F8aa 411b A4f1 B0435111ccaf 6.biology7thfa1

Biological Sciences 7th Class
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT–1
Lab Activities & Project Works
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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES – FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT–1
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LAB ACTIVITY
Observation of Common Bread Mould (Rhizopus)
Aim : To observe common bread mould under the microscope.
Materials required : Mould sample, plain glass slide, coverslip, water, disposable gloves.
Procedure : 1. Place a drop of water in the centre of the slide.
2. Using a toothpick, scrape very little of the mould and place it on

the drop of water.
3. Take the coverslip and set it at an angle to the slide, so that one
edge of it touches the water drop, then carefully lower it over the
drop so that the cover slip covers the specimen without trapping
air bubbles underneath.
4. Use the corner of a tissue or blotting paper to blot up any excess

water at the edges of the coverslip.
5. View the slide with a compound microscope, first observe under

low power and next high power.
Bhashyam's :: 2 :: 7th _Biological Sciences_F.A.–1

Observations : 1. The common bread mould consists of fine thread like projections
called hyphae and thin knob like structures called sporangia.
2. We also found different stages of sporangium development and
rupturing of sporangium to liberate spores.
Conclusion : By the above observations, the given fungal plant is Rhizopus (or)
common bread mould.
Precautions : We should cover the nose while handling mould because it may cause
allergies.
Generalization : The Rhizopus or common bread mould generally grows on bread,
fruits, vegetables. It consists of hyphae, sporangium, spores. It looks
like fine threads.
***

LAB ACTIVITY
EXPERIMENT TO OBSERVE TEMPORARY MOUNT OF A LEAF PEEL TO SHOW

STOMATA
Objective : To prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel to show stomata.
Apparatus and
Materials Required : A potted Tradescantia or Bryophyllum plant, forceps, needles, watch
glasses, glass slides, a dropper, coverslips, a brush, blotting paper,
safranin, glycerine and a compound microscope.
Theory : Stomata are small openings found widely scattered on the epidermis
of leaves and young stems. They are mostly found on the lower
surface of a dicot leaf and on both the surfaces of a monocot leaf.
Stomata regulate the exchange of gases and water vapour between
the atmosphere and leaves.
Procedure : 1. Remove a healthy leaf from the potted plant.
2. Remove a part of the peel from the lower surface of the leaf. You
can do this by folding the leaf over and gently pulling the peel apart
using forceps. Keeps the peel in a watch glass containing water.
3. Put a few drops of safranin stain in a watch glass.
4. After 2-3 minutes take out the peel and place it on a clean glass
slide.
5. Put a drop of glycerin over the peel and place a clean coverslip
gently over it with the help of a needle.
6. Remove the excess stain and glycerin with the help of blotting
paper.
7. Observe the slide under the low-power and high-power
magnifications of the compound microscope.
Observations : 1. The epidermal cells are visible. These are irregular in outline
and have no intercellular spaces.
2. Many small pores (stomata) are seen scattered among the
epidermal cells.
3. Each pore is guarded by two bean-shaped guard cells, each
containing chloroplasts and a nucleus.

4. The inner concave boundary of each guard cell is thick, whereas
its outer boundary is thin.
5. The stomata may be open or closed. The guard cells regulate the
opening and closing of the stomata.
Result : Stomata are present in the epidermal cells of the lower surface of
the leaf.
Precautions : 1. Cut the peel to a proper size and avoid folding it.
2. Always place the peel at the centre of the slide and hold the slide
at the edges.
3. Do not over stain or under stain the peel.
4. Always handle the peel with a brush as a needle may damage the
cells.
5. Take care to prevent the peel from drying by using glycerin.
6. Place the coverslip gently, avoiding any air bubbles.
7. Remove excess stain and glycerin with a blotting paper.
***
LAB ACTIVITY
Black paper test

Aim : To prove that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.
Apparatus required : Potted plant, black paper, iodine solution
Procedure : 1. Take a potted plant with destarched leaves. One leaf is
covered with black paper on one of its surface.
2. A design is cut on the black paper which allows light.
3. Paper is fixed on the leaf in such a manner that light does
not enter the dark part.
4. Place this potted plant in sun light.
5. After few hours of exposure to bright light, leaf is tested
for the presence of starch which was covered by black paper.
Observation : The part of the leaf which could get light through the cut
design turns blue-black showing the presence of starch.
Result (or)
Inference : This experiment proves that light is necessary for
photosynthesis.
Precautions : Black paper should be fixed tightly on the leaf with the
help of clips. Take only the destarched plant for experiment.
***

LAB ACTIVITY
Action of salivary amylase on starch

Aim : To understand action of Saliva on flour.
Apparatus required : 1) Test tube 2. Water 3) Flour (or) ata
4) Watch glass 5. Iodine solution 6) Saliva
7) Dil. Tincture Iodine solution
Procedure : 1. Starch solution is to be prepared in a test tube by adding
ata to water.
2. Few drops of starch solution is tested by dil. tincture iodine
solution.
3. A blue black colour confirms the presence of starch.
4. Later, remaining starch solution is taken equally into two
test tubes.
5. Saliva is added to one test tube. Nothing will be added to
the second test tube.
6. Both the test tubes are kept in test tube stand for
45minutes.
7. After 45 minutes, both test tubes containing the solution
are tested once again with tincture iodine solution.
Observation : 1. There is no change in the
colour of solution, to
which saliva is added.
2. There is a change in the
colour of solution to
which saliva is not added.
Result (or)
Inference : From the above observations, I have come to a conclusion
that saliva acted on ata and starch is broken down into
simple molecules.
***

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Biological Sciences 7th Class

Procedure : 1. Place a drop of water in the centre of the slide.

2. Using a toothpick, scrape very little of the mould and place it on

4. Use the corner of a tissue or blotting paper to blot up any excess

5. View the slide with a compound microscope, first observe under

Bhashyam's :: 2 :: 7th _Biological Sciences_F.A.–1

Bhashyam's :: 3 :: 7th _Biological Sciences_F.A.–1

EXPERIMENT TO OBSERVE TEMPORARY MOUNT OF A LEAF PEEL TO SHOW

Bhashyam's :: 4 :: 7th _Biological Sciences_F.A.–1

Black paper test

design turns blue-black showing the presence of starch.

help of clips. Take only the destarched plant for experiment.

Bhashyam's :: 6 :: 7th _Biological Sciences_F.A.–1

Action of salivary amylase on starch

Observation : 1. There is no change in the

which saliva is added.

2. There is a change in the

which saliva is not added.

Bhashyam's :: 7 :: 7th _Biological Sciences_F.A.–1

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