Iec Module 4
Iec Module 4
Syllabus:
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Embedded Systems:
b. Software: It has a chip on the circuit that holds the software which drives controls
& monitors various operations possible.
c. Mechanical components: the internals of a washing machine which actually
wash the clothes control the input and output of water.
Example-2: Air Conditioner
An Air Conditioner from an embedded systems point of view has:
a. Hardware: Remote, display & buzzer, infrared Sensors, electronic circuitry.
b. Software: It has a chip on the circuit that holds the software which drives control
& monitors the various operations possible. The software monitors the external
temperature through the sensos and then releases the coolant or suppresses it.
c. Mechanical components: The internals of an air conditioner the motor, the outlet,
etc.
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-4
Embedded system:
Contents A system which is a A system which is a
combination of a generic combination of special-
hardware and general- purpose hardware and
purpose operating system for embedded operating system
executing a variety of & for executing specific set
applications of applications
OS It contains a general-purpose It may or may not contain
operating system (GPOS) an operating system for
functioning
Alterations Applications are alterable The firmware of the
(programmable) by the user. Embedded system is pre-
(It is possible for end user to programmed and it is non-
re-install the OS and also add alterable by the end user.
or remove user applications)
Key Factor Performance is the key Application specific
deciding factor in the selection requirements (like
of the system. Faster is better. performance, power
requirements, memory
usage etc) are the key
deciding factor.
Power More Less
consumption
Response Time Not Critical Critical for some
applications
Execution Need not be deterministic Deterministic for certain
types of ES like ‘Hard real
time systems’.
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-4
1. Small-scale:
It is suitable for simple applications.
Performance not time-critical.
It may oy may not contain OS.
Built around low performance & low cost 8 or 16 bit µp/µc.
Example: an electronic toy
2. Medium-scale:
Slightly complex in hardware & firmware requirement.
Built around medium performance & low cost 16 or 32 bit µp/µc.
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-4
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-4
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication
systems through input ports by the end users to the system core.
The system processes the signals and provide the control signals to the output
ports (actuators).
Keyboards, push button, switches, etc. are examples of common
user interface input devices and LEDs, LCDs, Piezoelectric buzzers, etc. examples
for commonuser interface output devices for a typical embedded system.
Some embedded systems do not require any manual intervention for their
operation.
They automatically sense the input parameters from real world through
sensors which are connected at input port.
The sensor information is passed to the processor after signal conditioning
and digitization.
The core of the system performs some predefined operations on input data
with the help of embedded firmware in the system and sends some actuating
signals to the actuator connect connected to the output port of the system.
The memory of the system is responsible for holding the code (control
algorithmand other important configuration details).
There are two types of memories are used in any embedded system. Fixed
memory (ROM) is used for storing code or program.
The user cannot change the firmware in this type of memory.
The most common types of memories used in embedded systems for control
algorithm storage are OTP, PROM, UVEPROM, EEPROM and FLASH.
The Core of the Embedded Systems:
The core of the embedded system falls into any one of the following categories.
1. General Purpose and Domain Specific Processors
Microprocessors
Microcontrollers
Digital Signal Processors
2. Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
3. Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)
4. Commercial off the shelf Components (COTS)
General Purpose and Domain Specific Processor:
Almost 80% of the embedded systems are processor/ controller based. The
processor may be microprocessor or a microcontroller or digital signal processor,
depending on the domain and application.
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication MODULE - 4
Microprocessor:
A silicon chip representing a Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is capable of
performing arithmetic as well as logical operations according to a pre-defined set
of Instructions, which is specific to the manufacturer
In general, the CPU contains the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit
and Working registers
Microprocessor is a dependent unit and it requires the combination of other
hardware like Memory, Timer Unit, and Interrupt Controller etc. for proper
functioning.
Developers of microprocessors:
Intel – Intel 4004 – November 1971(4-bit)
Intel – Intel 4040.
Intel – Intel 8008 – April 1972.
Intel – Intel 8080 – April 1974(8-bit).
Intel – Intel 8085 – 1976.
Microcontroller:
A highly integrated silicon chip containing a CPU, scratch pad RAM, Special
and General-purpose
purpose Register Arrays, On Chip ROM/FLASH memory for
program storage, Timer and Interrupt control units and dedicated I/O
ports.
Microcontrollers can be considered as a super set of Microprocessors.
Microprocessors
Since a microcontroller contains all the necessary functional blocks for
independent working, they found greater place in the embedded domain in place
of microprocessors.
Microcontrollers are cheap, cost effective and are readily available in the market.
Microprocessor Microcontroller
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-4
5. Used for high scale applications. 5. Used for low scale applications.
CISC RISC
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-4
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-4
A comparator is used to sense the difference in these two signals and where any
discrepancy is detected the input to the power amplifier is adjusted accordingly.
This signal is referred to as an error signal (it should be zero when the output
exactly matches the demand).
The input (demand) is often derived from a simple potentiometer connected across
a stable d.c. voltage source while the controlled device can take many forms (e.g.,
a d.c. motor, linear actuator, heater, etc.).
Transducers:
Transducers are devices that convert energy in the form of sound, light,
heat, etc.,intoan equivalent electrical signal, or vice versa.
Ex: A loudspeaker is a transducer that converts low frequency electric current
into audible sounds.
A microphone, on the other hand, is a transducer that performs the reverse
function i.e. that of converting sound pressure variations into voltage or
current. Loudspeakers and microphones can thus be considered as
complementary transducers.
Transducers may be used both as inputs to electronic circuits and outputs from
them. From the two previous examples, it should be obvious that a loudspeaker
is an output transducer designed for use in conjunction with an audio system.
A microphone is an input transducer designed for use with a recording or sound
reinforcing system.
Sensors:
A sensor is a special kind of transducer that converts energy from one form to
anotherfor any measurement or control purpose.
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module - 4
Sensors can also be classed as either digital or analog. The output of a digital
sensor can exist in only two discrete states, either ‘on’ or ‘off’, ‘low’ or ‘high’,
‘logic1’ or ‘logic 0’, etc.
Actuator:
Actuator is used for output. It is a transducer that may be either mechanical or
electrical which converts signals to corresponding physical actions.
In this approach the port pin sources the current to the LED when it is at
logic high (ie. 1).
The Cathode of LED is connected to the port pin and Anode to Vcc through a
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current limiting resistor : The LED is turned on when the port pin is at logic
Low (Logic '0’).
7-Segment Display:
• The 7-segment LED displays are available in two different configurations, namely; Common
Anode and Common Cathode.
• In the common anode configuration, the anodes of the 8 segments are connected commonly
whereas in the common cathode configuration, the cathodes of 8 LED segments are connected
commonly.
• Figure illustrates the Common Anode and Cathode configurations.
•
Based on the configuration of the 7-segment LED unit, the LED segment's anode or
cathode is connected to the port of the processor/controller in the order 'A' (least
significant port pin) and DP segment to the (most significant port pin).
• The current flow through each of the LED segments should be limited to the maximum value
supported by the LED display unit.( 20mA.)
• The current can be limited by connecting a current limiting resistor to the anode or cathode
of each segment.
•
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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-4
Question Bank
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