Introduction toElectronics and Communication MODULE- 5

Course Name: Introduction to Course Code: AY:2023-2024

Electronics Engineering BESCK104C

MODULE 5

Syllabus:

Analog Communication Schemes– Modern communication system scheme, Information source, and
input transducer, Transmitter, Channel or Medium – Hardwired and Soft wired, Noise, Receiver,
Multiplexing, Types of communication systems. Types of modulation (only concepts) – AM , FM,
Phase Modulation, Concept of Radio wave propagation (Ground, space, sky )

Digital Modulation Schemes –Advantages of digital communication over analog communication ,

ASK, FSK, PSK, Radio signal transmission ,Multiple access techniques.

Learning Out come :

CO5: Prioritize the need and various types of electronic communication systems, modulation
techniques and multiplexing schemes.

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Introduction toElectronics and Communication MODULE- 5

Analog Communication Schemes

MODERN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SCHEME:

• Communication engineering deals with the techniques of transmitting information.

• Communication engineering means electrical communication, in which inform

information is
transmitted through electrical signals.

• Electrical communication is a process by which the information message is transmitted from one
point to another, from one person to another, or from one place to another in the form of electrical
signals, through some communication link.

• Basic communication system provides a link between the information source and its
destination. The process of electrical communication involves sending, receiving, and processing
information in electrical form.
• The information to be transmitted passes through a number of stages of the communication
system prior it reaches its destination.

• Figure .1 shows a block schematic diagram of the most general form of basic
communication system.

Fig 5.1 Schematic diagram of the most general form of basic communication system.

The main constituents of basic communication system are:

(i) Information source and input transducer

(ii) Transmitter
(iii) Channel or medium
(iv) Noise
(v) Receiver
(vi) Output transducer and final destination
destination.

(i) Information source:

 A communication system transmits information from an information source to a destination and hence
the first stage of a communication system is the information source.
 Ex: A sentence or paragraph spoken by a person is a message that contains some information. The
person, in this case, acts as information source
source. Few other familiar examples of messages are voice,
live scenes, music, written text, and e-mail.
A communication system transmits information in the form of electrical signal orsignals.
Input transducer:
A transducer is a device that converts a non
non-electrical
electrical energy into its corresponding electrical energy called
signal and vice versa,
Example-During a telephone conversation, the wordsspoken by a person are in the form of sound energy.

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An example of a transducer is a microphone. Microphone converts sound signals into the
corresponding electrical signals.
Similarly,, a television (TV) picture tube converts electrical signals into its corresponding pictures.
The information produced by the information source is applied to the next stage,termed
ermed the input transducer.
This in turn, produces an electrical signal corresponding to the information as output
This electrical signal is called the baseband signal. It is also called a message signal s(t).
There are two types of signals. (a) analog signal, and (b) digital signal.
Analog Signal
An analog signal is a function of time, and has a continuous range of values
values. Example
xample - pure sine wave form.
A practical example of an analog signal is a voice signal
signal. When a voice signal is converted to electrical for by a
microphone, one gets a corresponding electrical analog signal.

Fig 5.2: Analog signals (a) Pure sine wave (b) Typical speech signal
Digital signal
 A digital signal does not have continuous function values on a time scale, i.e., it has some values at discrete
timings.
 A familiar example of a digital signal is the sound signal produced by drumbeats.

Fig 5.3.
3. Digital signal

 Digital signals in their true sense correspond to a binary digital signal, where thediscrete amplitude of the signal is
coded into binary digits represented by ‘0’ and ‘1’.
 The analog signal, which is continuous in time, is converted to discrete time, using
ng aprocedure calling sampling.
 The continuous amplitude of the analog signal is converted to discrete amplitude using a process called
quantization.
 Sampling and quantization are together termed as analog
analog-to-digital
digital conversion (ADC) and the circuitry that
performs this operation is called an analog to-digital converter.
Transmitter:
The transmitter section processes the signal prior transmission. There are two followingoptions for processing signals
prior transmission:
 The baseband signal, which lies in the low frequency spectrum, is translated to a higherfrequency spectrum.
 The baseband signal is transmitted without translating it to a higher frequency spectrum.
spectrum

• The baseband signal is converted into a corresponding series of sine waves of twodifferent
frequencies prior to transmission. Figure 5.4 illustrates this processing.

• The carrier communication system is based on the principle of translating a lowfrequency

baseband signal to higher frequency spectrum. This process is termed as modulation.

• If the baseband signal is a digital signal, the carrier communication system is called a digital
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communication system. The digital modulation methods are employed for this.

• If the baseband signal is an analog signal, the carrier communication system is call
called as an
analog communication system and for processing the analog modulation techniques areused

Fig: 5.4 a. The processing of a baseband signal

Fig: 5.4 b. The processing of a baseband signal

Block Diagram of Transmitter Section

Fig. 5.5 Block diagram representing schematic of an analog transmitter section

Figure 5.5 shows the baseband signal, s(t) applied to the modulated stage.
This stagetranslates the baseband signal from its low frequency spectrum to high frequency spectrum.This stage also
receives another input called
alled the carrier signal, c(t), which is generated by a high frequency carrier oscillator.
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Modulation takes place at this stage with the baseband and the carrier signals as twoinputs after modulation, the
baseband signal is translated to a high frequency spectrum and the carrier signal is said to be modulated by the
baseband signal.
The output of the modulated stage is called the modulated signal, and is designated asx(t). The voltage of the modulated
signal is then amplified to drive the last stage of the transmitter, called the power amplifier stage (Fig. 5.5).
This stage amplifies the power of the modulated signal and thus it carries enough power to reach the receiver stage of
the communication system. Finally, the signal is passedto the transmission medium or channel.
Radio signals are transmitted through electromagnetic (em) waves, also referred as radio waves, in a radio
communication system.
The radio waves have a wide frequency range starting from a few ten kilo Hertz (Hz)to several thousand Mega Hertz
(MHz).
Channel or Medium:
After the required processing, the transmitter section passes the signal to thetransmission medium.
The signal propagates through the transmission medium and is received at the other side bythe receiver section.
The transmission medium between the transmitter and the receiver is called a channel.
Most of the noise is addedto the signal during its transmission through the channel.
Depending on the physical implementations, one can classify the channels in thefollowing two groups:
Hardware Channels:
These channels are manmade structure which can be used as transmission medium. There arefollowing three possible
implementations of the hardware channels.
1. Transmission lines 2. Waveguides 3. Optical Fiber Cables (OFC)
1.The examples of transmission lines are Twisted-pair cables used in landline telephony a & coaxial cables used for
cable TV transmission. However, transmission lines are not suitable for ultra-high frequency (UHF) transmission.
2. Waveguides are employed as medium- To transmit signals at UHF range
3. Optical fiber cables are highly sophisticated transmission media, in the form of extremely thin circular pipes. e.g.,
landline telephony and cable TV network.

Software Channels:
There are certain natural resources which can be used as the transmission medium for signals.Such
transmission media are called software channels.The most widely used software channel is air or open
space.
Noise:
In electronics and communication engineering, noise is defined as unwanted electrical energy
Obviously, noise is an electrical disturbance, which does not contain any useful information. Thus, noise is a highly
undesirable part of a communication system, and have tobe minimized.

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Receiver:
• The task of the receiver is to provide the original information to the user.
• The signal received by the receiver, thus does not contain information in its original form.
• The receiver system receives the transmitted signal and performs some processing on to the
original baseband signal.
• The function of the receiver section is to separate the noise from the received signal,and then
recover the original baseband signal by performing some processing on it.
• The demodulation process removes the high frequency carrier from tthe
he received signal and
retrieves the original baseband.

• From Fig. 5.6 it is evident that the received signal, r(t), is first amplified by the front
front-end voltage
amplifier. This is done to strengthen the received signal,
• Next, this signal is given to the demodulator, which in turn, demodulates the received signal to
recover the original baseband signal
signal.
• After recovering theoriginal baseband signal, its voltage and power is amplified prior it to final
destination block.

Destination:
Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message signal into its original

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form. For example in radio broadcasting, the destination is a loud speaker which works as a
transducer that converts the electrical signal to original sound signal.

MULTIPLEXING
• This is a technique that is most widely used in nearly all types of communicationsystems, radio
and line communication systems.
• Basically, multiplexing is a process which allows more than one signal to transmitthrough a single
channel.
• The use of multiplexing also makes the communication system economical becausemore than
one signal can be transmitted through a single channel.
• Multiplexing is possible in communication system only through modulation.

Example.- If many people speak loudly and simultaneously, then it becomes nearly impossible to understand
their conversion because the overall result is noise. The human ear is not capable of separating these speeches
and therefore no intelligent words arecommunicated to brain.

The same situation is now applied to the transmission of audio signals. These audio signals may come from, say
ten different persons. While the speech frequency of different persons will be different, all the ten signals will lie
in the same audio range of 20 Hzto 20 kHz.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Fig 5.7: Types of Communication Systems

MODULATION

Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal, in accordance withthe

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instantaneous values of the modulating signal.

Types of Modulation:
1. Amplitude Modulation 2. Frequency Modulation 3.Phase Modulation
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)

• AM is defined as the modulation technique in which the instantaneous amplitude of the carrier signal is
varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the analog modulating signal to be transmitted
while the frequency and the phase of the carrier signalremain unchanged.

• Figure 5.8 shows the high frequency carrier signal, modulating signal and the modulatedsignal.

It can be clearly seen from the figure 5.8 that the modula
modulating signal seems to be superimposed on the carrier
signal.

2.Frequency Modulation (FM):

 Frequency
requency modulation is the process of changing the frequency of the carrier voltage in accordance with
the instantaneous value of the modulating voltage.
 The original
al frequency of the carrier signal is called Centre and denoted by fc.
 The amount by which the frequency of the carrier wave changes or shifts above or below the resting
frequency is termed as frequency deviation (Δf)

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3. Phase modulation(PM):
Phase modulation is the process in which the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal-the amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal remain unaltered

Radio wave propagation (Ground, space, sky):

 In space communication electromagnetic waves of different frequencies are used to carry information
through the physical space
 Electromagnetic waves with frequencies extending from about 10 kHz to 300 GHz are classed as
radio waves.
 On the basis of the mode of propagation, radio wavescan be broadly classified as:

(a) Ground or surface wave. (b) Space

pace or troposphere wave. (c) Sky way.
Ground wave propagation:

 In ground wave propagation, radio waves are guided by the earth and move along itscurved surface
from the transmitter to the receiver.
 As the waves moves over the ground
ground-high frequency waves are strongly absorbed by ground;
 groundwave propagation is useful only at low frequencies.
 Below 500 kHz, ground waves can be use
usedd for communication within distances of about 1500 km from
the transmitter.
 AM radio broadcast in the medium frequency band cover local areas and take placeprimarily by the
ground wave. Ground wave transmission is very reliable whatever the atmospheric conditions
c be.

Space or troposphere wave propagation:

 When a radio wave transmitted from an antenna, travelling in a straight line directly reaches the
receiving antenna, it is termed as space or troposphere wave. within about 15 km over the surface of

 The space wave is made up of two components:

a. A direct or line-of- sight waveform the transmitting to the receiving antenna.
b. The ground-reflected wave from transmitting antenna to ground and reflected to the receiving antenna.
c. Television frequencies in the range 100-220 MHz are transmitted through this mode.

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(a). Sky wave propagation:

 In this mode of propagation, radio waves transmitted from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving
antenna after reflection form the ionosphere,

 Short wave transmission around the globe is possible through sky wave via successivereflections at the
ionosphere and the earth's surface.

Digital Modulation Schemes

1. Advantages of digital communication over analog communication

 Immunity to Noise
 Efficient use of communication bandwidth (through compression).
 Higher security (data encryption)
 The ability to detect errors and correct them if necessary.
 Design and manufacturing of electronics for digital communication systems is much easier
and much cheaper than the
e design and manufacturing of electronics for analog
communication systems.
 In digital communications, the modulating signal consists of binary data
data.
 When it is required to transmit digital signals on a channel, the amplitude, frequency or
phase of the sinusoidal carrier is varied in accordance with the incoming digital data.
Digital modulation schemes as classified as under:

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) 2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Because of constant amplitude of FSK and PSK, the effect of- noise interferenceis minimum on signal detection-
detection
However, these effects are more pronounced on ASK. Therefore, FSK and PSK are preferred over ASK.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):

ASK represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave

ASK signal can be generated when the incoming binary data and the sinusoidal carrierare applied to a product
modulator as inputs.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

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Digital signal is transmitted by switching between low frequency and highfrequency in order to represent 0’s and 1’s.
The simplest FSK is Binary FSK (BFSK).
It uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information.

Phase Shift Keying (PSK):

 The carrier Phase is shifted between two different phases (typically 00 to 1800 )- depending on whether
0-bit or 1-bit is being transmitted.
 The simplest form of PSK is Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK).

Radio Signal Transmission

Fig 5.14 shows the architecture of a wireless communication transmitter. In the figure,the transmitter usually processes
the information in two stages.
In the first stage, a modulator accepts the incoming bits, and computes them as symbols that-Then passes these to the
analogue transmitter, which generates the radio wave itself.
The modulation scheme used in Fig. 5.14 is known as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK).
A QPSK modulator takes the incoming bits two at a time and transmits them using a radio wave that can have
four different states. These have phases of 45°, 135°, 225° and315°.

Fig. 5.15 (a), which correspond to bit combinations of 00, 10, 11 and 01 respectively. We can represent the four
states of QPSK using the constellation diagram shown in Fig.5.15 (b).

In this diagram, the distance of each state from the origin represents the amplitude of the transmitted wave,
while the angle represents its phase.
 As shown in Fig. 5.16, LTE uses four modulation schemes.
 Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) sends bits one at a time, using two states that can be interpreted as
starting phases of 0° and 180°, or as signal amplitudes of +1 and -1.
 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) sends bits four at a time, using 16 states that have
different amplitudes and phases.
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Similarly, 64-QAM
QAM sends bits six at a time using 64 different stat
states,
es, so it has a data rate six times greater than
that of BPSK.

Fig 5.16: Modulation schemes used by LTE

Multiple Access Techniques:

The techniques described so far work well for one

one-to-one communications.. In a cellular network, however, a
base station
n has to transmit to many different mobiles at once. It does this by sharing the resources of the air
interface, in a technique known as multiple access.
Mobile communication systems use different multiple access technique-as shown in Fig. 5.17. Frequency
division multiple access (FDMA) was used by the first
first- generation analogue systems. In this technique,
each mobile receives information on its owncarrier frequency,
In time division multiple access (TDMA)
(TDMA), mobiles receive information on the same carrier frequency but at
different times.
GSM uses a mix of frequency and time division multiple access

Third generation communication systems used a different technique altogether, known as code division multiple
access (CDMA).
In this technique, mobiles receive on the same carrier frequency and at the same time
time, but the signals are labelled
by the use of codes, which allow a mobile to separate its own signalfrom those of the others.

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