Chapter 1 To 5

1
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
The Philippines' growing population, rapid urbanization,

and the proliferation of single-use plastics have made the
issue of plastic waste and recycling a major concern in recent
years. This has caused an increase in awareness of the harmful
effects that plastic waste has on the environment and people's
health.
With an estimated 2.7 million tons of plastic garbage

produced annually, the Philippines has one of the highest
rates of plastic waste production in the world. Only a small
portion of this waste, which primarily ends up in landfills
or the ocean, is recycled.
As a result, there is a growing interest in and concern

about how to manage plastic waste more effectively and
encourage recycling in the Philippines. As a result, the
government has taken a number of actions, such as passing the
Ecological Solid waste Management Act in 2000, which attempts
to encourage effective waste management and recycling, and
putting in place the National Solid Waste Management
Commission in 2004.
The Philippines faces significant challenges in disposing

of plastic waste and using resources sustainably. Food
containers, packaging materials, and domestic goods all
contain the plastic resin known as PP5, or polypropylene type
5, which is widely used in consumer goods. These polymers are
2
frequently thrown away after only one usage, which has serious
negative effects on the environment. One practical method is
the use of Recyclation of Polypropylene Plastics (PP5) waste
materials to produce eco-lumber. In addition to promoting the
recycling of plastic waste and preventing deforestation, eco-
lumber replaces traditional wood products. The goal of this
study is to determine whether using this prototype in the
Philippines to create eco-lumber would be advantageous and
practicable.
3
Conceptual framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
• Literature • Design and •

review development
of the system
and device
• Trial,
• Patent
Testing, and
Search review
Revision
• Survey • Device and • Patent draft

Questionnaire system of the
on assessment deployment device
for
respondents • Operational
• Assessment
of group of Manual
respondents
FEEDBACK
Figure 1: Conceptual Model Showing the Input-Process-Output

of the proposed Project Design.
Figure 1: shows the conceptual design using an IPO diagram.

This diagram divides into three parts, name Input,Process, and
Output
4
Input is where the research works come in. In this part
wherein the literature and study related to the proposed
project needs to collect to be able to conceptualize the
features and functionality of the device and system,
Questionnaires for the assessment of the proposed project is
prepared.
Process, which is where planning, designing, and

development of the proposed project, testing of the device
and system, deployment, gathering of the data for assessment
of the project needs to accomplish, and lastly,
In this part of the conceptual design, the project design's

outcome is entitled “Recyclation of Polypropylene Plastics
(PP5) waste materials to produce eco-lumber”. Also, the
Patentdraft for the device, system patent application, and
operational manual.
5
Statement of the Problem
This project aims to build a proposed It seeks to answer

the following research questions:
1. How does the durability of Eco lumber compare to traditional

wood products?
2. How does the cost of Eco lumber compare to traditional wood

products, and are there any cost-saving benefits to using Eco
lumber?
3. What is the evaluation level of the respondent groups

concerning the developed device using the specified criteria?
Is there any notable distinction?
3.1. Functionality;
3.2. Usability;
3.3. Aesthetics;
3.4. Safety and Maintenance
6
Objective of the Study
General Objective:
The general objective of this project is to establish an

effective and sustainable manufacturing method for turning
PP5 plastic waste materials into Eco-lumber products. To
that end, a machine for eco lumber utilizing PP5 is being
built.
Specific Objectives:
• To create and develop a prototype that is especially well-

suited for turning PP5 plastic waste into environmentally
friendly lumber. This goal necessitates taking into
account variables including machine capacity, process
parameters, material compatibility, and product quality
standards.
• To adjust process variables including temperature,

pressure, screw speed, and die design so that the eco
lumber has the desired mechanical and physical qualities.
This goal seeks to increase process effectiveness while
preserving the caliber and consistency of the final output.
• To evaluate the suitability of PP5 plastic waste as a raw

material for the manufacture of eco-friendly lumber. To
accomplish this goal, research must be done on the
characteristics of PP5 plastic waste, including melt flow
index, thermal stability, and additive content, to
determine whether they are appropriate for the process and
the resulting eco lumber.
7
Significance of the Study
The study aims to focus on the conversion of plastic waste

into eco-lumber/plastic lumber. The outcomes of the research
will provide significant advantages to the following:
• To school-The project's concept and design will be used to
develop new technologies that will benefit both the general
public and the researchers.
• Engineering students- This project will motivate
engineering students to create and discover new ideas that
can significantly advance the recycling and waste
management industry.
• To future researcher- This project will act as a blueprint
for creating coordinated concepts for turning plastic trash
into plastic lumber/eco-lumber
• Environment- This project can benefit the environment by
reducing waste and promoting sustainability. By producing
high-quality plastic products, manufacturers can reduce
the need for frequent replacements, which can contribute
to a reduction in waste. Additionally, this project can
help to reduce the amount of plastic waste in landfills
and ocean.
8
Scope and Delimitation
The researchers affirmed the scope and delimitation of the study.
Scope
This project study is capable in performing and limited to
accomplish task such as:
• The project's scope includes recycling PP5 (Polypropylene
Type 5) plastic waste into eco lumber. To create the eco
lumber, it involves gathering, sorting, and processing PP5
plastic waste.
• A PID controller and a K-type thermocouple are used by the
prototype to monitor and manage temperature.
• Shredding process is not available in the prototype.
• The 15/16” auger drill bit speed is controlled by a NEMA 23
stepper motor.
• The control panel is controlled by Arduino Mega 2560 Rev 3
Delimitation
• The project will focus on converting PP5 plastic waste into

environmentally friendly lumber, this project does not
cover recycled materials or other types of plastic.
• The molder size is only 10 inches.
• The primary conversion of PP5 plastic waste into eco lumber

is the only process covered in this report, this project
does not include secondary processing stages like cutting,
shape, finishing, or assembly of the eco lumber.
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• Eco-Lumber appearance is not controlled.
• One eco-lumber is only produced at a time by this prototype.
• The pre-heating step for the prototype process must be

completed first; it will take 15-20 minutes.
• The prototype process must continue a cooling process after

having an eco-lumber totally; this will take 15 minutes.
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Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined operationally and
technically.
• Eco-lumber- is a plastic form of lumber made of recycled
plastic.
• Lumber-refers to a type of wood product made from the
trunks of coconut trees. It is commonly used in
construction and is known for its affordability, light
weight, and ease of use. Coco Lumber is typically sold in
standard sizes and is often used as a substitute for
traditional hardwood lumber.
• Pre-Heating- The procedure entails heating the prototype
to condition its heat.
• Heating- the method by which plastic melts
• Cooling-removal of heat, usually resulting in a lower
temperature and/or phase change.
• Molding-It refers to shaping a liquid or malleable raw
material by using a fixed frame.
• Molder-The molder receives pieces of dough from the
intermediate proofer and shapes them into cylinders ready
to be placed in the pan
• Plastic waste-Refers to the abundance of plastic objects
in the environment that can harm wildlife, their habitat,
and humans. This includes a significant amount of plastic
that isn't recycled and ends up in landfills or oceans.
• Plastic Fumes- can pose severe occupational hazards due to
the wide variety of byproducts or additives released into
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the air during the manufacturing, processing, heat
treatment, and burning of plastics.
• Polypropylene plastic (PP 5)-A thermoplastic polymer resin
with a chemical formula of C3H6. It can be used as a
structural or fiber-type plastic in various packaging
applications.
• Recycling-It is the process of collecting and processing
materials that would have been discarded as waste and
transforming them into new items.
• Temperature-Temperature is a crucial factor in the
prototype since the machine has an PID controller, and the
temperature must be precise to melt the polypropylene (PP)
to ensure the quality of the output.
• PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)- equipment worn to
minimize exposure to a variety of hazards. Examples of PPE
include such items as gloves, foot and eye protection,
protective hearing devices (earplugs, muffs) hard hats,
respirators and full body suits.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the conceptual and research literature and
the related studies, which the researcher gathered to know the
fundamentals of the study. Furthermore, associated concepts and
analyses concerning our project, Polypropylene Plastic Waste
Materials as an Alternative for Production of a Lumber are
presented.
Related Literature:
Title: Development of a Polypropylene Extrusion System for High-

Volume Production
Authors: M. J. John, R. Thomas, and R. Kuruvilla
Journal: Polymers
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/3/555
Abstract:
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of

polypropylene (PP) extrusion processes, including the types of
extrusion machines used, processing parameters, and applications
of PP extruded products. The article also discusses the
sustainability of PP extrusion, including the use of recycled
materials, energy efficiency, and waste reduction. The authors
conclude that PP extrusion is a versatile and sustainable process
that has many potential applications in various industries.
13
Title: The Investigation of Key Factors in Polypropylene
Extrusion Molding Production Quality
Authors: M. D. Dickey, A. T. Kujawa, and R. P. Wool
Journal: Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting
Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/10/5122
Abstract:
This research study describes the development of a polypropylene

extrusion system for high-volume production of plastic films and
sheets. The study includes a detailed description of the
extrusion machine design, including the screw and barrel
configuration, temperature control system, and die design. The
study also presents data on the production rate, product quality,
and energy consumption of the extrusion system. The authors
conclude that the extrusion system is capable of producing high-
quality PP films and sheets at a competitive cost.
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Title: Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene
Extruded Tubes
Authors: S. C. Wang, H. Y. Chen, and W. H. Chang
Journal: Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites
Link: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/65584
Abstract:
This research study investigates the mechanical and thermal

properties of polypropylene extruded tubes, which are widely
used in various applications, such as packaging, automotive, and
construction. The study includes a detailed description of the
extrusion machine used, including the screw and die design, as
well as data on the tensile strength, modulus, and thermal
conductivity of the extruded tubes. The authors conclude that
the extruded PP tubes have excellent mechanical and thermal
properties, making them suitable for a wide range of
applications.
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Related Study
1. Title: "Development of a Low-Cost Plastic Extrusion Machine

for Recycling Plastics" Authors: Johnson, A., Smith, B., &
Rodriguez, C. Published: Journal of Sustainable Engineering,
2018
Summary: This study focuses on the development of a low-cost
plastic extrusion machine suitable for recycling plastics. It
presents the design, construction, and performance evaluation
of the machine, highlighting its efficiency in processing
various types of plastic waste and producing recycled plastic
products.
2. Title: "Optimization of Process Parameters for Plastic

Extrusion using Design of Experiments" Authors: Lee, D., Kim,
J., & Park, S. Published: Polymer Engineering & Science, 2020
Summary: This research investigates the optimization of
process parameters for plastic extrusion through the
application of design of experiments (DOE) methodology. It
explores the effects of different factors, such as
temperature, screw speed, and die geometry, on the extrusion
process and the resulting product quality. The study provides
insights into improving the efficiency and quality of plastic
extrusion processes.
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3. Title: "A Review on Plastic Extrusion Technology for
Sustainable Plastic Recycling" Authors: Gupta, R., & Singh,
V. Published: International Journal of Scientific Research in
Science, Engineering, and Technology, 2019
Summary: This review paper provides an overview of plastic

extrusion technology and its application in sustainable
plastic recycling. It discusses various aspects of plastic
extrusion, including machine design, process parameters,
material compatibility, and quality control. The study
emphasizes the importance of plastic extrusion in achieving
efficient plastic recycling and highlights the potential for
sustainable utilization of recycled plastics.
4. Title: "Recent Advances in Twin-Screw Extrusion for Processing

of Plastic Blends and Composites" Authors: Zhang, Z., Wu, Q.,
& Mohanty, A. Published: Progress in Polymer Science, 2020
Summary: This research review focuses on the recent
advancements in twin-screw extrusion technology for processing
plastic blends and composites. It discusses the design
features, processing principles, and applications of twin-
screw extruders in the plastic industry. The study highlights
the potential of twin-screw extrusion for achieving improved
mixing, dispersion, and performance of plastic blends and
composites.
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5. Title: "Advances in Plastic Extrusion Machinery for
Sustainable Manufacturing" Authors: Chen, L., & Wang, Q.
Published: Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019
Summary: This article provides an overview of recent advances

in plastic extrusion machinery for sustainable manufacturing
practices. It discusses the development of energy-efficient
extrusion machines, advancements in process control and
automation, and the integration of sustainable materials in
plastic extrusion processes. The study emphasizes the
importance of innovative extrusion technologies in reducing
energy consumption, waste generation, and environmental
impact.
6. Title: “Filament Recycling Extruder using Arduino”

Author: Qusai Malahmah 2018
Summary: The filament extruder using Arduino is a device that

automates the process of creating filament for 3D printers.
It utilizes an Arduino microcontroller board to control
various components and functions of the extrusion process.
The extruder typically consists of several key components,
including a hopper for raw plastic pellets, a heating chamber,
an extrusion nozzle, and a cooling system. The Arduino board
is responsible for controlling the temperature, motor speed,
and other variables throughout the process.
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PRIOR ARTS
1. WO2000046010 - EXTRUDED WOOD POLYMER COMPOSITE AND METHOD OF

MANUFACTURE
Inventor(s): DAHL, Michael, E.
ROTTINGHAUS, Robert, G.
STEPHENS, Andrew, H.
Date of patent: 10.08.2000
Priorities: 09/244,64 104.02.1999 US
Application: PCT/US2000/002345
Publication: WO/2000/046010
ABSTARCT:
An extruded composite artificial lumber product is manufactured

from wood fibers, a polyethylene matrix and a foaming agent. A
mixture is extruded through a molding die which forms the profile
of the desired product. The endothermic foaming agent causes
greater expansion in the center of the extruded profile and
increased density at the outer edges of the extruded profile.
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2. ZA1992/01291 - EXTRUSION METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RECYCLING
WASTE PLASTICS AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS THEREFROM
Inventor(s): PETER J. CANTERINO
Priorities: 07664927 05.03.1991 US
Publication: 1992/01291
ABSTARCT: An extrudable composition comprised of waste poly-

olefins and an alkali metal bicarbonate salt/solid, saturated
fatty acid foaming agent system, and a method for extruding such
extrudable composition wherein the fatty acid/bicarbonate
foaming agent system foams the waste polyolefins during the
extrusion to produce end products which have qualities closely
simulating natural lumber suitable for use as construction
materials.
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3. US6497956 - STRUCTURAL RECYCLED PLASTIC LUMBER
Inventor(s): Phillips, Thomas E.

Krishnaswamy, Prabhat
Priorities: 09948750 07.09.2001 US
Application: 09948750
Publication: 6497956
ABSTARCT: Plastic lumber having sufficient stiffness and

strength to allow its use in structural and load-bearing
applications. The plastic lumber is composed of a thermoplastic
polymer, a thermosetting polymer cured with reinforcing fibers
and, preferably, a coupling agent and foaming or blowing agent.
As a preferred embodiment, the thermosetting polymer and
reinforcing fibers are sourced from recycled materials,
specifically, sheet molding compounds and bulk molding
compounds.
21
Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies Cited
Through the help of researching, analyzing, and reviewing

related literature and studies, the proponent understood the
importance of this study and further conceptualized the design
and functionality of the proposed Recyclation of Polypropylene
Plastics (PP5) waste materials to produce Eco-lumber.
According to Johnson, A., Smith, B., & Rodriguez, C. (2018)

This study highlights the importance of developing low-cost
plastic extrusion machines for recycling plastics. Although not
directly related to PP5 extrusion, the findings emphasize the
significance of eco-friendly approaches to plastic waste
management. Lee, D., Kim, J., & Park, S (2020) This research
investigates the optimization of process parameters in plastic
extrusion through Design of Experiments (DoE). While the study's
scope is broader, the insights gained can be applied to enhance
the quality and efficiency of PP5 extrusion molding for eco
lumber production. Gupta, R., & Singh, V. (2019) This review
paper provides a comprehensive understanding of plastic
extrusion technology and its sustainable applications in
recycling. Although not specific to polypropylene, it offers
valuable insights into extrusion processes relevant to the
production of eco lumber. Although Chen, L., & Wang, Q. (2019)
This research discusses the advances in plastic extrusion
machinery for sustainable manufacturing. Though not directly
related to PP5 extrusion, the findings can inform the development
of a high-volume production system for eco lumber production.
Based on Qusai Malahmah (2018) while not specific to eco lumber,
22
this work showcases the use of automation and control systems in
extrusion processes. It provides insights into the potential use
of similar technology in PP5 extrusion machines for eco lumber
production.
The synthesis of related literature and studies reveals a

rich body of research on plastic extrusion technology, recycling,
and sustainable manufacturing. While there is a limited focus on
PP5 extrusion for eco lumber, the findings and insights from the
cited studies can be valuable in the development and improvement
of a PP5 extrusion machine tailored for eco lumber production.
By combining these insights, researchers can work towards
creating an efficient and environmentally friendly solution to
address plastic waste and produce eco-lumber for sustainable
construction.
23
CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND MATERIALS
In this chapter, the project titled "Polypropylene Plastic

Waste Materials as a Replacement for Lumber Production" is
outlined, covering the research methodology, statistical
analysis, expenses for supplies and materials, equipment and
tools utilized, installation and construction process, testing
and revision procedures, and cost analysis.
Research Methodology and Sampling
The research used the developmental type of research, which

is defined as in contrast to simple instructional development.
Developmental research has been described as the systematic study
of designing, creating, and evaluating instructional programs,
processes, and products that must meet internal consistency and
effectiveness criteria. In the field of instructional
technology, developmental research is especially significant.
The most popular forms of developmental research are those in
which the product development process is studied and explained,
and the final product is assessed (Richey, 1994). In the field
of instructional technology, as it currently exists,
developmental research is described as a research methodology
used by a researcher to create an empirical basis for the
creation of instructional and non-instructional products and
tools, and new or improved models regulate growth. In other
words, developmental research is regarded as one of the most
24
fundamental research methodologies used when creating
instructional materials to aid instruction (Ibrahim, 2016). The
method of sampling is purposively in nature. Purposive sampling
(also known as judgment, selective or subjective sampling) is a
sampling method in which the researcher chooses members of the
population to participate in the sample based on their judgment.
It is a nonrandom technique that does not need underlying
theories or a set number of informants. Simply put, the
researcher decides what needs to be known and sets out to find
people who can and are willing to provide the information by
knowledge or experience (Bernard 2002, Lewis & Sheppard 2006).
A study may be started with a survey, and then purposive sampling
is done based on the survey (Brown 2005). The proponents used
the single-stage cluster sampling; a simple random sample of
clusters is selected, namely: (1) Professionals, (2) Students,
and (3) Community. The data are collected from every unit in the
sampled clusters.
25
Evaluation Method
The project was evaluated on the following criteria,

namely: Functionality, Usability, Aesthetics, Safety and
Maintenance
A. Statistical Treatment
The mean was used as the tool for evaluating the project.
The Formula is:
ΣX
𝑥 =
𝑁
Where:
∑, represents the summation
X represents scores
N represents number of scores
The Likert scale was used for descriptive ratings.
26
Table 1: Likert Scale for descriptive ratings.
Numerical Average Adjective Verbal

Scale Response Rating Interpretation
5 4.50 – 5.00 Excellent E

4 3.50 – 4.49 Very Satisfactory VS
3 2.50 – 3.49 Satisfactory S
2 1.50 – 2.49 Fair F
1 1.00 – 1.49 Poor P
Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a set of statistical models

and estimate processes for analyzing variations between
means. Ronald Fisher, a statistician, invented ANOVA.
𝑴𝑺𝑻
F=
𝑴𝑺𝑬
Where:
F = ANOVA
MST = Mean sum of squares due to treatment
MSE = Mean sum of squares due to error
27
Data Gathering Procedure
1. Determine the goal of the project and the variables

that we want to measure
2. Selecting Online surveys as a mode of collecting the

data that we will use
3. Selecting sample, we will gather data from Students,

Professionals, and
community
4. Preparing video presentations for the people who will

answer the questionnaires
5. Creating Questionnaire
6. Ask permission from the Research adviser to conduct the

survey
7. Running the survey by sending the questionnaires via

email or a private message using the social media platform
8. Send the collected data to the statistician to compute

and analyze the data.
In the development of the project, the following schedule

of activity was followed:
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B. Time Frame and Work Analysis
In the development of the project, the following schedule
of activity was followed:
Table 2: Time Frame and Work Analysis
YEAR 2023
TASK JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG
Title Patent
Research
Deciding the title
of the thesis
Gathering related
data through patent
research
Title Presentation
(Oral Defense)
Gathering of
materials,
equipment, and
methods used in the
project
Developing The
project’s
architecture and
interfaces
Deciding on where
the researchers
will develop their
project
29
Gathering concepts
on how to start and
implement the
project
Collecting and
purchasing
materials and
equipment
Conceptualizing
final appearance
Project
construction
Hardware and
software
development process
Testing and trial
of the output
Writing a final
report of the
thesis.
Final checking of
the output
The final defense
of the study
Submission of the
final report
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C. Supplies and Materials
This table represents the supplies and materials of the
research project.
Table 3: Illustration of the supplies and materials of
the research project
ITEM IMAGE DESCRIPTION
20X4 2004 LCD The 16x4 LCD display
DISPLAY WITH 12C with I2C adapter module
ADAPTER MODULE FOR is a device that can be
ARDUINO connected to an Arduino
microcontroller board
to display text on a
16character by 4-line
screen.
STRANDED WIRES A wire which consists
of a bundle of thin
wires that are twisted
together is called a
stranded wire.
STAINLESS STEEL Stainless steel tubular
TUBULAR is a strong and durable
material that is used
for structural purposes
and is corrosion
resistant with little
need for maintenance.
Acrylic Sheet Acrylic sheets are
often used as an
alternative to glass
sheeting. Plexiglass
sheets offer similar
transparency to glass,
but they are more
durable and relatively
shatter-proof.
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4X4 MATRIX A 4x4 matrix membrane
MEMBRANE keypad is a A 4x4
KEYPAD matrix membrane keypad
is a low profile and
cost-effective input
device with 12 keys
arranged in a 4x4
matrix pattern, using
membrane switch
technology. It will
serve as a control and
command button in our
prototype.
24V 4.2A A 24V 4.2A switching
SWITCHING power supply converts
POWER SUPPLY AC voltage to DC
voltage with 24V
output and 4.2A
current using
switching technology
for efficiency and
compactness. It can
provide up to 100
watts of power and is
suitable for various
applications,
including LED
lighting, motor
control, and power-
hungry devices.
LED INDICATOR LED is a semiconductor
LIGHTS that illuminates when
an electrical charge
passes through it.
LEDs are commonly
green, amber, or red,
32
STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER A stepper motor
4A driver controls the
motion of a stepper
motor, which moves
in precise steps. It
can control speed,
direction, and
number of steps
taken, and a 4A
rating means it can
handle up to 4
amperes of current,
making it suitable
for high torque or
power-hungry stepper
motors.
Piezo Buzzer Piezo buzzers are
built by putting
electrical contacts
on the two faces of
the piezo transducer
disk and supporting
the disk at the
edges in an
enclosure.
BAND HEATER Band heaters are
designed to clamp to
an exterior or
interior cylindrical
surface. Band
heaters often have
higher watt
densities allowing
fast heat-up and
high operating
temperatures.
33
STEPPER A stepper motor is used in
MOTOR NEMA electronic applications
23 30KG-CM and moves in precise
steps. NEMA 23 is the
standard size for this
type of motor with a 2.3-
inch flange size. The
30KG-CM rating indicates a
maximum torque of 30
kilogram-centimeters,
making it suitable for
high precision and torque
applications like CNC
machines, 3D printers, and
robotics.
Solid State Solid State Relays are
Relay (SSR- semiconductor equivalents
40 DA) of the electromechanical
relay and can be used to
control electrical loads
without the use of moving
parts
25mm Steel pipes

Stainless are cylindrical tubes made
Steel Pipe from steel that are used
many ways in manufacturing
and infrastructure.
They're the most utilized
product made by the the
steel industry.
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K-TYPE Thermocouple A Type K thermocouple
refers to any
temperature sensor
containing Chromel and
Alumel conductors,
that meets the output
requirements as stated
in ANSI/ASTM E230 or
IEC 60584 for Type K
thermocouples. This
may be an immersion
sensor, a surface
sensor, wire or
another style of
sensor or cable.
25mm Stainless Steel pipes
Steel Pipe are cylindrical tubes
made from steel that
are used many ways in
manufacturing and
infrastructure.
They're the most
utilized product made
by the the steel
industry.
SMART SENSOR The Smart Sensor

DIGITAL LCD PID Digital LCD PID Rex-
REX-C100 C100 Temperature
TEMPERATURE Controller is a device
used to accurately
control temperature in
industrial and
commercial
applications. It
features a digital LCD
display and a PID
control algorithm and
can control various
temperature sensors
35
Jumper wires Jumper wires are
simply wires that
have connector pins
at each end,
allowing them to be
used to connect two
points to each other
without soldering
ARDUINO MEGA It has 54 digital
2560 R3 input/output pins
(of which 15 can be
used as PWM
outputs), 16 analog
inputs, 4 UARTs
(hardware serial
ports), a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator,
a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset
button.
Auger drill An auger is a
bit 15/16” spiral-shaped tool
that is used to
drill holes into the
ground and other
surfaces or
materials. The
spiraling metal
shaft with a blade
at the end of the
device is known as a
“flighting”. The
flighting rotates to
scrape, cut, or
siphon out drilled
materials.
36
220 ohms and A resistor is an
1k ohms electrical component that
Resistors limits or regulates the
flow of electrical current
in an electronic circuit.
Resistors can also be used
to provide a specific
voltage for an active
device such as a
transistor.
Table a flat surface, usually
supported by four legs,
used for putting things on
Rocker Rocker Switches house a

Switch button for operation that
can be pressed on either
end like a seesaw to
connect or disconnect an
electrical circuit.
They are often used as
ON/OFF switches on the
main power supplies for
electronic devices.
Push button Push buttons feature a
with yenox less prominent button to
the traditional ones. They
are the perfect addition
to your safety control
panels or operating
stations. Easy to operate,
making it simple to train
others how to use them.
37
AC Exhaust Fan AC fans are the fans
that are powered by
alternating sinusoidal
electric current.
These fans are powered
by positive current
and the same amount of
negative current. The
general frequencies of
AC voltage for the AC
fans are 100 volts,
120 volts, 200 volts,
220 volts, 230 volts,
and 240 volts at max.
HEPA Filter This type of air
filter can
theoretically remove
at least 99.97% of
dust, pollen, mold,
bacteria, and any
airborne particles
with a size of
0.3 microns (µm). The
diameter specification
of 0.3 microns
corresponds to the
worst case; the most
penetrating particle
size (MPPS). Particles
that are larger or
smaller are trapped
with even higher
efficiency.
38
Table 4: This table represents the cost of supply and
materials used in the project.
UNIT PRICE TOTAL
QUANTITY ITEM
(PHP) PRICE(PHP)
20X4 2004 LCD DISPLAY
1 WITH 12C ADAPTER 150 150
MODULE FOR ARDUINO
4X4 MATRIX MEMBRANE
1 100 100
KEYPAD
1 ARDUINO MEGA 2560 R3 1100 1,100
ARDUINO MEGA 2560 R3
1 100 100
CASE
24V 4.2A SWITCHING
1 1500 1,500
POWER SUPPLY 100W
1 STEPPER MOTOR DRIVER 2000 2,000
STEPPER MOTOR NEMA 23
1 1800 1,800
30KG-CM
BAND HEATERS 30x50 150
4 500 500
WATTS
SMART SENSOR DIGITAL
LCD PID REX-C100
TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER
3 650 1,950
SET+K
THERMOCOUPLE+MAX.40A
SSR
1 WIRES 1000 1,000
15/16" MAKITA SINGLE
SPUR AUGER BIT WITH
1 870 870
STAIGHT SHANK WITH
VARIANTS
8mmx12mm FLEXIBLE PLUM
SHAFT COUPLING CNC
1 350 350
STEPPER MOTOR ENCODER
COUPLER
STAINLESS STEEL FOR
1 1500 1,000
MOLDER (SUS 304)
1 STEEL FOR TABLE 2000 2,000
1 WOOD FOR CONTROL PANEL 500 500
1 HOPPER 300 300
39
1 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 100 100
ULTRASONIC SENSOR 40 40
STAND
STAINLESS LPG/AIR HOSE
1 20 20
CLAMP
3 CHROME PIPE 100 300
1 ROCKER SWITCH 65 100
3 PUSH BUTTON WITH YENOX 50 150
3 LED INDICATOR 100 300
LIGHTS(RED,GREEN,BLUE)
1 TERMINAL BLOCK 20 20
PAINT FOR
1 1000 1,000
METAL,WOOD,HIGH TEMP
1 RESISTORS 20 20
200 Pcs Blue 16-14 AWG
Insulated Fork Spade
U-Type Wire Connector
1 400 400
Electrical Crimp
Terminal
1 SCREWS 100 100

1 BOLTS AND NUTS 100 100
1 PLUG 20 20
4 WHEELS 100 400
WELDING ROD STAINLESS
1 400 400
AND STEEL
1 Piezo Buzzer 40 30
2 AC Exhaust Fan 200 400
1 HEPA Filter 250 200
6 Acrylic Sheets 600 3,600
TOTAL 22,920
40
D. Tools and Equipment
The table shows all the tools and equipment used in
developing the project and the corresponding functions.
Table 5: Tools and Equipment

Tools Image Functions
A welding machine is a
powerful tool used to
fuse two pieces of
Portable
metal together. This
Welding
machine holds the metal
Machine
pieces in place, melts
them, and uses pressure
to join them
A grinder is a machine
or tool for sharpening,
Grinder smoothing, or polishing
the surface of
something.
For coding and

Laptop
designing our prototype
41
a machine or tool
designed to fasten
things by means of
rivets: I attached the
Reviter rack with a pop riveter
so that it can handle
more weight than would
be possible using the
double-sided tape.
a hand tool, power

tool, or machine with a
rotating cutting tip
Drill
or reciprocating hammer
or chisel, used for
making holes.
Welding gloves
are personal protective
WELDING equipment (PPE) that
GLOVES protect the hands of
welders from the
hazards of welding.
A welding helmet is a
type of personal
protective equipment
used in performing
certain types of
WELDING
welding to protect the
SHIELD
eyes, face, and neck
from flash burn,
sparks, infrared and
ultraviolet light, and
intense heat.
42
E. Cost Analysis
The total cost of the project was computed based on the
following:
Table 6: Illustration of the cost analysis of the project
MATERIALS MATERIALS COST (PHP)
MATERIALS FOR PROTOTYPE 22,920
EQUIMPTENT AND TOOLS FOR
4,000
PROTOTYPE
Total Cost 26,920
F. Technical Specification
Illustration of the Technical Specification used in the
system
A. Hardware Specification
Table 7.1: Materials
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
Microcontroller: ATmega2560
Operating Voltage:5V
Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit): 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins:54 (of which 15
provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 16
DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
Arduino Mega 2560 Rev 3 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
Flash Memory:256 KB of which 8 KB
used by bootloader
SRAM: 8 KB
EEPROM: 4 KB
Clock Speed:16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN:13
Length:101.52 mm
Width:53.3 mm
43
Weight: 37 g
Model number: REX-C series

Accuracy: ±0.5%F.S±1℃
Supply voltage: 220VAC, 50/60 Hz
Input type: Thermocouple: K, J, R, S,
B, E, N, T
RTD: Pt100, Cu50
Voltage: 0-5V, 1-5V (Need to be
customized, default don't have)
Current: 0-20mA, 4-20mA (Need to be
customized, default don't have)
REX-C100 has two types: only K input,
Thermocouple and RTD input. Others
are Thermocouple and RTD input.
If only K input type, the max
temperature is 999°C, and don't have
self-turning, LCK function
SMART SENSOR DIGITAL Output type: Electromagnetic relay,
LCD PID REX-C100 SSR, current, SCR (not in one
TEMPERATURE product, need to select)
Power consumption: Less than 5VA
Control method: PID, or ON/OFF
Setting method: Touch switch
Indication method:8-segment 4-digital
display and LED indication
Alarms: 1. Alarm quantity: REX-
C100: 1pcs, others: default is 1pcs,
if 2pcs, need to be customized
2. Alarm form: N: No alarm
A: Deviation low
B: Deviation high
C: Deviation high/low
D: Band
E: Deviation high with hold action
F: Deviation low with hold action
G: Deviation high/low with hold
action
H: Process high
J: Process low
K: Process high with hold action
44
L: Process low withhold action
Note: rex-c100 only K input just has
Deviation high alarm.
Operating temperature: 0 to 50 ℃ (32
to 122 ℉)
Operating humidity: 30-85% RH max,
non-condensing
Alias name: REX-C pid temperature
controller, intelligent temperature
controller
Model: SSR-40DA
Rated Load: 40A
INPUT DATA:
Operating Voltage: 4~32VDC
Min. ON/OFF Voltage: ON?2.4V , OFF
?1.0V
Trigger Current: 7.5mA / 12V
Control Method: Zero Cross Trigger
OUTPUT DATA:
Operating Voltage: 24~380VAC
Solid State Relay (SSR-
Min. Block Voltage: 600VAC (Repetive)
40 DA)
Voltage Drop: 1.6V / 25°C
Max. One Cycle Surge: 410A
Leakage Current: 3.0mA
Response Time: ON?10ms , OFF?10ms
Dielectric Strength: Over 2.5KVAC /
1min.
Isolation Strength: Over 50M? /
500VDC
Operating Temperature: -20°C ~ + 80°C
Housing Material: Intensive ABS
Weight: Approx. 100 g
Indicator Tyoe : Red LED;Power : AC
250V 16A, AC 125V 20A;Withband
Voltage : 1500V/Min
Rocker Switch Insulance : 1000M;Contact Resisitance
: 40M;Max Press Number : 10000
Mount Hole Size : 30 x 21mm / 1.18" x
0.83"(L*W);Total Size : 32 x 25 x
45
35mm/ 1.26 x 1 x 1.38inch
(L*W*H);Distance of two pin : 10mm
Net Weight : 12g;
Light Color: Red ,Blue,Grenn
Working Voltage: 6V 12V 220V
LED INDICATOR LIGHTS Type: LED Indicator Pilot Light
Light Source: LED
Input Voltage: 18-50VDC
Input Current: <4A
Output Current: 1.0A ~ 4.2A
Power Consumption: 80W
Internal
Stepper Motor Driver 6A
Protection:
DQ542MA 4A
Working
-10°C ~ 45°C
Temperature:
Storage
-40°C ~ 70°C
temperature:
Weight: 300 grams
Form Factor Nema 23
Step Angle 1.8 deg.
Motor Length 115 mm
Rated Voltage 6.3 V

STEPPER MOTOR NEMA 23 Rated Current 3 A
30KG-CM
Phase Resistance 2.1 Ohms
Phase Inductance 9 mH
Holding Torque 30 kg-cm
No. of Lead Wires 4
46
Rotor Interia 810 g-cm²
Detent Torque 890 g-cm
Motor Weight 1.55 kg
Input Voltage: 100 – 120 VAC; 200 –

240 VAC
24V 4.2A SWITCHING
Frequency: 50/60 Hz
POWER SUPPLY
Output Voltage: 24 VDC
Output Current: up to 4.2 A
Dimensions: 69mm x 76 mm
Cable Length: 85mm (include
4X4 MATRIX MEMBRANE
connector)
KEYPAD
Weight: 8g
Operation Temperature: -20 to +40 °C
Temperature Range:0 Celsius~400
Celsius Voltage:140W Colour: silver
BAND HEATER
Material: stainless steel Size:
30x50mm
High efficiency Three-layer filte:
HEPA filter, Cold catalyst filter,
Coconut shell activated carbon
filter. Activated carbon filter can
effectively filter peculiar smell,
HEPA Filter
formaldehyde, PM2.5, etc. The filter
can remove 99.99 percent of PM2.5
particles, bacteria, heavy metal,
organic matter, etc. Recommend
replacing cycle: 3 - 6 months
AC 220-240V-50-60Hz
AC Exhaust Fan
0.13/0,514 MP 23/24 W
ID 25 mm
Stainless Steel Pipe
OD 28 mm
47
Table 7.2: Tools and Equipment
• MMA-450 Product Features
• Adopt IGBT full-bridge
inverter PWM technology.
Energy saving and high
efficiency
• There is overcurrent thermal
protection, less spatter,
and beautiful welds.
• , Small size, light weight,
compact structure and easy
operation.
• Suitable for various
electrodes such as acid and
salt.
• Mainly used for welding
carbon steel, cast iron and
stainless steel.
• Power supply voltage (V):
Portable Welding Machine 220V-240V
• Rated Input Capacity (kVA):
28
• Input Voltage Frequency
(Hz): 50-60 Hz
• No-load voltage: 58
• Current Range (Amps): 20-450
• Rated load duration: 35
• Insulation class: F
• Protection class: IP21
• Power factor: 0.76
• Net weight (KG): 2.2
• Applicable electrode (mm):
1.6-3.2
• Matching: ground wire,
handle and mask, gloves,
welding rod
• Wheel Diameter : 7"

Grinder
• AMPS : 15
48
• No Load Speed : 8,500 RPM
• Spindle Type : 5/8" - 11 UNC
• Lock-On Switch : Yes
• Lock-Off Switch : No
• Switch Type : Rear trigger
handle
• Overall Length : 20-1/8"
• Net Weight : 14.2 lbs.
• Variable speed dial : No
• Power Type : Corded
• Bind-Up Control : No
• Shipping Weight : 17 lbs.
• UPC Code : 088381-747295
COLOR : SILVER
CPU : 8th
Gen. Intel Core i7-8550U 1.80 GHz
Processor (8M Cache, up to 4.00
GHz)
HDD : 2TB 5400 rpm
Hard Drive
RAM : 8GB, DDR4,
2400MHz (additional memory sold
separately)
Graphics : AMD Radeon(R)
530 Graphics with 4G GDDR5
graphics memory
Laptop
Screen : 15.6-inch FHD
(1920 x 1080) Anti-glare LED-
Backlit Display
Color / Camera : Integrated
Widescreen HD 720P Webcam with
Dual Digital Microphone Array
Keyboard : Internal US-
Int Keyboard (Non Backlit)
Wireless : 802.11ac +
Bluetooth 4.1, Dual Band 2.4&5
GHz, 1x1
Card Reader : 3-in-1 SD
card reader
49
Optical Drive : Tray load DVD
Drive (Reads and Writes to
DVD/CD)
Battery : 65W AC
Adapter, 42WHr, 3-Cell Battery
(Integrated)
OS : Windows 10
Home-HE (64bit) Single Language
English
Ingco Original Select Heavy Duty

Hand Riveter 270mm
(10.5") HRS108 *WINLAND* Ingco
Reviter
Hand Riveter 270mm (10.5") HRS108
Size: 270mm (10.5") Applicable
rivet size:2.4mm, 3.2mm,4mm,4.8mm
• 1. Name: Electric Drill
• 2. Color: Blue
• 3. Battery Voltage: 24/48V
Drill
• 4 No Load Speed: 0-450r/min,
• 5. Output: 1.3A
• 6. Size: approx. 21x19x10cm
WELDING GLOVES Color:RED
Color:Black
WELDING SHIELD
Size:Free Size
B. Software Specification
Table 7.3: Software Requirements
Software Specification
Arduino IDE 1.8.15
The IDE for
Windows is bundled with
Java Virtual Machine
8u32. Java 8 runs on the
Arduino IDE
following Windows
versions:
Windows 10
Windows 8
Windows 7
50
Windows Vista SP2
Windows Server 2012 (64-
bit)
Windows Server 2008 R2
SP1 (64-bit)
Software
an internet connection is
required to install and authorize
SketchUp and to use some of the
features.
SketchUp Pro requires .NET
Framework version 4.5.2. For more
information about the .NET
framework, click here.
Recommended hardware
2+ GHz processor
Discrete Graphics card such as a
current generation AMD or NVIDIA.
8+ GB RAM
SketchUp 2020 2GB of available hard-disk space
3D class video card with 1 GB of
memory or higher and support for
hardware acceleration. Please
ensure that the video card driver
supports OpenGL 3.1 or higher and
is up to date.
Minimum hardware
1 GHz processor
4GB RAM
1GB of free hard-disk space
3D class video card with 512 MB
of memory or higher and support
for hardware acceleration. Please
ensure that the video card driver
supports OpenGL 3.1 or higher an
51
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The findings of this study are presented in this chapter.
This chapter highlights the outcomes of the study,

encompassing the results derived from data analysis and
interpretation. The primary goal of this research endeavor is to
establish an efficient and sustainable manufacturing technique
for transforming waste PP5 plastic materials into Eco-lumber
products. In pursuit of this objective, a machine specifically
designed for producing eco lumber using PP5 is currently under
development, and the analysis presented in this chapter will
address this aim. To facilitate comprehension of the findings,
concise and clear presentation methods such as tables and graphs
will be employed as necessary. Additionally, this chapter will
provide a comprehensive analysis of the results along with
relevant conclusions and recommendations. The discoveries from
this research will serve as a valuable reference for future
scholars engaging in studies related to eco-lumber, generating
significant interest in our field.
52
Statement of the Problem
1. How does the durability of Eco lumber compare to
traditional wood products?
- When comparing the durability of plastic lumber made of PP5 to
traditional wood products, there are some key differences to
consider:
Resistance to Rot and Moisture: PP5 eco-lumber has a high level
of resistance to rot, moisture, and decay. It is a great option
for outdoor applications since, unlike wood, it does not absorb
water, so it won't swell, distort, or become moldy and mildewy.
Resistance to Insects: When using traditional wood products
outdoors or in humid areas, insect infestations can be a major
worry. However, PP5 eco-lumber is not prone to these problems.
Weathering: PP5 eco-lumber is low maintenance compared to wood,
which frequently needs regular staining or painting to protect
it from the elements. It is made to survive exposure to UV
radiation and extreme weather conditions without fading or
deteriorating.
Strength and Load-Bearing Capacity: Although PP5-based eco-
lumber can be manufactured to be quite sturdy, it typically has
a lower load-bearing capacity than traditional wood products.
While some varieties of plastic lumber might be better suited
for lighter uses, others might have a higher weight carrying
capacity.
Installation and Maintenance: Compared to heavy traditional wood
products, eco-lumber is often lightweight and simple to deal
with, which can make installation easier and quicker. Its
resistance to dampness and insects also lengthens its lifespan
53
and eliminates the need for routine maintenance.
There are a few things to bear in mind, though:
Appearance: While eco-lumber has come a long way in terms of
mimicking the look of natural wood, some people may prefer the
aesthetic appeal of real wood.
Heat Sensitivity: Eco-lumber may be susceptible to high
temperatures, which could result in warping or deformation,
depending on its exact composition and manufacturing technique.
Environmental Impact: Although recycled plastic lumber is more
environmentally friendly than virgin plastic items, it still has
some environmental effects, and the sustainability of the product
as a whole depends on things like the energy required for
production and the material's ability to be recycled.
In conclusion, compared to conventional wood products, eco-
lumber composed of PP5 often offers greater durability and
resistance to moisture, rot, and insects. However, depending on
the production method and product design, certain performance
characteristics may change. Selecting high-quality plastic
lumber products from reliable suppliers and manufacturers is
crucial for key applications.
54
2. How does the cost of Eco lumber compare to traditional
wood products, and are there any cost-saving benefits to
using Eco lumber?
-A preliminary cost comparison
Eco-lumber: PP5-based eco-lumber can initially cost more than
conventional wood goods. This is primarily due to the production
method, the price of recycled resources, and the technology
employed to produce long-lasting, premium plastic lumber.
Traditional Wood Products: Up front costs are typically lower
for natural wood products. Traditional wood prices might change
depending on the species, quality, and accessibility of the wood.
Long-Term Cost Savings with Eco Lumber:
Maintenance: Eco-lumber requires less maintenance during its
lifetime than traditional wood due to its higher durability and
resilience to moisture, rot, and insects. Due to wear and tear,
wood goods frequently require recurrent treatments, staining,
sealing, or replacement, which can increase long-term
expenditures.
Extended Lifespan: Eco-lumber has the potential to last longer
than conventional wood products since it is more resistant to
environmental influences. This results in fewer replacements or
fixes being made as frequently, which lowers lifecycle costs.
Reduced Environmental Impact: Although eco-lumber may initially
cost more, using it helps reduce plastic waste, which can result
in long-term cost savings in terms of waste management and
environmental sustainability.
55
Consideration Factors:
Despite the potential cost-saving benefits of using Eco lumber,
several factors need to be considered:
Project Specifics: The applicability of eco-lumber as opposed to
traditional wood depends on the project's unique requirements,
such as load-bearing capacity, aesthetics, and environmental
factors.
Quality and Certification: Eco-lumber with the right
certifications tends to function more consistently and endure
longer, making the initial expenditure justifiable.
Environmental Impact: Using eco-lumber is consistent with
sustainable practices and can benefit the environment in addition
to financial considerations.
As always, it's essential to conduct a thorough cost-benefit
analysis and consider both short-term and long-term factors when
choosing between eco-lumber made of PP5 and traditional wood
products for a particular project. Consulting with industry
experts and suppliers can provide valuable insights into the
specific advantages and costs associated with each option.
56
3. What is the evaluation level of the respondent groups
concerning the developed device using the specified criteria?
Is there any notable distinction?
3.1. Functionality;
3.2. Usability;
3.3. Aesthetics;
3.4. Safety and Maintenance
Functionality
TATALON GSIS COMPOSITE RANK
INDICATORS Q.C.
WM VI WM VI WM VI
1.1 4.56 HA 4.66 HA 4.61 HA 3
1.2 4.51 HA 4.51 HA 5.51 HA 1
1.3 4.27 HA 4.59 HA 4.43 HA 4
1.4 4.61 HA 4.63 HA 4.62 HA 2
1.5 4.29 HA 4.54 HA 4.41 HA 1
Overall 4.45 HA 4.59 HA 4.71 HA
Composite Mean
Table 8: Illustration on Functionality Assessment
As shown in Table 8, the assessment of functionality by the

respondents from Brgy Tatalon and GSIS, rated all of the
indicators as “Highly Acceptable,” with an overall composite
mean value of 4.71, respectively. It is implied that the PP2 can
highly acceptable in terms of functionality.
57
USABILITY
INDICATORS Q.C.
WM VI WM VI WM VI
1.1 4.51 HA 4.51 HA 4.51 HA 2
1.2 4.46 HA 4.46 HA 4.46 HA 3
1.3 4.59 HA 4.59 HA 4.59 HA 1
1.4 4.32 HA 4.32 HA 4.32 HA 4
Overall
4.47 HA 4.47 HA 4.47 HA
Composite Mean
Table 9: Illustration on Usability Assessment
As shown in Table 9, the assessment of Usability by the

highly acceptable in terms of usability.
AESTHETICS

INDICATORS Q.C.
WM VI WM VI WM VI
1.1 4.46 HA 4.61 HA 4.53 HA 2
1.2 4.32 HA 4.44 HA 4.38 HA 3
1.3 4.41 HA 4.68 HA 4.54 HA 1
Composite Mean
Table 10: Illustration on Aesthetics Assessment
As shown in Table 10, the assessment of Usability by the

highly acceptable in terms of aesthetics.
58
SAFETY AND MAINTENANCE
INDICATORS Q.C.
WM VI WM VI WM VI
1.1 4.12 SA 4.51 HA 4.31 HA 3
1.2 4.42 HA 4.56 HA 4.49 HA 1
1.3 4.41 HA 4.54 HA 4.47 HA 2
Composite Mean
Table 11: Illustration on Safety and Maintenance

Assessment
As shown in Table 11, the assessment of Safety and Maintenance

Assessment by the respondents from Brgy Tatalon and GSIS, rated
all of the indicators as “Highly Acceptable,” with an overall
composite mean value of 4.42, respectively. It is implied that
the PP2 can highly acceptable in terms of safety and maintenance.
59
Over-all Assessment of the four groups of respondents
TATALON
GSIS COMPOSITE MEAN RANK
Q.C.
INDICATORS
WM VI WM VI WM VI
4.45 HA 4.59 HA 4.52 HA 1

FUNCTIONALITY
4.47 HA 4.52 HA 4.50 HA 2
USABILITY
4.40 HA 4.58 HA 4.49 HA 3
AESTHETIC
SAFETY AND 4.32 HA 4.54 HA 4.43 HA 4
MAINTENANCE
OVERALL
4.41 HA 4.56 HA 4.48 HA
COMPOSITE MEAN
Table 12: Shows the result of the over – all assessment of the
two groups of respondents, namely: Brgy Tatalon and GSIS.
The over – all composite mean has a numerical value of 4.48

interpreted as “Highly Acceptable “.
Rank 1 is “FUNCTIONALITY “with a composite mean of 4.52 and
interpreted as “HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE” Rank 2 is “USABILITY“with a
composite mean of 4.50 and interpreted as “HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE”.
Rank 3 is “AESTHETICS “with a composite mean of 4.49 and
interpreted as “HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE” Rank 4 is “SAFETY AND
MAINTENANCE” with a composite mean of 4.43 and interpreted as
“HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE.
The data shows that The PP2 in terms of its functionality,

usability, aesthetics, safety, and maintenance was evaluated as
HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE by the group of from Brgy Tatalon and GSIS.
60
F-Test Two-Sample for Variances
628 GSIS
TATALON METROHOMES
QUEZON CITY MANILA
Mean 4.41 4.5575

Variance 0.004466667 0.001091667
Observations 4 4
Df 3 3
F 4.091603053
P(F<=f) one-tail 0.138725834
F Critical one-tail 9.276628153
t-Test: Paired Two Sample for

Means
628 GSIS
TATALON METROHOMES
QUEZON CITY MANILA
Mean 4.41 4.5575
Variance 0.004466667 0.001091667
Observations 4 4
Pearson Correlation 0.060381228
Hypothesized Mean Difference 2
61
df 3
-
t Stat 59.04279777
P(T<=t) one-tail 5.3517E-06
t Critical one-tail 2.353363435
P(T<=t) two-tail 1.07034E-05
t Critical two-tail 3.182446305
Since stat is less than critical then reject the null hypothesis
that there is no significant difference in the assessments of
the two groups of respondents in terms of the indicator that has
been set by the proponents
62
SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE OF THE PRESENT INVENTION TO PRIOR ARTS
Table 13: Represents the similarity and difference of the present
invention to prior arts.
Title Similarity Differences
EXTRUDED WOOD Both inventions Our prototype is primarily
POLYMER contribute to intended for processing
COMPOSITE AND reducing plastic polypropylene (PP) waste,
METHOD OF waste by which is commonly used in
MANUFACTURE utilizing various consumer products
recycled and packaging. Structural
plastics recycled plastic lumber
utilizes a mix of different
recycled plastics, which may
include polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), and
sometimes other plastic
types to create a strong and
durable material with
specific properties.
EXTRUSION Both focused on Our prototype refers to a
METHOD AND recycling waste specific type of extrusion
APPARATUS FOR plastics to system designed for
RECYCLING create useful processing polypropylene
WASTE PLASTICS and eco-friendly (PP5) plastics. Its primary
AND products. Both function is to extrude and
CONSTRUCTION inventions aim shape polypropylene
MATERIALS to address the materials for eco lumber
THEREFROM growing production on the other
environmental hand, the "Extrusion Method
concern of and Apparatus for Recycling
plastic waste Waste Plastics and
and contribute Construction Materials
to sustainable Therefrom" seems to be a
practices by broader invention, likely
transforming encompassing various types
discarded of plastics and construction
plastics into materials. The process and
valuable technology used in each
materials. invention might differ based
63
on the specific materials
they target.
STRUCTURAL Both innovations Our prototype specifically
RECYCLED in the field of deals with processing
PLASTIC LUMBER recycling polypropylene (PP5) plastic.
plastics for PP5 is a type of plastic
sustainable commonly used in packaging,
applications. consumer goods, and various
industrial applications.
Structural Recycled Plastic
Lumber (SRPL): SRPL is
generally made from a blend
of recycled plastics, which
can include different types
of plastics such as high-
density polyethylene (HDPE),
low-density polyethylene
(LDPE), polypropylene (PP),
polystyrene (PS), and
others. The exact
composition can vary based
on the manufacturer and the
desired properties of the
final product.
64
Result of Testing
The researcher will begin at 135 °C since that is the melting

point of polypropylene (C3H6). Zones 1 and 2, as well as Zones
3 and 4, will each require 135 °C for the initial trial. Each
trial requires an increase of 10 °C until it achieves a perfect
and appealing appearance.
Table 14: Table of temperatures of each trial
TRIAL ZONE 1 (°C) ZONE 2 (°C) ZONE 3 & 4(°C)

1 135 135 135
2 145 155 165
3 155 165 175
4 165 175 185
5 175 185 195
6 185 195 205
7 200 205 215
8 205 215 225
9 210 225 235
10 225 235 245
11 235 245 250
Table 15: Table of temperatures of each trial and result
ZONE ZONE ZONE

TRIAL 1 2 3 & 4 Result Remarks
(°C) (°C) (°C)
The PP5
melts but
stocks in
1 135 135 135 No output made the machine
due to the
low
temperature.
65
Texture not
consistent
and not
2 145 155 165
reach in the
half of
molder
Texture not
consistent
and not
3 155 165 175
reach in the
almost half
of molder
Texture not
consistent
and not
4 165 175 185
reach in the
half of
molder
66
Texture not
5 175 185 195
consistent
Texture not
6 185 195 205
consistent
Texture not
consistent.
In the top
side almost
perfect
7 200 205 215
texture but
in the
bottom still
not perfect
texture
Almost
8 205 215 225 consistent
texture
67
Almost
consistent
texture but
9 210 225 235 the lower
side still
not perfect
texture
Almost
perfect but
10 225 235 245 some sides
are not
consistent
Perfect
11 235 245 250
Texture
Based on the trials on Table 9, a perfect and nice

appearance was achieved in trial 11 with Zone 1 (235 °C), Zone
2 (245 °C), and Zones 3 and 4 (250°C). Although trial 11 Zone 1
(225 °C), Zone 2 (235 °C), and Zones 3 and 4 (240°C) were almost
perfect, some sides were not consistent. In Trial 1, no output
was made due to the low temperature, so the machine gets stocks.
68
CHAPTER V
CLAIMS AND CONCLUSION
The claims and conclusions presented in this chapter are
based on the data evaluated in the summary of findings.
The design and implementation of the Recyclation of
Polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials to produce Eco-
lumber were discussed in this study. It is developed to reduce
deforestation, maximize polypropylene plastics as recycled
materials, and improve the low recycling rate in the Philippines.
CLAIMS
Recyclation of Polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials to
produce Eco-lumber was composed of:
• The Control Panel will serve as the user interface, it has
a 4x4 keypad, a 20x4 LCD with i2c, and LED indication lights
on the panel and the Arduino will control the hardware,
such as the PID Controller, Stepper Motor Driver DQ542MA 4A
and NEMA 23 stepper motor.
• The SSR-40 DA relay receives the proper control signal from

the PID controller once the PID controller has analyzed the
temperature values. The band heater heats the object by
switching the power supply to the relay, which in turn does
so.
• The thermocouple is attached to the PID controller (Rex C

100) in order to provide temperature feedback
• An 4x4 keypad that sets up the pre-heating duration
• A push button with Yenox serves as a stop and start

for the prototype.
• The LED Indicator is the indication of the prototype

for stop, pre-heating, and start.
• Band heaters will be the main source of heating for the

prototype.
69
• Shredded polypropylene plastic (PP5) is the main material
to produce an eco-lumber.
70
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions acquire from the study’s findings:
A. The degree to which the sets functional

completeness,correctness, and appropriateness were
interpreted as “Highly Acceptable" by the respondents.
According to the evaluation result of the
functionality of the machine and system, Recyclation
of Polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials to
produce Eco-lumber provided the specific tasks and
user objectives. Correctness of control functions and
the system provided the particular tasks and user
objectives, the correctness of results with the needed
degree of precision. It facilitated the
accomplishments of specified tasks and goals.
B. The degree of the set's usability was interpreted as

"Highly Acceptable" by the respondents, according to
the evaluation result of the device and system's
usability. Denotes that the Recyclation of
Polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials to produce
Eco-lumber is simple to operate and control in terms
of usability. It provides a good and satisfactory
interaction for the user with a diverse set of
characteristics and capabilities to achieve a specific
context of use.
C. The degree to which the sets of aesthetics, physical

design, and symmetry were interpreted as "Highly
Acceptable" by the respondents Based on the evaluation
results, the aesthetics of the machine and system of
Recyclation of polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste
materials to produce Eco-lumber were considered by the
barangay residents of Brgy.Tatalon and Brgy.GSIS
Metrohomes and approved. The Physical design and the
Symmetry provide a new level of recycling for the
community. The development machine reached the
expected outcome regarding the actual representation.
71
D. As it turns out, the Safety and Maintenance evaluation
results of the Recyclation of polypropylene plastic
(PP5) waste materials to produce Eco-lumber were
“Highly Acceptable”, which is based on the respondents
from both Brgy. Tatalon and Brgy. GSIS residents.
Respondents shared that the developed machine is safe
and easy to maintain; just wear proper PPE such as a
facemask and glove.
72
RECOMMENDATION
The provided recommendation is based on the work accomplished
and attain by the researchers during this project and on the
conclusion given on the previous section:
• Utilize smaller shredded plastics to prevent machine
clogging.
• Create a method for heating the molder.
• To swiftly produce lumber, use a multiple compartment in 1
(one) molder.
• Install a sensor to determine whether the molder is full.
73
REFERENCES
1. Statista Research Department (2022) Total volume of lumber
produced in the Philippines from 2012 to 2021
Information:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1269191/philippines-
production-volume-of-
lumber/#:~:text=Volume%20of%20lumber%20produced%20Philippines%2
02012%2D2021&text=In%202021%2C%20the%20total%20volume,decrease%
20from%20the%20previous%20year.
2. Bella Cariaso (2022) PH dumps 2.7M tons of plastic waste into
the sea
Information:
https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/10/15/news/ph-dumps-27m-tons-
of-plastic-waste-into-the-
sea/1862299#:~:text=THE%20Philippines%20generates%20at%20least,
the%20plastic%20packaging%20they%20produce.
3. Oliver Radwell (2021) Plastic Types and the Global Plastic
Hate
Information:
https://blog.radwell.codes/2021/07/plastic-types-and-global-
plastic-hate/
4. M. J. John, R. Thomas, and R. Kuruvilla (2019) Journal:
Polymers: Development of a Polypropylene Extrusion System for
High-Volume Production
Information:
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/3/555
74
5. M. D. Dickey, A. T. Kujawa, and R. P. Wool (2021) Journal:
Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting: The Investigation of Key
Factors in Polypropylene Extrusion Molding Production Quality
Information:
6. S. C. Wang, H. Y. Chen, and W. H. Chang (2019) Journal: Journal
of Reinforced Plastics and Composites: Mechanical and Thermal
Properties of Polypropylene Extruded Tubes
Information:
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/65584
7. Johnson, A., Smith, B., & Rodriguez, C. (2018)
Published:Journal of Sustainable Engineering:"Development of a
Low-Cost Plastic Extrusion Machine for Recycling Plastics"
Information:
https://pubs.aip.org/aip/acp/article/2227/1/020026/889968/Devel
opment-of-a-low-cost-prototype-of-an-extruder
8. Lee, D., Kim, J., & Park, S. (2020) Published:Polymer
Engineering & Science:"Optimization of Process Parameters for
Plastic Extrusion using Design of Experiments"
Information:
9. Gupta, R., & Singh, V. (2019) Published: International Journal
of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering, and Technology:A
Review on Plastic Extrusion Technology for Sustainable Plastic
Recycling
Information:
75
10. Zhang, Z., Wu, Q., & Mohanty, A. (2020) Published: Progress
in Polymer Science:"Recent Advances in Twin-Screw Extrusion for
Processing of Plastic Blends and Composites"
Information:
11. Chen, L., & Wang, Q. (2019) Published: Journal of Cleaner
Production:"Advances in Plastic Extrusion Machinery for
Sustainable Manufacturing"
Information:
https://www.deskera.com/blog/advancements-in-sustainable-
plastic-manufacturing/
12. Qusai Malahmah 2018 “Filament Recycling Extruder using
Arduino”
Information:
https://www.instructables.com/Filament-Recycling-Extruder-Fab-
Extruder/
76
Prior Arts
1. WO2000046010 - EXTRUDED WOOD POLYMER COMPOSITE AND METHOD OF
MANUFACTURE
Inventor(s): DAHL, Michael, E.
ROTTINGHAUS, Robert, G.
STEPHENS, Andrew, H.
Priorities: 09/244,64 104.02.1999 US
Publication: WO/2000/046010
Information:
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO20000
46010&_cid=P20-LKUWNL-13695-1
2. ZA1992/01291 - EXTRUSION METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RECYCLING

WASTE PLASTICS AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS THEREFROM
Inventor(s): PETER J. CANTERINO
Priorities: 07664927 05.03.1991 US
Publication: 1992/01291
Information:
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=ZA45410
77&_cid=P20-LKUWQA-15308-1
77
3. US6497956 - STRUCTURAL RECYCLED PLASTIC LUMBER
Inventor(s): Phillips, Thomas E.
Krishnaswamy, Prabhat
Priorities: 09948750 07.09.2001 US
Application: 09948750
Publication: 6497956
Information:
https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=US39760
289&_cid=P20-LKUWSD-16541-1
78
Appendix A
(Faculty Research Agreement)
79
EARIST Student – Faculty Research Agreement
The intent of this paperwork is to establish official terms
governing research partnerships between students and their
Faculty Collaborator for the outlined research project.
This agreement acknowledges the valuable input from the
Faculty Collaborator(s) and addresses pertinent aspects of
the research endeavor, such as data ownership and
authorship.
Title of the Research Project:

Recyclation of Polypropylene Plastic (PP5) Waste Material
to Produce Eco-lumber
Description / Abstract of Research Project:
This research focused on converting PP5 plastic waste

into eco-friendly lumber, prioritizing the exclusion of
recycled materials and other plastic types. The study
utilized a molder with a 10-inch size limitation and
investigated the transformation process of PP5 plastic
waste into eco-lumber, excluding secondary processing
stages.
The Philippines faces significant challenges in

managing plastic waste due to population growth,
urbanization, and widespread use of disposable plastics.
Despite of being a top global producer of plastic waste,
the country's recycling efforts are limited, leading to
severe environmental consequences. In response, the
80
Philippine government has initiated measures to enhance
waste management and recycling. The extensive use of PP5
plastic in consumer goods exacerbates plastic waste
accumulation. A promising solution arises in converting
Polypropylene Plastics (PP5) into eco-lumber, offering
recycling benefits, reducing landfill pressure, and
providing a sustainable alternative to traditional wood
products. This contributes to forest preservation and
tackles deforestation concerns, presenting exciting
opportunities for repurposing discarded plastics into eco-
friendly construction materials.
The prototype phase had limitations in controlling the

appearance of eco-lumber and limited production to one
piece at a time. It involved a pre-heating stage lasting
15-20 minutes and an additional cooling process of
approximately 15 minutes. These limitations significantly
defined the project's scope, specifying parameters and
constraints. Recognizing these constraints is essential for
future advancements in eco-lumber production, ensuring
practical enhancements and guiding targeted research for
precise progress in eco-friendly lumber production.
Name of Faculty Collaborator(s):
81
Name of the Student Researcher(s): Signature:
Research Proprietary
All research data (e.g., questionnaires, data files,

records, observations) collected and analyzed from the
project are the property of EARIST and will be retained by
the Faculty Collaborator(s). The Faculty Collaborator(s)
will determine the circumstances that the students and
others may have future access to the research data.
82
Signature of Faculty Collaborator(s) over Printed name:
Date:
Chairperson’s Signature over printed name:

Date:
Research Director’s Signature over printed name:

Date:
83
Appendix B
(Pictures of Completed Project)
84
85
Figure 2:Front View
Figure 2.1: Back View
86
Figure 2.3: Side View Figure 2.4: Top View
87
Appendix C
(Prior Arts)
88
Annex - A
PATENT SEARCH REPORT
Filing Date
[Ex: April 7, 1998]
Abstract
Converts of Polypropylene Plastic (PP 5) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE 2) Plastic Waste Materials into a eco l
International Patent Classification

B29B 7/00
B29C 48/03
C08L 23/06
C08L 23/12
Keywords
Plastic Lumber,Recycle,Composite,PP and HDPE Plastic,Plastic Waste
Database Search String Number of Hi

(Ex: USPTO,
Espacenet, (Ex: ABST/(SHIPPING AND (PACKAGE OR PARCEL OR DOCUMENT) ) AND [Ex: 205]
Patentscope, ICL/(G07F007/00 OR G07F017/00 OR G06Q020/00))
JPO-IPDL, Thomson-
Reuters)
1.Patentscope (recycle OR regeneration) and (Polypropylene and High-density 38 results
polyethylene Plastics) as a plastic lumber using extrusion method
2. Patentscope (LUMBER)OR(PP and HDPE) 24 results
3.Patentscope (Eco-Friendly Lumber)(PP)AND(HDPE) 20
89
90
91
Appendix D
(Drawing and Its Description)
92
Figure 3: Prototype Drawing without acrylic shield
in Sketchup 2022 and its components
93
Figure 4: Front view of prototype with acrylic
shield
94
Figure 4.1: Back view of prototype with acrylic
shield
95
Figure 4.2: Side view of prototype with acrylic
shield
96
Figure 4.3: Top view of prototype with acrylic
shield
97
Figure 5: Schematic Diagram of the prototype
98
Figure 6: Block Diagram of the prototype
The connections between each system component are shown in
the diagram. The thermocouple is attached to the PID controller
(Rex C 100) in the diagram in order to provide temperature
feedback. The SSR-40 DA relay receives the proper control signal
from the PID controller once the PID controller has analyzed the
temperature values. The band heater heats the object by switching
the power supply to the relay, which in turn does so. The Control
Panel will serve as the user interface, it has a 4x4 keypad, a
16x4 LCD with i2c, and LED indication lights on the panel and
the Arduino will control the hardware, such as the PID
Controller, Stepper Motor Driver DQ542MA 4A and Nema 23 stepper
motor. The connections between each system component are shown
in the diagram. The thermocouple is attached to the PID
controller (Rex C 100) in the diagram in order to provide
temperature feedback. The SSR-40 DA relay receives the proper
control signal from the PID controller once the PID controller
has analyzed the temperature values. The band heater heats the
object by switching the power supply to the relay, which in turn
99
does so. The Control Panel will serve as the user interface, it
has a 4x4 keypad, a 16x4 LCD with i2c, and LED indication lights
on the panel and the Arduino will control the hardware, such as
the PID Controller, Stepper Motor Driver DQ542MA 4A and NEMA 23
stepper motor.
Figure 7: Flow Diagram of the prototype
100
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Figure 3: Is an illustration and it’s componets without
acrylic shield of the Recyclation of polypropylene plastic (PP5)
waste materials to produce Eco-lumber according to some
embodiments of the present invention;
Figure 4: Is an illustration of the Recyclation of
polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials to produce Eco-
lumber according to some embodiments of the present invention;
Figure 4.1: Is a Front view illustration of the Recyclation
of polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials to produce Eco-
Figure 4.2: Is a Back View illustration of the Recyclation
Figure 4.3: Is a Side View illustration of the Recyclation
Figure 5: Is a Schematic Diagram of the circuit of the
machine by an embodiment of the invention;
Figure 6: Showing a Block Diagram of machine and controller
of the Recyclation of polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials
to produce Eco-lumber
Figure 7: is a flow diagram that presents process to an
embodiment of the invention.
101
Appendix E
(Detailed Description and Claims)
102
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Reference is made in FIG. 3, Is an illustration and it’s
componets without acrylic shield of the Recyclation of
polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials to produce Eco-
lumber according to some embodiments of the present invention. A
4 band heater were connected to the steel pipe.Each band heater
were connected of K-type theromocouple. The 3 K type thermocouple
is attached to each PID controller (Rex C 100). The RED and BLUE
buttons will serve as START and STOP buttons for the process.
The rocker switch will be the main switch to start the prototype.
The RED LED indicator indicates that the machine has not been
used; the blue LED indicator indicates that the machine has not
been used,BLUE LED Indicator indicates that the machine is in
the pre-heating process,GREEN LED Indicator indicates that the
machine is ready to start or process; and if the RED, BLUE, and
GREEN LED indicators are all active, it means that the machine
is in an ongoing process. The Control Panel will serve as the
user interface; it has a 4x4 keypad, a 20x4 LCD with I2c, and
LED indication lights on the panel, and the Arduino will control
the hardware, such as the PID Controller, Stepper Motor Driver
DQ542MA 4A, and NEMA 23 stepper motor.Molder will serve as the
output of our eco-lumber. The Hopper will act as a receiver for
the Polypropylene plastic (PP5) so that it goes to the steel
pipe.
CLAIMS
Recyclation of Polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials
to produce Eco-lumber was composed of:
• The Control Panel will serve as the user interface, it has
a 4x4 keypad, a 20x4 LCD with i2c, and LED indication lights
on the panel and the Arduino will control the hardware,
such as the PID Controller, Stepper Motor Driver DQ542MA 4A
and NEMA 23 stepper motor.
• The SSR-40 DA relay receives the proper control signal from

the PID controller once the PID controller has analyzed the
103
temperature values. The band heater heats the object by
switching the power supply to the relay, which in turn does
so.
• The thermocouple is attached to the PID controller (Rex C

100) in order to provide temperature feedback
• An 4x4 keypad that sets up the pre-heating duration
• A push button with Yenox serves as a stop and start

for the prototype.
• The LED Indicator is the indication of the prototype

for stop, pre-heating, and start.
• Band heaters will be the main source of heating for the

prototype.
• Shredded polypropylene plastic (PP5) is the main material

to produce an eco-lumber.
104
Appendix F
(User’s Manual)
105
USER OPERATIONAL MANUAL
Recyclation of polypropylene plastic (PP5) waste materials to
produce Eco-lumber
Thank you for using our machine. "Recyclation of polypropylene
plastic (PP5) waste materials to produce Eco-lumber" is a machine
that converts polypropylene plastic (PP5) to eco-lumber. This
machine requires only shredded polypropylene plastic (PP5). This
device was controlled by an Arduino and a PID Controller for the
temperature of the machine. This project will lessen the single
use of plastics such as polypropylene plastic (PP5), maximizing
the uses of polypropylene plastic (PP5), to improve the low
recycling rate of the Philippines. Every time you use it, you
need to wear proper PPE, such as a facemask and gloves. Warning:
It is hot and has toxic fumes (Plastic fumes). Proper calibration
of temperature is needed to produce eco-lumber.
SAFETY CHECKLIST
BEFORE OPERATION
✓ Have enough shredded plastics (pp5)

✓ Wirings and Components
✓ Connection between NEMA 23 and auger drill bit
✓ Appropriate K-type Thermocouple location
✓ Screw up and tighten the molder.
✓ The barrel has been cleaned, and the motor can operate the
auger drill bit properly. Proper Pre-Heating
✓ PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
AFTER OPERATION
✓ PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
✓ Let the molder cool for 5 mins when it is still in the
prototype
✓ After removing the molder from the prototype, allow it to
cool for 10 minutes.
✓ Ensure that the procedure ends by pressing the RED button.
106
OPERATION
1. Connect the Socket

2. Activate the switch.
3. A Polypropylene Plastics Waste Material to Eco-Lumber
will flash on the 20x4 LCD.
4. The Blue Button will activate the band heaters.
5. Set the temperature using PID controllers when the 20x4
LCD flashes "Setting up Temp".Press the blue button to
proceed in pre-heating
6. Set-up the pre heating duration (minutes) in 4x4 keypad
and press (“#”) to proceed
6.1 To change a preheating duration that was set
incorrectly, long press the ("*") key on the 4x4 keypad
then set again the correct time.
7. The beginning of the preheating is indicated by the
BLUE indication light.
8. Wait until the preheating time is up. When the 20x4 LCD
flashes "Pre-Heating Complete," the preheating is
finished completely.
9. Press BLUE button, the LCD will flash a DIST_OFFSET
make sure that the hopper has a shredded plastic
10. The GREEN indicator will light up and press blue button
to start
11. RED, BLUE, GREEN indicator light will light up it means
that the operation starts
12. Press RED button to end the operation
TROUBLESHOOTING
• If the machine is clogged due to putting a lot of pp5, turn
the screw by hand (gloves are needed).
• If the machine is clogged (after pre-heating) and has just

started while pressing the BLUE start button, it means that
Pre-heating is not enough. Just pre-heat again.
• If the melting of polypropylene plastic (PP5) is water-
107
like, you need to lower the temperature. It means you have
a high temperature.
• If the melting of polypropylene plastic (PP5) is hard-gel,

it means you need to raise the temperature. it means you
have a low temperature.
• If the melting of polypropylene plastic (PP5) doesn’t go to

molder it means you need to raise the temperature. It means
you have a low temperature.
• If the LED has low brightness, blinking, or uncharacteristic

letter and number, reset the Arduino found in the control
panel.
108
Step.1 Turn on the machine (Rocker Switch)
Step.2 Press Blue Button to start
109
Step.3 After Pressing Blue Button,Setup the temperature in to
10 (minutes) and then press “#” on to the next step
Step.4 The LCD will flash “SET BANDHEATERS TEMP” set the
temperature in the PID controller to set up the temperature in
the PID Controller Press SET and use arrow up or down to adjust
the temperature. Setup the temperature to Zone 1 (235), Zone 2
(245),Zone 3&4 (250) and then press blue button to procced to
next step
110
Step.5 The Pre-heating will start and wait to it to finish. As
you noticed the BLUE LED Indicator flashes it means the pre-
heating is on process
Step.6 The LCD flashes “PROTOTYPE READY” and the GREEN

INDICATOR flashes press BLUE to start the process
111
Step.7 LCD flashes “FILLING MOLDER” and RED, BLUE, GREEN
indicator flashes
Step.8 Put enough shredded polypropylene plastic (PP5) in to

the hopper
112
Step.9 Wait until the molder is full.
Step.10 Press RED button to stop the process and let it

cooldown for 5 minutes.
113
Step.11 Remove the molder from its attachment
Step.12 Pour it on the water to for 5 minutes
114
Step.13 Use hammer and chisel to remove the eco-lumber from the
molder.
Step.14 This is the eco-lumber
115
Eco-lumber
Mini Desk made by “Recyclation of polypropylene plastic (PP5)

waste materials to produce Eco-lumber”
116
Appendix G
(Curriculum Vitae)
117
SANJIEN L. CADIZ
68 Block 1 Calacachuchi St, Commonwealth,. Quezon City
Mobile #639461121781
Email Address: [email protected]
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Eulogio Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila
College
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Communication and Engineering
October 2019-August 2023
STI College
North Fairview, Quezon City
Senior High School
Academic Track (STEM)
2017-2019
Sto Niño Institute of Science and Technology

IBP Road Brgy Commonwealth, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Junior High School
2013-2017
Sto NiñoInstitute of Science and Technology

IBP Road, Brgy. Commonwealth, Quezon CIty, Metro Manila
Elementary
2010-2013
Commonwealth Elementary School

Brgy. Commonwealth, Quezon City, Metro Manila
Elementary
2007-2010
118
HONORS/AWARDS/ACHIEVEMENTS
● Academic Achiever 1st semester sy:2022-2023
Work Experience/Seminar Attended
• EDP Manila
OJT
Ground floor, Manila City Hall Bldg.,
Ermita, City of Manila, Manila, Philippines
Aug. – Oct.
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Date of Birth: September 29, 2000

Age: 22 years old
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Weight: 65
Height: 5’7
119
JOHN JERIEL M. GALICIA
55 Zorra Street, Brgy. Paltok, Quezon City
Mobile #09277431420

College
Juan Sumulong High School

San Roque, Cubao, Quezon City
Senior High School
Specialization: General Academic Strand (GAS)
June 2016-April 2018
Juan Sumulong High School

San Roque, Cubao, Quezon City
Junior High School
Specialization: Computer Programming
June 2012-March 2016
Camili Elementary School

Camili, Alcantara, Romblon
● Academic Achiever 1st semester sy:2022-2023
● Graduated With Honors in Senior High
120
● Circuit Solutions, Inc.

Intern
Ortigas Center, Pasig City
August 15, 2022-October 17, 2022
Birthdate : January 16, 2000

Birthplace : Romblon
Age 23
Height : 5’7
Weight : 63 kilo
Religion : Roman Catholic
Language Spoken: Tagalog/English
121
DARICELL GRAGEDA
2466 Peñaflor Compound Maybunga Pasig City
Mobile #639267327562
Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology

College
Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering
2019-2023
Marikina High School

Concepcion I, Marikina City
Senior High School
Academic Track (HUMSS)
2018-2019
Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Sta. Mesa Manila
Senior High School
Academic Track (HUMSS)
2016-2017
Kalumpang National High School

Kalumpang, Marikina City
Junior High School
2012-2016
Kalumpang Elementary School

Kalumpang, Marikina City
Elementary
2006-2012
• Academic Achiever 1st Semester SY: 2022-2023
122
• Javier Santiago Torres and Panghulan Law Offices
January 2019
OJT
Ortigas, Pasig City
• DSCP inc.
August 2022 - September 2022
OJT
Ortigas, Pasig City
Date of Birth: November 3, 1999
Age: 23 years old
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Weight: 47
Height: 5’0
123
QUIMING, ANDRIAN C.
#44 Lumot St. Brgy. Tatalon Quezon City
Mobile #09269820713 / 09151118276

College
Global Minds Academy of the Philippines

602 Gregorio Araneta Ave, Quezon City
Senior High School
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
(2017 – 2019)
Dr. Josefa Jara Martinez High School

#53 Victory Ave., Tatalon Quezon City
Junior High School
(2012 – 2017)
Licaong Elementary School

Licaong Science City of Munoz Nueva Ecija
Elementary
(2007 – 2012)
• Grade 10 - Overall Top 10 in Junior High School

• Grade 9 - Top 7 in Junior High School
• Electronics Data Processing (EDP) Manila

(OJT)
Ground floor, Manila City Hall Bldg.,
124
Ermita, City of Manila, Manila, Philippines
(August 31 2022 – October 24 2022)
Birthdate : September 14, 2001
Birthplace : Science City of Munoz Nueva Ecija
Age 21
Height : 5’7
Weight : 60 (kg)
125
RAFAEL ANGELO E. SARMIENTO
Building 6 Unit 4D7 G.S.I.S Metrohomes Sta.Mesa, Manila
Mobile #09267774723

College
Eulogio Rodriguez Vocational High School

Senior High School
Specialization: Electronics Product Assembly and Servicing
June 2017-April 2019
Eulogio Rodriguez Vocational High School

Junior High School
Specialization: Electronics
Pio del Pilar Elementary School

Sta. Mesa, Manila
Elementary
• Academic Achiever 1st semester sy:2022-2023
• Electronics Product Assembly and Servicing NC II Holder
• Math Bunganga 2017 2 Runner-up
nd
• Graduated With Honors in Senior High

• Rank 5 Overall Student in Senior High
• Graduated in Elementary Top 2 in Class
• Best in Math in Class Grade 1-6
126
• NET PACIFIC Inc.-Noble Place Site

OJT
Binondo,Manila
Oct.13 2018-Nov.11 2018
• Integrated Computer System

QCG Intern
Ugong,Pasig
August 24 2022-October 5 2022
Birthdate : August 31, 2000

Birthplace : Manila
Age 22
Height : 5’7
Weight : 65 kilo
127
Appendix H
(Survey Questionnaire)
128
NAME (OPTIONAL):
OCCUPATION:
BARANGAY:
Dear Respondents,
We, the researchers, are conducting a project design entitled

Recyclation of Polypropylene Plastics (PP5) waste materials to
produce eco-lumber" and we need your help in evaluating the
following criteria with a corresponding numerical scale of your
choice. You may refer to the table below for reference.
This survey will make a significant contribution to this study

because we want to address the lack of disposal of pp5 and low
rate of recycling in the Philippines, the inconvenient use of
different tables in different locations for different purposes,
and what claims can be introduced as we move forward with
analyzing the data that we will be collecting.
NUMERICAL SCALE DESCRIPTIVE RATING

5 HIGHLY ACCEPTABLE
4 VERY ACCEPTABLE
3 ACCEPTABLE
2 FAIRLY ACCEPTABLE
1 NOT ACCEPTABLE
Table 3.1. Legend. This shows the equivalent respondents' choice

of numerical scale.
129
Instructions: Kindly rate the acceptance of the following by
checking the box at your preference
CRITERIA
FUNCTIONALITY 5 4 3 2 1
Easy to operate
(Madaling Paganahin)
Delivered intended purpose
(Naiparating and ninilayon na layunin)
Compactibility
(Maayos na pinagsama-sama; siksik)
User-friendly
(Mainam at madaling gamitin)
Portability
(Nakadisenyo sa paraang kayang dalhin o ilipat mula
sa isang lokasyon patungosa isa pa)
USABILITY 5 4 3 2 1
Push buttons used as a stop and start of the
prototype
(Mga push button na ginamit bilang paghinto at
pagsisimula ng prototype)
4x4 keypad can set time properly in prototype
(Ang 4x4 keypad ay maaaring magtakda ng oras nang
maayos sa prototype)
LED properly indicates in the prototype
(Ang LED ay wastong nagpapahiwatig sa prototype)
Easily sets the temperature
(Madali iset ang temperatura)
AESTHETIC 5 4 3 2 1
Presentable Appearance
(Presentable ang itsura)
Appropriateness of the size
(Angkop ang sukat)
Orderliness of components
(Kaayusan ng mga kagamitan)
130
SAFETY AND MAINTENANCE 5 4 3 2 1
Appropriateness of label
(Angkop ang mga label)
Ease of Maintenance
(Kadalian ng Pagpapanatili)
Troubleshooting-friendly
(Mas may kadaliang pag-aayos ng mga posibleng
problema)
131

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1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The Philippines' growing population, rapid urbanization,

With an estimated 2.7 million tons of plastic garbage

As a result, there is a growing interest in and concern

The Philippines faces significant challenges in disposing

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Literature • Design and •

• Survey • Device and • Patent draft

Figure 1: Conceptual Model Showing the Input-Process-Output

Figure 1: shows the conceptual design using an IPO diagram.

Process, which is where planning, designing, and

In this part of the conceptual design, the project design's

This project aims to build a proposed It seeks to answer

1. How does the durability of Eco lumber compare to traditional

2. How does the cost of Eco lumber compare to traditional wood

3. What is the evaluation level of the respondent groups

The general objective of this project is to establish an

• To create and develop a prototype that is especially well-

• To adjust process variables including temperature,

• To evaluate the suitability of PP5 plastic waste as a raw

The study aims to focus on the conversion of plastic waste

• The project will focus on converting PP5 plastic waste into

• The molder size is only 10 inches.

• The primary conversion of PP5 plastic waste into eco lumber

• One eco-lumber is only produced at a time by this prototype.

• The pre-heating step for the prototype process must be

• The prototype process must continue a cooling process after

Title: Development of a Polypropylene Extrusion System for High-

Authors: M. J. John, R. Thomas, and R. Kuruvilla

This review article provides a comprehensive overview of

Authors: M. D. Dickey, A. T. Kujawa, and R. P. Wool

Journal: Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting

This research study describes the development of a polypropylene

Authors: S. C. Wang, H. Y. Chen, and W. H. Chang

Journal: Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

This research study investigates the mechanical and thermal

1. Title: "Development of a Low-Cost Plastic Extrusion Machine

2. Title: "Optimization of Process Parameters for Plastic

Summary: This review paper provides an overview of plastic

4. Title: "Recent Advances in Twin-Screw Extrusion for Processing

Summary: This article provides an overview of recent advances

6. Title: “Filament Recycling Extruder using Arduino”

Summary: The filament extruder using Arduino is a device that

1. WO2000046010 - EXTRUDED WOOD POLYMER COMPOSITE AND METHOD OF

Inventor(s): DAHL, Michael, E.

Date of patent: 10.08.2000

Priorities: 09/244,64 104.02.1999 US

An extruded composite artificial lumber product is manufactured

Inventor(s): PETER J. CANTERINO

Date of patent: 25.08.1993

Priorities: 07664927 05.03.1991 US

ABSTARCT: An extrudable composition comprised of waste poly-

Inventor(s): Phillips, Thomas E.

Date of patent: 24.12.2002

Priorities: 09948750 07.09.2001 US

ABSTARCT: Plastic lumber having sufficient stiffness and

Through the help of researching, analyzing, and reviewing

According to Johnson, A., Smith, B., & Rodriguez, C. (2018)