Project Based Learning Report

on

Write a Trellis Code Using MATLAB

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement

For the Project based learning in
Information Theory & Coding
in
Electronics & Communication Engineering
By

Yug Swarnkar 2114110528

Satyam Tiwari 2114110531
Saksham Tiwari 2114110532

Under the guidance of Course In-charge

Dr. Tanuja S. Dhope

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune – 411043

Academic Year: 2023-24

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 Bharati Vidyapeeth
(Deemed to be University)
College of Engineering,
Pune – 411043

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Project Based Learning report entitled,

“Write a Trellis Code Using MATLAB” is work done by

Yug Swarnkar 2114110528

Satyam Tiwari 2114110531
Saksham Tiwari 2114110532

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of credits for Project Based Learning
(PBL) in Information Theory & Coding of Bachelor of Technology Semester V, in
Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Date: 4th October , 2023

Dr. Tanuja S. Dhope Dr. A.A Shinde

Course In-charge Professor and Head

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 INDEX

Sr. No. Topic Page no.

1. Problem Statement 4

2. Trellis coding Fundamentals 5

3. Advantages and Disadvantages 6

4. Input Code 7

5. Simulink and Result 8

6. Application 9

7. Conclusion 10

8. Course Outcome 11

9. References 12

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 Chapter 1

PROBLEM STATEMENT :

Write a Trellis Code Using MATLAB

Solution:
In the realm of digital communications, error control coding is a fundamental technique employed to
enhance the reliability and robustness of data transmission systems. Trellis codes, also known as
convolutional codes, stand as a powerful class of error-correcting codes used extensively in modern
communication standards such as Wi-Fi, cellular networks, and satellite communications. These
codes offer a graceful trade-off between error correction capability and data rate efficiency, making
them indispensable in the world of information exchange.

The heart of a trellis code lies in its structured encoding and decoding process, which exploits the
inherent redundancy in the transmitted data to combat noise and interference. The uniqueness of
trellis codes lies in their encoding using finite-state machines, commonly represented by trellis
diagrams. These diagrams capture the code's state transitions and facilitate both encoding and
decoding operations.

In this exploration of writing a Trellis Code using MATLAB, we embark on a journey to demystify
the intricate world of convolutional coding. We will delve into the principles of trellis codes, their
mathematical foundations, and the construction of trellis diagrams. More importantly, we will
demonstrate how MATLAB, a versatile and widely-used numerical computing environment, can be
harnessed to create, simulate, and analyze trellis codes with ease.

Throughout this journey, we will gain insights into the design choices behind trellis codes, their
applications in error control, and the elegant synergy between theory and practice. By the end, you
will have the tools and knowledge to craft your own trellis codes tailored to specific communication
scenarios, thereby contributing to the seamless flow of information in our interconnected world.

Join us as we traverse the labyrinth of trellis codes, and together, we will unlock the potential of these
ingenious constructs in ensuring the fidelity and integrity of data transmission in the digital age.

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 Chapter 2
Trellis coding Fundamentals:

1. Define Code Requirements:

- Determine the code rate (k/n), where k is the number of output bits per input bit (information bits),
and n is the total number of output bits.
- Identify the desired error correction capabilities based on your application's requirements.

2. Choose Constraint Length and Code Memory:

- The constraint length (K) is the number of memory elements (flip-flops) in the convolutional
encoder.
- The code memory (M) is the number of states in the encoder, which is 2^K for a K-length encoder.

3. Select Generator Polynomials:

- Generator polynomials define the code's state transitions and determine its performance.
- Choose generator polynomials for the encoder. These are typically represented as octal or binary
numbers.
- You need a set of generator polynomials for each output bit (output 1 and output 2 for rate 1/n
codes).

4. Create the Trellis Diagram:

- Construct the trellis diagram, which represents the state transitions of the convolutional encoder.
- Each state corresponds to a node in the trellis, and transitions between states are labeled with the
input and output bits.
- Calculate and assign branch metrics to each edge in the trellis to represent the likelihood of each
transition.

5. Simulate and Test:

- Implement the encoder and decoder in a simulation environment (e.g., MATLAB or Python).
- Simulate data encoding and decoding to verify that the code performs as expected and meets the
desired error-correcting capabilities.

6. Optimize and Fine-Tune:

- Adjust the choice of generator polynomials or other code parameters to optimize the code's
performance.
- Iterate through simulation and testing to fine-tune the code.

7. Implement the Encoder:

- Write code to implement the convolutional encoder based on the chosen parameters and generator
polynomials.
- Ensure that the encoder takes input data and produces the encoded output as specified.

8. Implement the Decoder:

- Implement the Viterbi decoder, which is commonly used for trellis codes, in your chosen
programming environment.
- Ensure that the decoder can take the received, noisy data and decode it to recover the original
information bits.
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 Chapter 3
Advantages and Disadvantages :
Advantages:

1. Error Correction Capability: Trellis codes provide excellent error correction capabilities, making
them suitable for applications where data integrity is crucial. They can effectively correct errors
introduced during data transmission.

2. Compact Representation: Trellis codes can represent complex error-correcting codes in a relatively
compact form, making efficient use of bandwidth while maintaining robust error correction.

3. Bandwidth Efficiency: Trellis codes are known for their good bandwidth efficiency, allowing for
high data rates in communication systems while maintaining error correction capabilities.

4. Versatility: They are versatile and can be designed to meet specific requirements by choosing
appropriate code parameters, such as constraint length and generator polynomials.

5. Low Complexity Decoding: Trellis codes can be decoded using efficient algorithms like the Viterbi
algorithm, which makes real-time decoding feasible in practical systems.

6. Standardization: Trellis codes are widely used in various communication standards, including
wireless, satellite, and digital television, ensuring interoperability and compatibility.

Disadvantages:

1. Complex Design: Designing a trellis code can be complex, especially for codes with high constraint
lengths and intricate generator polynomial choices. This complexity may require extensive
simulation and optimization.

2. High Computational Demands: The Viterbi decoding algorithm, which is commonly used for trellis
codes, can be computationally intensive, particularly for codes with long constraint lengths.

3. Trade-off Between Rate and Performance: There is often a trade-off between code rate (data rate
efficiency) and error correction capability. Increasing the error correction ability may lead to lower
data rates.

4. Finite-Length Limitations: Trellis codes may not perform optimally for very short data packets or
blocks. Longer packets allow the code to achieve its full error correction potential.

5. Dependence on Channel Conditions: Trellis codes are sensitive to channel conditions, and their
performance can degrade significantly in highly noisy or fading channels without additional coding
techniques or channel coding schemes.

6. Decoding Delay: The Viterbi decoder introduces a decoding delay, which may not be acceptable
in delay-sensitive applications like real-time voice communication.

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 Chapter 4

INPUT CODE:

clc;
clear all;
m=input('enter the input sequence:');
l=input('enter constraint length:');
g1=input('enter impulse response:');
g2=input('enter impulse:');
t=poly2trellis([l],[g1 g2]);
disp(t);
c=convenc(m,t);
disp(c);
opmode='trunc';
detype='hard';
r=input('enter recvd code-');
deco=vitdec (r,t,l,opmode,detype);
disp(deco);

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SIMULINK AND RESULT:

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 Chapter 5
APPLICATIONS :
1. Wireless Communication:

- Cellular Networks: Trellis codes are used in cellular communication systems like 2G (GSM) and
3G (UMTS) to enhance signal reliability, especially in challenging radio environments.

- Wi-Fi: In wireless local area networks (Wi-Fi), Trellis codes are employed to mitigate interference
and improve data transmission rates.

2. Satellite Communication:

- Satellite Television: Trellis codes are used in digital satellite TV broadcasting (e.g., DVB-S/DVB-
S2) to ensure high-quality video and audio reception.

- Remote Sensing: Trellis codes are used in satellite-based remote sensing applications to transmit
environmental data with high accuracy.

3. Digital Television:

- Terrestrial Television: Trellis codes are employed in digital terrestrial television (e.g., ATSC) to
provide robust reception, even in the presence of multipath interference.

4. Data Storage:

- Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Trellis codes are used in error correction algorithms for data storage
systems like HDDs, where data integrity is critical.

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 Chapter 6
CONCLUSION :

Trellis codes, a powerful class of error-correcting codes, stand as stalwarts in the world of digital
communication, where the reliable and efficient exchange of data is paramount. As we conclude our
exploration of their applications, it is evident that trellis codes have left an indelible mark on various
facets of modern life. These codes, with their innate ability to combat noise and interference, continue
to play a pivotal role in ensuring the integrity of our digital communication systems.

Yet, challenges remain. Designing and optimizing trellis codes require deep expertise and
computational resources. Trade-offs between data rate and error correction capabilities must be
carefully considered. In the face of evolving communication standards and ever-advancing
technology, trellis codes continue to be the silent guardians of data integrity.

In conclusion, trellis codes serve as a testament to the enduring quest for perfect communication.
They remind us that, in the world of digital exchange, where the bits and bytes traverse the airwaves
and beyond, the code is not just a sequence of ones and zeros, but a guardian of the signal, an armor
against the noise, and a bridge between the sender and the receiver. The legacy of trellis codes is one
of connectivity, precision, and reliability—a legacy that continues to shape the way we communicate
and connect in our modern world.

Course Outcome :

Hence CO4:Determine a codeword comprising of the check bits computed using Linear Block codes,
cyclic codes & convolutional codes, BCH, and Golay codes.; is satisfied.

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 Chapter 7
REFERENCES :
1. Oppenheim, A. V., & Schafer, R. W. (2010). "Discrete-Time Signal Processing." Pearson.

This classic textbook provides comprehensive coverage of signal processing, including principles of
sampling and Nyquist theorem.

2. Proakis, J. G., & Manolakis, D. G. (2006). "Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms, and
Applications." Pearson.

This book covers various aspects of digital signal processing, including sampling and reconstruction.

3. Haykin, S., & Van Veen, B. (2003). "Signals and Systems." John Wiley & Sons.

This text explores the fundamentals of signals and systems, which are foundational to understanding
sampling rates.

For Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR):

1. Kay, S. M. (1998). "Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing, Volume I: Estimation Theory."

Pearson.

This book focuses on estimation theory, which includes discussions on SNR estimation.

2. Proakis, J. G., & Salehi, M. (2008). "Digital Communications." McGraw-Hill.

This textbook covers various aspects of digital communications, including SNR and channel
capacity.

3. Stergiopoulos, S. (2007). "Advanced Signal Processing Handbook: Theory and Implementation

for Radar, Sonar, and Medical Imaging Real Time Systems." CRC Press.

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