SCI10 - Q2 - M4 - Images in Mirrors and Lenses

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Department of Education

National Capital Region


SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE

10 MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Images in Mirrors and Lenses

Guiller P. Belen

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What I Need to Know

The purpose of this module is to help you understand the qualitative


characteristics of the images formed by plane and curved mirrors, and lenses. The
module is divided into three lessons, namely:
 Lesson 1 – Law of Reflection
 Lesson 2 – Images formed by Mirrors
 Lesson 3 – Images formed by Lenses

After this module, you are expected to predict the qualitative


characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of images formed by
plane and curved mirrors and lenses. S10FE-IIg-50
Specifically, you are expected to:
 investigate the reflective properties of light using plane mirrors;
 differentiate plane and curved mirror;
 apply ray diagramming techniques in describing images formed by
mirrors;
 analyze how the refraction is applied on concave and convex lenses;
 distinguish between converging and diverging lenses;
 apply ray diagramming technique in describing images formed by lenses;
 cite applications of reflection by curved mirrors and refraction by
spherical lenses in daily life situations.

What I Know
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. In the Law of Reflection, the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal
line _________________________________.
A. are similar in position.
B. lie on the same plane
C. lie on a perpendicular plane
D. may or may not lie on the same plane

2. A ray of light is incident on a surface at 33o from the normal. What will be
the angle of reflected ray from the normal?
A. 57o
B. 90o
C. 33o
D. 66o

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3. An incident light travels on a path shown in
Figure 1. Which of the following paths is most
likely to be taken by the reflected light?

Figure 1

4. If you placed a number chart in front of a plane mirror, what numbers will
you read properly in the mirror?
A. 0, 1, 6, 8, and 9 C. 6 and 9
B. 0, 1, and 6 D. 0 and 8

5. Is it TRUE that (I) convex mirror always forms upright, reduced, and virtual
images and (II) most department stores use concave mirrors because they
give a wider range of view?
A. I only C. Both I and II
B. II only D. Neither I nor II

6. It is a position where an object should be placed when in front of a concave


mirror so that it reflects the image with the same size as the object.
A. At the focus
B. At the center of the curvature
C. Between the focus and the mirror
D. Between the center of curvature and focus

7. What type of lens produces smaller and upright images?


A. Concave lens C. Converging lens
B. Convex lens D. Cannot be determined

8. What property of light is observable on lenses?


A. Diffraction C. Reflection
B. Interference D. Refraction

9. In Figure 2, which ray(s) will


pass through the principal
focus after refraction?
A. Ray 1 only
B. Ray 2 only
C. Ray 3 only
Figure 2
D. Rays 1 and 2

10. Which best describes the image for a thin convex lens that forms whenever
the object is at a distance less than one focal length from the lens?
A. Inverted, enlarged and real C. Upright, enlarged, and virtual
B. Inverted, diminished and real D. Upright, diminished, and virtual

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Lesson
Law of Reflection
1

What’s In

One of the most fascinating characteristics of light is its ability to bounce


once it hits a surface which is known as reflection. Reflection may be specular or
diffused depending on the kind of surface it hits. Specular reflection allows the
formation of an image while diffused reflection allows us to see the colors of the
object. This property of light allows many applications in different fields like
medicine, arts, and architecture.
Choose the correct position of reflected ray.
1. 2. 3.

What’s New

Activity: Reflection of Light

Objectives:

1. Investigate reflective properties of light using a plane mirror.


2. Compare the angle of incidence and angle of reflection.

You Will Need:


 plane mirror (rectangular)
 laser/ flashlight
 protractor
 ruler Notes to the Student
 bond paper 1. Avoid pointing the laser in your
or someone else’s eyes.
 modelling clay (optional) 2. In reading the protractor for the
angle of incidence and angle of
reflection, the zero marking will
always start in the perpendicular
line from the mirror.

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Procedure:

1. Draw a straight line on a bond paper. Place


Image of the activity mirror
the protractor along that line.
2. Let the mirror stand on the line vertically. You
may use modeling clay to support the mirror.
3. Position the laser so that once turned on it is
100 with the perpendicular line. Measure the
angle between the reflected ray and
perpendicular line then record the data
gathered in a table like Table 1.
4. Repeat procedure 3 for angles 200, 400, 600, Figure 3 Setup of the activity Reflection
800. of Light

Table 1. Angle of incidence and its angle of reflection


Angle of Incidence Angle of Reflection
100
200
400
600
800

Guide Questions:

1. What happened when the light hit the mirror?


2. How will you compare the angle of incidence with the angle of reflection?
3. State the Laws of Reflection.

What Is It

In Activity 1, you have observed that when light hits the mirror, it is
reflected at a certain angle depending on the position. The given angle is known as
the angle of incidence. This is the angle between the incident ray (light coming
from the source) and the normal line (perpendicular line with the mirror). Once
the light bounces (this becomes a reflected ray), it forms an angle with the normal
line. It is called the angle of reflection. You noticed that the angle of incidence is
always equal to the angle of reflection. This is one of the premises of the laws of
reflection. The activity also showed the other premise which is the incident ray,
reflected ray, and normal line lie on the same plane.
Laws of Reflection states that (1) the angle of incidence is always equal to the
angle of reflection, and (2) the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line lie
on the same plane.

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What’s More

Draw and place three (3) imaginary mirrors you think where it is most
suited and trace a path that the light should take to hit the target from the starting
point. Indicate the angle of incidence and angle of reflection on every mirror. The
first mirror and the incident ray were done for you. (Note that you need to measure
the angle of incident and reflection using a protractor.)

LEGENDS: >>STARTING POINT >>TARGET >>WALL/ OBSTACLE

What I Have Learned

Complete the statement. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.


Law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is (1.)_______________ to
the angle of (2.)________________, and; the incident ray, reflected ray, and
(3.)________________ lie on the (4.)__________________.

What I Can Do
Make your simple periscope using only the materials available at home. A
periscope is an apparatus consisting of a tube with a mirror inside by which an
observer can see a thing that is otherwise out of sight i.e. submerged submarine
and behind high obstacles. You may watch some video clips or search the web on
how to make one.

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CRITERIA BEST CLOSING TO FAR FROM
5 BEST BEST
3 1
CREATIVITY Colors, Some designs Does not
layouts, and and colors do consider art
other visual not suit the in making
elements help overall the output
in expressing appearance of
oneself. the output.
QUALITY The output is The output is The output
sturdy and sturdy, but it is not
can be used is hard to sturdy.
with ease. manipulate
TIMELINESS Finished and Failed to Did not
Periscope Principe by GNU
submitted finish 75% of finish the Free Documentation
the output on the output task. License is licensed under
time. CC BY-SA

Assessment
Analyze each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
1. If the angle of incidence is 45o, the angle of reflection is 45o
2. Incident rays and reflected rays are on a different plane.
3. The normal line is an imaginary perpendicular line that extends from the
mirror.

Additional Activities

Research on how the magic trick, “Infinity


Well”, works. Explain how the law of reflection is
applied in the trick. You may use a diagram to
elaborate your written explanation. It may be done
in a written or digital format.

Infinity Well by Light Energy Studio


is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Lesson
Images Formed by Mirrors
2

What’s In

The difference between the reflection of a smooth object like mirrors and
rough objects like walls is their ability to form images. Images are projected when
the light from the object is reflected properly once it hits a surface.

Decode the hidden message on the


picture using a mirror.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

What’s New

Activity: Image Formed in Plane and Curved Mirror

Objectives:

1. Describe the physical characteristic of a plane and curved mirror


2. Compare the image formed by plane and curved mirror

You Will Need:

 plane mirror
 stainless spoon (check if you can clearly see your reflection)

Procedure:

1. Hold the surface of a plane mirror and the spoon. Describe the shape of the
surface.
Plane mirror Stainless spoon
Description

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2. Hold the plane mirror and place a finger in front of it. Describe the size of
the image of your finger. (Image is the figure projected on the screen or
object.)
3. Do the same with the back and front of the stainless spoon.
Plane mirror Front of the spoon Back of the Spoon
Description
4. Hold the mirror arm’s length away from your eyes. Observe your image.
Describe your image’s size and orientation.
5. Do the same with the front and back of the stainless spoon.

Plane mirror Front of the spoon Back of the Spoon


Description
Guide Questions:
1. How will you describe the physical property of the plane mirror and the
spoon?
2. How does the shape of the surface affect the image formed?
3. How does the distance affect the image formed?

What Is It

Types of Mirrors
Mirrors are one of those common objects that can reflect light properly
because of its smooth surface. There are two types of mirrors: plane and curved
mirrors. Mirrors are described to be curved because of their shape and the types of
curved mirror (concave and convex) depends on the location of the reflecting
surface
Table 1. Three types of mirrors
PLANE MIRROR CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX MIRROR
 has flat surface  also called converging  also called diverging
 can redirect the light mirror mirror has its
 has its reflective reflective surface
surface curved curved outwards
inwards (somewhat (forming a bulge)
forming a cave) which which scatters or
converges the light to diverges the light
a point called focus.

Figure 4. Three types of mirrors: (A) plane mirror; (B) concave mirror; (C) convex mirror
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Image Formed by Mirrors
Images are formed when light from the object hits the mirror and reaches
the eyes. Based on the activity, the images formed differ from one mirror to
another.
Table 2. Description of the Image in mirrors
Description PLANE MIRROR CONCAVE MIRROR CONVEX MIRROR
of the Image
Depends on the distance
of the object from the
Size Same size mirror. Smaller
Near – larger
Very far – smaller
Depends on the distance
of the object from the
Orientation Same orientation mirror. Same orientation
Near – same orientation
Far – inverted
Depends on the distance
of the object from the
mirror.
Distance Near – image appears
Same distance from the Image appears nearer to the
from the farther to the mirror
mirror mirror
mirror Far – image appears
farther to the mirror
Very far – image appears
nearer to the mirror.
Depends on the distance Virtual
of the object from the
mirror.
Near – Virtual
Far – Real

Type virtual

Figure 5 concave mirror Figure 6 Convex mirror did


forming real image on not form image on the
screen screen

Figure 7 plane mirror with Figure 8 Inverted image Figure 9 Small image formed
reversed writing formed at the spoon at the back of the spoon

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Ray Diagramming Techniques in Curved Mirrors
Images formed by plane, converging, and
diverging mirrors strictly follow the law of reflection,
and one convenient way of analyzing it is the use of
ray diagramming techniques. This uses rays that
obey the law of reflection but simplified for easier This Photo by Jeffrey W. Schnick is licensed under CC
BY-SA-NC
examination and keep in mind that the light coming Figure 10: Ray of light from
from the object travels in all directions (see figure 10). the candle travels in all
direction

Figure 11. Ray diagram of image formed by the three types of mirror.

Here are the things that will be followed and considered (note that other
references and textbooks may have more parts and rays):
1. Parts of the diagram
A. Mirror – It can be a concave or convex mirror.
B. Principal Axis – An imaginary line that bisects the curved mirror.
C. Focus (F) – It is located along the principal axis. It depends on the type
of curved mirror. The distance from the mirror to focus is called the focal
length.
D. Center (C) – It is located along the principal axis. Its length is twice the
focal length.

Incident ray Incident ray

(A) (B)

Figure 12 Parts of the diagram used in (A) concave mirror and (B) convex mirror

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2. Rays to be used
A. An incident ray PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS and when it
reflects, it will (A) pass TOWARDS THE FOCUS; (B) follow the path
AWAY FROM THE FOCUS.

(B)
(A)
Figure 13. Ray A used in (A) concave mirror and (B) convex mirror

B. An incident ray (A)PASSING THROUGH THE FOCUS or (B)MOVING


TOWARDS THE FOCUS and when it hits the mirror, it will reflect
PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS.

(B)
(A)
Figure 14. Ray B used in (A) concave mirror and (B) convex mirror

C. An incident ray (A)PASSING THROUGH THE CENTER or (B)MOVING


TOWARDS THE CENTER and when it hits the mirror, it will reflect
TOWARDS/ALONG THE CENTER.

(B)
(A)

Figure 15. Ray C used in (A) concave mirror and (B) convex mirror

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4. Description of the Image
The image is formed at the intersection of the reflected rays and it can
be described based on its Size, Orientation, Location, and Type
(S.O.L.T). (Note: If in case there is no intersection because the reflected
rays are parallel to each other, no image is formed.)
A. Size (S) – It describes the height of the image as compared to the
object’s height. It can be described as SMALLER/REDUCED/
DIMINISHED/DECREASED, SAME SIZE, or LARGER/
MAGNIFIED.
B. Orientation (O) – It describes the orientation of the image when
compared to the object. It can be UPRIGHT if it has the same
orientation as the object and INVERTED if otherwise. (Note that if
the object is initially inverted, and the image is also inverted, it
should be described as upright.)
C. Location (L) – It describes where the image is formed. It can be IN
FRONT OF THE MIRROR or BEHIND THE MIRROR.
D. Type (T) – It describes the type of image formed. It can be
described as REAL if the image is formed by the actual reflected
ray and located at the front of the mirror. VIRTUAL if the image is
formed by the extended reflected ray and located behind the
mirror.

Here is an example of how ray diagramming techniques are used to locate


and describe the image formed by an object.
1. Concave Mirror
We will consider an object placed at any point between the center and the
focus. We may use two pairs of incidents and reflected rays depending on
the location of the object.
An incident ray PARALLEL TO THE An incident ray PASSING THROUGH THE
PRINCIPAL AXIS and when it reflects, it will FOCUS and when it hits the mirror, it will
pass TOWARDS THE FOCUS. reflect PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS.

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The image is formed in the intersection of the reflected rays.
Description of the image:
S – enlarged/magnified
O – inverted
L – in front of the mirror
T - real

2. Convex Mirror
We will consider an object placed a little farther than the focal length. We
may use two pairs of incidents and reflected rays depending on the location
of the object.
An incident ray PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL An incident ray MOVING TOWARDS THE
AXIS and when it reflects, it will follow the path CENTER and when it hits the mirror, it will
AWAY FROM THE FOCUS. reflect ALONG THE CENTER.

Since the reflected rays do not seem to intersect in front of the


mirror, extending the line of the reflected rays behind the
Description of the image
mirror forms an intersection, thus, an image is formed.
S – reduced/ smaller
O – upright
L – behind of the mirror
T - virtual

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What’s More

Use the ray diagramming technique to describe the image formed by the
concave and convex mirror at different positions using S-O-L-T (Size, Orientation,
Location, and Type). Use the following measurement: focal length = 1.5 cm, and
height of object = 2.0 cm. (Sample diagram for nos. 1 & 6 is shown)
LOCATION OF THE OBJECT SIZE ORIENTATION LOCATION TYPE
Concave mirror
A. At C 1. 2. 3. 4.
B. Beyond C 5. 6. 7. 8.
C. Between F and C 9. 10. 11. 12.
D. At F 13. 14. 15. 16.
E. Between F and 17. 18. 19. 20.
mirror
Convex mirror
F. Near the mirror 21. 22. 23. 24.
G. Far from the mirror 25. 26. 27. 28.
A. F.

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions.


1. What are the three types of mirrors?

2. How will you differentiate the three types of mirrors?

3. How will you describe the image produced by a plane mirror?

4. How will you describe the image produced by an object at varying


distance from the concave mirror?

5. How will you describe the image produced by an object at varying


distance from the convex mirror?

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What I Can Do

The plane, concave, and convex mirrors are widely used in our society today.
They can be found in households, streets, malls, stores, and other establishments.
Look for 2 kinds of mirrors you can find in your home, street, or nearby places and
take pictures of them. Then, briefly explain their use and how they work.

Assessment
Analyze each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
___________1. Plane mirrors always form virtual images.
___________2. A concave mirror can form both real and virtual images depending on
the object’s location.
___________3. Convex mirror enlarges the size of the image.
___________4. When a parallel light reaches the concave mirror, it is reflected in the
focus.
___________5. In a convex mirror ray diagram, when the incident ray travels towards
the focus, the reflected ray will travel parallel to the principal axis.

Additional Activities

Mirror Equation and Magnification Formula


Describing the image formed by a mirror (using
S.O.L.T) may be done mathematically through mirror
equation for the distances and magnification formula.
Where:
f = focal length of the mirror
p = object’s distance from the mirror
q = image’s distance from the mirror
h = object’s height
h’ = image’s height

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In using the formula, the following sign convention should be considered.
Quantity Description - sign
Concave mirror – positive (+)
Focal length (f)
Convex mirror – negative (-)
In front of the mirror – positive (+)
Image distance from the mirror
At the back of the mirror – negative (-)
Upright – positive (+)
Image height
Inverted – negative (-)
Object’s distance and height are always positive.
Let us try one example.
A 3.0-cm object is placed 5.0 cm in front of the concave mirror whose focal
length is 2.0 cm. What is the image’s distance and height? Then describe the image
using S.O.L.T.
We will follow the GFSA method.
First, let us write down all the Given. Next, determine the Formula to be used.
f = + 2.0 cm Rearranging the variables from
p = 5.0 cm
1 1 1 ℎ′ 𝑞
q =? = + =−
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞 ℎ 𝑝
h = 3.0 cm
to, since we are looking for q and h’
h’ =?
𝟏 1 1 ℎ𝑞
= − 𝒉′ = −
𝒒 𝑓 𝑝 𝑝
Then, Substitute the given values to the Make sense of the computed Answer
formula What is the image’s distance and height?
𝟏 1 1 Then describe the image using S.O.L.T.
= −
𝒒 𝑓 𝑝 The image distance is 3.3 cm.
𝟏 1 1 The image height is 2.0 cm
= −
𝒒 2.0 𝑐𝑚 5.0 𝑐𝑚 S = The image is reduced or smaller than
𝟏 5.0 𝑐𝑚 − 2.0 𝑐𝑚 the object since its object’s height is 3.0
=
𝒒 10𝑐𝑚2 cm.
10 𝑐𝑚2 O = the image is inverted since the
𝑞=
3.0 𝑐𝑚 computed value for the h’ is negative.
𝒒 = 𝟑. 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 L = The image is located in front of the
Since we have the value for q mirror since the computed value for q is
ℎ𝑞 positive.
𝒉′ = −
𝑝 T = The image is real since the image is
(3.0 𝑐𝑚)(3.3 𝑐𝑚) located in front of the mirror.
𝒉′ = −
5.0 𝑐𝑚
9.9 𝑐𝑚2
𝒉′ = −
5.0 𝑐𝑚
𝒉′ = −𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 𝒄𝒎 𝒐𝒓 − 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒄𝒎

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Now it is your time to try using the mirror equation and magnification formula.
1. A 5.0 cm-tall candle is placed 30 cm in front of a concave mirror whose
focal length is 20 cm. What is the image’s distance and height? Describe
the image using S.O.L.T.
2. You placed your face 6.0 cm from the back of the spoon, and you saw the
image of your face somehow got closer to the spoon, approximately 2.0
cm. What is the spoon’s focal length? Describe the image using S.O.L.T.

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Lesson
Images Formed by Lenses
3

What’s In

Another property of light that has many useful applications is refraction. As


you had discussed in Grade 8, refraction is the bending of the light caused by the
difference in density where light will travel.

Identify the direction of light after it passed from one medium to another.

What’s New

Activity: Reversing Laser & Arrow

Objectives:

1. Investigate the refractive property of light using improvised materials.


2. Describe the image formed by an object in various distances from the
refracting substance.

You Will Need:

 1.5 soft drink bottle (clear and cleaned)


 Water
 Laser
 Arrow drawn on paper

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Procedure: (suggested location: dark area)

1. Fill up a 1.5 bottle with water until it is full.


2. Place a clean bond paper one foot behind the bottle.
3. Point the laser in the middle of the bottle. Slowly move your hand to the
right with the laser. Observe the laser light projected on the screen.
4. On a separate sheet of paper, draw the path the laser light traveled from the
laser to the screen. Use the illustration below as a guide for your drawing.

Figure 14 Setup of the activity Reversing Laser & Arrow

5. Then, slowly move your hand with the laser to the left. Observe.
6. On the same paper, draw the path where laser light traveled from the laser
to the screen.
7. Get the paper with an arrow drawn on it. Place it directly behind the bottle.
The arrow should be pointing to the right.
8. Then move the paper sideways (from left to right) and observe the image
formed in the bottle.
9. Draw the image projected in the bottle when the arrow is directly behind the
bottle
10. Repeat steps 7-9, but the paper with an arrow should be placed one foot
away behind the bottle.

Guide Questions:
1. What happened when the laser light is pointed at the middle of the bottle?
What does it indicate?
2. When you moved the laser to the right, what happened to the light projected
on the screen? What happened when the laser was moved to the left?
3. What causes this phenomenon?
4. What happened to the orientation of the arrow when it is placed near the
bottle? When it is one foot away from the bottle?

What Is It

Types of Lenses
Lenses are objects, usually made of glass, that refract light. They may form
into different shapes depending on the purpose. In this module, we will focus on

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spherical lenses. There are also plenty of types of spherical lenses, but we will
only discuss two, convex and concave lenses.
Table 3. Types of Lenses
CONVEX LENS CONCAVE LENS
 also known as converging lens  also known as diverging lens
 a type of lens that is bulging or  thinner in the center and thicker
thicker at the center at the edges
 when light passes through it, the  when light passes through it,
light converges at a single point light diverges or scatters

Figure 15: (A) When light passes a convex lens it converges; (B) When light passes a concave lens, it diverges.

In the previous
activity, the bottle
with water serves
as a lens (convex
lens) and refracts
the laser light. As
you have noticed,
the light changes
its direction. This
is due to the
change in material
that light travels –
from air to water
and water to air.
And when an
object is placed
Figure 16. (A) Convex lens forming image on the screen; (B) view of the behind the bottle,
clock in a convex lens; (C) Concave lens does not form image on the the image formed
screen; (D) View of the clock in a concave lens. is different at a
varying location.

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Image formation by Spherical Lenses through Ray Diagramming Techniques
Images formed by spherical lenses follow the law of refraction. Keep in mind
that the light comes from the object in all directions but to analyze it easily,
convenient rays will be picked to locate the image. We will not focus on the
refraction that happens when light enters the lens and when light leaves the lens,
but we will show the refraction that takes place in the middle of the lens. Here are
the things that will be followed and considered (note that other references and
textbooks may have more parts and rays):
1. Parts of the diagram
A. Lens – It can be a concave or convex lens.
B. Principal Axis – An imaginary line that bisects the spherical lenses
horizontally.
C. Primary Focus (F) - Located along the principal axis. Depends on the
type of lens – for a convex lens, it is on the same side with the object
and for a concave lens, it is on the opposite side of the object.
D. Secondary Focus (F’) - Located along the principal axis. Depends on
the type of lens – for a convex lens, it is on the opposite side of the
object and for a concave lens, it is on the same side with the object.
E. Optical Center (O) – Located at the intersection of the principal axis
and the lens.
Incident ray
Incident ray

(A) (B)
Figure 17. Parts of the diagram of (A) convex len (B) concave lens

2. Rays to be used
A. Incident ray PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS and when it
refracts, it will (A) MOVE TOWARDS THE SECONDARY FOCUS or
(B)FOLLOW THE PATH ALONG THE SECONDARY FOCUS (F’).

(B)
(A)
Figure 18. Ray A used in (A) convex lens and (B) concave lens

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
B. Incident ray (A)PASSING THE PRIMARY FOCUS or (B) MOVING
TOWARDS THE PRIMARY FOCUS and when it hits the mirror, it
will refract PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS.

(A)
(B)
Figure 19. Ray B used in (A) convex lens and (B) concave lens

C. Incident ray PASSING THE OPTICAL CENTER and it will


continue its path because there will be no refraction.

(A) (B)
Figure 20. Ray C used in (A) convex lens and (B) concave lens
3. Description of the Image
The image is formed at the intersection of the refracted rays and it
can be described based on its Size, Orientation, Location, and
Type (S.O.L.T). (Note: if in case there is no intersection because the
refracted rays are parallel to each other, no image is formed.)
A. Size (S) – It describes the height of the image as compared to the
object’s height. It can be described as SMALLER/REDUCED,
SAME SIZE, or LARGER/MAGNIFIED.
B. Orientation (O) – It describes the positioning of the image when
compared to the object. It can be UPRIGHT if it has the same
position as the object and INVERTED if otherwise. (Note that if the
object is initially inverted, and the image is also inverted, it should
be described as upright.)
C. Location (L) – It describes where the image is formed. It can be on
the SAME SIDE WITH THE OBJECT or on the OPPOSITE SIDE
OF THE OBJECT.

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D. Type (T) – It describes the type of image formed. It can be
described as REAL if the image is formed by the actual refracted
ray and located at the opposite side of the object. VIRTUAL if the
image is formed by an extended refracted ray and located at the
same side with the object.
Here is an example of how ray diagramming techniques are used to locate and
describe the image formed by an object.
1. Convex Lens
We will consider an object placed far from the lens. We may use two pairs of
incidents and refracted rays depending on the location of the object.
Incident ray PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS and Incident ray PASSING THE OPTICAL CENTER and it
when it refracts, it will MOVE TOWARDS THE will continue its path because there will be no
SECONDARY FOCUS. refraction

The image is formed at the intersection of the


refracted rays. Description of the image
S – reduced
O – inverted
L – at the opposite side
of the object
T - real

2. Concave Lens
Incident ray PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL AXIS and when it Incident ray MOVING TOWARDS THE PRIMARY FOCUS and
refracts, it will FOLLOW THE PATH ALONG THE when it hits the mirror, it will refract PARALLEL TO THE
SECONDARY FOCUS (F’). PRINCIPAL AXIS.

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Since the refracted rays do not seem to intersect at the other
side of the lens, extending the line of the refracted rays Description of the image
backwards form an intersection, thus, an image is formed.
S – reduced
O – upright
L – same side with the object
T - virtual

What’s More

Use the ray diagramming technique to describe the image formed by concave
and convex lenses at different positions using S-O-L-T (Size, Orientation,
Location, and Type). Use the following measurement: focal length = 1.5 cm, and
height of object = 2.0 cm.
LOCATION OF THE OBJECT SIZE ORIENTATION LOCATION TYPE
Convex Lens
A. At 2F 1. 2. 3. 4.
B. Beyond 3F 5. 6. 7. 8.
C. Between F and 2F 9. 10. 11. 12.
D. At F 13. 14. 15. 16.
E. Between F and lens 17. 18. 19. 20.
Concave Lens
F. At 2F 21. 22. 23. 24.
G. Beyond 2F 25. 26. 27. 28.
H. Between F’ and 2F 29. 30. 31. 32.
I. At F’ 33. 34. 35. 36.
J. Between F’ and lens 37. 38. 39. 40.
A. H.

What I Have Learned

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City of Good Character
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Answer the following questions.

1. What happens when light passes a convex lens?

2. What happens when light passes a concave lens?

3. How will you describe the image produced by an object at varying


distance from the convex lens?

4. How will you describe the image produced by an object at varying


distances from the concave lens?

What I Can Do

Study how human eyes work including the conditions/ eye defects:
Nearsightedness and Farsightedness. Make an infographic on how the normal,
nearsighted, and farsighted eyes form images. Also, include the kind of lens used
to correct these eye defects. (Infographic is a visual image used to represent
information.)
Rubrics for scoring
Content – 10 pts. Accurate and detailed information are provided.
Organization – 5 pts. Information are organized systematically and easy for the
reader to understand
Visual Appeal - 5 pts. Letters, colors, images, layouts, and other visual elements
help in expressing the overall idea of the infographics
Citation – 5 pts. All sources of information are cited using APA style (7th ed.)

Assessment
Analyze each statement carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
___________1. Convex lens is also called a converging lens.
___________2. Virtual and real images are produced by a concave lens.
___________3. When light passes through the optical center, refraction occurs.
___________4. When a parallel light passes through a convex lens, it refracts
towards the secondary focus.
___________5. When a parallel light passes through a concave lens, it refracts along
with the secondary focus.

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Additional Activities

Lens Maker Equation and Magnification Formula


Describing the image formed by spherical mirrors (using S.O.L.T) may be
done mathematically through the lens maker equation for the distances and
magnification formula for the height.
1 1 1 ℎ′ 𝑞
= + =−
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞 ℎ 𝑝
Where:
f = focal length of the lens
p = object’s distance from the lens
q = image’s distance from the lens
h = object’s height
h’ = image’s height
In using the formula, the following sign convention should be considered.
Quantity Description - sign
Convex lens – positive (+)
Focal length (f)
Concave lens – negative (-)
Opposite side of the object – positive (+)
Image distance from the lens
Same side with the object – negative (-)
Upright – positive (+)
Image height
Inverted – negative (-)
Object’s distance and height are always positive.
Let us try one example.
A magnifying glass (convex lens) is used to increase the size of a small
object. What is the image distance and height if a 5.0-cm focal length magnifying
glass is placed 2.0 cm away from a 1.5 cm rice grain? Then describe the image
using S.O.L.T.
We will follow the GFSA method.

First, let us write down all the Given. Next, determine the Formula to be
f = + 5.0 cm used.
p = 2.0 cm Rearranging the variables from
q =? 1 1 1 ℎ′ 𝑞
h = 1.5 cm = + =−
𝑓 𝑝 𝑞 ℎ 𝑝
h’ =?
to, since we are looking for q and h’

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
𝟏 1 1 ℎ𝑞
= − 𝒉′ = −
𝒒 𝑓 𝑝 𝑝

Then, Substitute the given values to Make sense of the computed Answer
the formula What is the image distance and height?
𝟏 1 1 Then describe the image using S.O.L.T.
= −
𝒒 𝑓 𝑝 The image distance is -3.3 cm.
𝟏 1 1 The image height is 2.5 cm
= −
𝒒 5.0 𝑐𝑚 2.0 𝑐𝑚 S = The image is enlarged or bigger
𝟏 2.0 𝑐𝑚 − 5.0 𝑐𝑚 than the object since its object’s
=
𝒒 10𝑐𝑚2 height is 1.5 cm.
10 𝑐𝑚2 O = the image is upright since the
𝑞=
−3.0 𝑐𝑚 computed value for the h’ is positive.
𝒒 = −𝟑. 𝟑 𝒄𝒎 L = The image is located at the same
Since we have the value for q side with the object since the
ℎ𝑞 computed value for q is negative.
𝒉′ = −
𝑝 T = The image is virtual since the
(1.5 𝑐𝑚)(−3.3 𝑐𝑚) image is located at the same side with
𝒉′ = −
2.0 𝑐𝑚 the object.
−4.95 𝑐𝑚2
𝒉′ = −
5.0 𝑐𝑚

𝒉 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝒄𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Now it is your time to try using the lens maker equation and magnification
formula.
1. A 15-cm object is placed 30 cm away from a convex lens having a 45 cm
focal length. What is the distance and height of the image? Then describe
the image using S.O.L.T.
2. A diverging lens that has a 20-cm focal length is positioned 5.0 cm from
a 2.0-cm object. Will the image be larger or smaller? Prove your answer.

Posttest

Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which term refers to the length between b and c in the


given figure?
A. Radius C. Focal length
B. Center of curvature D. Vertex

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City of Good Character
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
2. Which of the following supports the laws of reflection?
I. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
II. The angle of incidence is greater than or less than the angle of reflection
depending on the medium.
III. The incident ray, the normal line, and the reflected ray lie on the same
plane.
IV. The incident ray, the normal line and the reflected ray lie on different
planes.
A. I & III C. II & III
B. I & IV D. II & IV

3. Which is true about the image formed in the plane mirror?


I. Real V. Same size
II. Virtual VI. Magnified
III. Upright VII. Diminished
IV. Inverted
A. I, IV, VII C. II, III, VII
B. I, IV, V D. II, III, V

4. What image will be produced by a convex mirror?


A. Virtual, upright, smaller than the object.
B. Virtual, upright, larger than the object.
C. Real, inverted, smaller than the object.
D. Real, inverted, larger than the object.

5. In what position will the image be if an object is


placed in front of a convex mirror as shown in the
figure on the right?

6. As shown in the figure below, a glass of water is placed in front of an arrow.


Which of the following will most likely be the image you will perceive?

A. C.

B. D.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
7. In the figure at the right, which ray(s) will pass
through the primary focus after refraction?
A. Ray 1 only F
B. Ray 2 only
C. Ray 3 only
D. Rays 1 and 2

8. If the light rays strike the diverging lens (as shown in


the figure at the right), what will happen with the
light rays? ‘
A. It will bounce back on the same side.
B. It will converge at F’.
C. It will diverge at F’.
D. Nothing will happen.

9. Where will the image form if the object is placed between


F and 2F as shown in the figure on the right?
A. At F’
B. At 2F’ F F’
C. At infinity
D. Beyond 2F’

10. What kind of image will be formed in the previous figure?


A. Multiple images C. Real
B. No image will be formed D. Virtual

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City of Good Character
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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
City of Good Character
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What’s In
Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3
1. B Darkness cannot drive out darkness; 1. B
2. C only light can do. Hate cannot drive 2. D
3. C out hate; only love can do.
What’s New
Lesson 1.
1. The laser bounce off to other direction.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Lesson 2
1. A regular mirror is flat, the spoon is curved.
2. when the shape is curved inwards, the image formed is inverted. It changed when you move it
away. When the shape is curved outwards, the image is small and you can see more images.
Lesson 3
1. the light just pass through. No refraction occurs at the center of the bottle.
2. When the light is moved to the right, the light is projected on the left. Opposite happens when
the light is moved to the left.
3. refraction and the shape of the container.
4. The orientation of the arrow is the same but it is enlarged. When it is moved one foot away, the
arrow is inverted.
What’s More
Lesson 1 – Answers may vary
Lesson 2
LOCATION OF THE OBJECT SIZE ORIENTATION LOCATION TYPE
Concave mirror
A. At C Same size inverted Front of the mirror Real
B. Beyond C smaller inverted Front of the mirror Real
C. Between F and C enlarged inverted Front of the mirror Real
D. At F No image No image No image No image
E. Between F and mirror enlarged upright Behind the mirror virtual
Convex mirror
F. Near the mirror smaller upright Behind the mirror virtual
G. Far from the mirror smaller upright Behind the mirror virtual
Lesson 3
LOCATION OF THE OBJECT SIZE ORIENTATION LOCATION TYPE
Convex Lens
A. At 2F Same size inverted Opposite side of Real
object
B. Beyond 2F smaller inverted Opposite side of Real
object
C. Between F and 2F enlarged inverted Opposite side of Real
object
D. At F No image No image No image No image
E. Between F and lens enlarged upright Same side with virtual
object
Concave Lens
F. At 2F smaller upright Behind the mirror virtual
G. Beyond 2F smaller upright Behind the mirror virtual
H. Between F’ and 2F smaller upright Behind the mirror virtual
I. At F’ smaller upright Behind the mirror virtual
J. Between F’ and lens smaller upright Behind the mirror virtual
Answer Key
DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
City of Good Character
31
1151). Harlow, Essex, England: Pearson Education.
Sears and Zemansky's university physics: With modern physics (pp. 1078-
Young, H. D., Freedman, R. A., Ford, A. L., & Sears, F. W. (2014). Optics. In
732-782). Australia: Brooks/Cole.
Serway, R. A., & Vuille, C. (2014). Light and Optics. In College physics (pp.
problems-solution-step-discipline.pdf
July 27, 2020, from https://peer.asee.org/solving-problem-solving-
American Society for Engineering Education, 9.1110.1-9.1110.11. Retrieved
Alenskis, B. A. (2004). Solving Problem-Solving Problems: Solution Step Discipline.
References
What I have Learned
Lesson 1.
1. Equal
2. Reflection
3. Normal line
4. Same plane
Lesson 2
1. Plane, Concave and convex mirror
2. Plane mirror has flat surface, concave mirror has inward curved surface, and convex
mirror has outward curved surface.
3. The image produces by plane mirror is virtual, same size and upright.
4. The image produced by concave mirror depends on the distance of the object. If it is near,
the image it produce is virtual enlarged and upright. If it is very far, the image is smaller,
inverted, and real.
5. At any distance from the convex mirror, the image formed is virtual smaller and upright.
Lesson 3
1. It converges towards the focus.
2. It diverges along the focus
3. The image produced by convex lens depends on the distance of the object. If it is near,
the image it produce is virtual enlarged and upright. If it is very far, the image is smaller,
inverted, and real.
4. At any distance from the concave lens, the image formed is virtual smaller and upright.
Assessment
Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3
1. T 1. T 1. T
2. F 2. T 2. F
3. T 3. F 3. F
4. T 4T
5. T 5. T
Additional
Activities
Lesson 2 Lesson 3.
1. q = 60 cm 1. q = 90 cm
h’ = 10 cm 2. H’ – 45 cm
Development Team of the Module
Writer: Guiller P. Belen

Content Editors: Alma B. Castaño


Jessica S. Mateo
Robert J. Gaviola
Language Editors: Lei B. Penaflor
Merian Dizon
Catherine C. Paningbatan

PNE External Validator: Carmela O. Capanzana


Cover Illustrators: Keith Angeline N. Alejandro
Guiller P. Belen
Layout Artists: Guiller P. Belen
Jemwel Dela Paz

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero


EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City


Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

City of Good Character


DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE

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