SUN SYNCHRONOUS SATELITE :

Designed to follow an orbit joining of earth’s north & south pole.

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING :

 Remote sensing is used in snowcover mapping .

 Remote sensing & GIS need in disaster managent
 Satellite sensors used for flood .
 Near realtime flood moritoring.
:

FIG : ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS ON REMOTE SENSING

GIS: A “Geographic information system” (GIS) is a computer based tool that allows us to create ,
manipulate , analyze , store & display information based on its location.

 GIS makes it possible to integrate different kinds of geographic information ,such as digital maps,
aerial photographs, satellite images & GPS data along with associated tabular database
information .
 A GIS develops the two dimensional nature of a map to include information from a database .
 For example a map can tell you where a river is located but a GIS can show you where it is
located with the appropriate data layers can tell you what is average flow is , how clean the
water is, how many people use it or how closw is the nearest boat launch is.

OBJECTIVES OF A GIS :
 To provide efficient means for collection, storage , recalling ,manipulation , analysis ,
integrating , overlaying the spatial data from single /many sources.
I. To eliminate redundant database & to minimize duplication.
II. To answer the query by presenting the information (i.e. processed data), in a format
desired by user .
III. To allow quick updating of dataf at minimal efforts & cost .
IV. To support research activities involving spatial data.

COMPONENTS OF A GIS :

A working GIS integrates these five key components; hardware , software ,data ,people & methods.

1. Hardware : Hardware is the computer on which GIS operates . Today GIS runs on a wide
range of hardware types,from centralized computrt servers to desktop computer used in
stand alone or nerworked configurations.
2. Software: GIS software provides the functions & tools needed to store ,analyze & display
geographic information. Key sofware components are:
 A database management system (DBMS).
 Tools for the input & manipulation of geographic infotmation .
 Tools that support grographic query, analysis & visualization .
 A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools .
3. Data: The most important component of a GIS is the data. Geographic data & related tabular
data can be collected in -house or bought from a commercial data provider .Most GIS employ
a DBMS to create & maintain a database to help organise & manage data.
4. People : GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage the system & to
develop plans for applying it. GIS users range from technical specialists who design &
maintain the system to those who use it to lelp them do their everyday work.
5. Methods: A successful GIS operates axxording to a well -designed plan&business
rules ,which are the models & operating practices a unique to each organization.

Application of GIS

GIS technology supports the use of geographic data in many of ways:

1. Map making :Custom maps, showing selected data layers , can be displayed on the
computer or generated as a hard copy product . The user can define the scale & the area
to be mapped . Data layers can be added or deleted tio fit the user’s requirements .
2. Site selection :
 Where the best location for country landfil,a new restaurant, or a highway by- pass ?
 Othe GIS user first defines the site location criteria . For finalizing a landfil site , the
criteria may include the geology , soil type ,current land usw , location of protected
lands(parks or wildlife refuges) or environmentally sensitive areas (water suppply
watersheds ) , proximity to roads , the cost to purchase the land parcels etc.

3.Network analysis:

 By means of GIS system school system determine school bus routes & schedules.
 The administrators can use GIS for analyzing factors such as travelling
distance ,speed limits ,student’s addresses, school locations & class schedules to
select routes that mimize the number of buses & fuel costs.
Besides this GIS have application in transportation ,urban planing , envioronmental
engineering, agriculture ,tourism, disaster management & many fields .