TUTORIAL FOR TIME VALUE OF MONEY

1. If you invest $1,000 today at an interest rate of 10%/year, how much will you have 20 years from
now assuming no withdrawals in the interim?

FV= 1000 (1+ 10%)^20= 67

2. If you invest $100 every year for the next 20 years starting one year from now and you earn
interest of 10% per year, how much will you have at the end of the 20 years? How much must you
invest each year if you want to have $50000 at the end of the 20 years?

100
FV= [(1+ 10%)^20-1]= 5727,49999
0.1

C
FV= [(1+ 10%)^20 -1]=50 000 => C= 872.9812
0.1

3. If you borrow $10,0000 from a bank for 30 years at an APR of 13%, monthly payment, what will
EFF be?

EFF= (1+13%/12) ^12 -1 =0.138032

4. What is the present value of the following cash flows at the interest rate of 10%/year?

a. $100 received 5 years from now.

PV= 100/(1+10%)^5 = 0.62092

b. $100 received 60 years from now.

PV= 100/(1+10%)^60 = 0.3284

c. $100 received each year beginning one year from now and ending 10 years from now.

PV = 100/(10%) [ 1 – 1/(1+10)^10 ]= 614,4567

d. $100 received each year for 10 years beginning now.

PV = 100/(10%) [ 1 – 1/(1+10)^9 ]+100= 675.902

e. $100 each year beginning one year from now and continuing forever. (perpetuity)

PV= 100/10% =1000

5. You want to establish a “wasting” fund, which will provide you with $1,000 per year for four
year, at which time the fund will be exhausted. How much must you put in the fund now if you
can earn 10% interest per year?

PV= 100/0.1 [1-1/(1+0.1)^4] = 316.9865446

6. You are taking out a $100,000 mortgage loan to be repaid over 25 years in 300 monthly payments.
a. If the interest rate is 16% per year, what is the amount of the monthly payment?
 16 % 1
APR=16% Periodic payment = =
12 75

[ ]
1 1
PV= 75 1− =100 000 => C=1 358.888886
( )
300
1
1+
75

b. If you can only afford to pay $1,000 per month, how large a loan you could take?

1000

[ ]
1 1
PV= 75 1− =73 589.534
( )
300
1
1+
75

c. If you can afford to pay $1,500 per month and need to borrow $100,000, how many months
would it take to pay off the mortgage?

1500

[ ]
1 1
PV = 75 1− =100 000 => n=165.888
( )
n
1
1+
75

d. If you can pay $1,500 per month, need to borrow $100,000 and want a 25-year mortgage, what
is the highest interest rate you can pay?

PV =
1500
x
1−
[ 1
( 1+ x )300
= 100,000 ]
 X= 1,48181897 (periodic rate)

APR = 17.7818277%

7. In 1626, Peter Minuit purchases Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for about $24 worth
of trinkets. If the tribe had taken cash instead and invested to earn 8% per year compounded
annually, how much would the Indians have had in 2016, 390 years later?

FV= 24 x ( 1.08 )390= 2.60301 x 1014

8. You win a $ 1million lottery, which pays you $50,000 per year for 20 years. How much is your
prize really worth, assuming an interest rate of 8%?

50 000
0.08 [
1−
1
( 1+0.08 )20
= 490 907.3704 ]
9. Your great-aunt left you $20,000 when she died. You can invest the money to earn 12% per year.
If you spend $3,540 per year out of this inheritance, how long will the money last?

3 ,540
20 , 000 x ( 1+12 % ) −
n
0.12
[ ( 1+ 12% )n−1 ] = 0
=> n =9.99833 năm

10. Calculate the net present value of the following cash flows: you invest $2000 today and receive
$200 one year from now, $980 two years from now and $ 1200 a year for two years starting three
years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 14% per year.

200 980 1200 1200

PV= 1+ 0.14 + + + – 2000 = 449.9789267
(1+ 0.14 ) ( 1+0.14 ) ( 1+0.14 )4
2 3

11. How much is the value of your 12% bank account on 1/1/2016 if you put $100 into it on 1/1/2012,
$200 on 1/1/2013, $300 on 1/1/2014?

FV= 100 x ( 1+0.12 )4 + 200 x ( 1+0.12 )3 +300 x ( 1+0.12 )2 = 814.66

12. If you put $1000 into your 14% bank account on 1/1/2012, $2000 on 1/1/2013, and $3000 on
1/1/2014, when will you get $12668.46?

FV= 1000 x ( 1+0.14 )n + 2000 x ( 1+0.14 )n−1 +3000 x ( 1+0.14 )n−2= 12668.46 =>n =7 năm

13. You must pay a creditor $8000 one year from now, $5000 two years from now, $4000 three years
from now, $2000 four years from now. You would like to restructure the loan into four equal
annual payments due at the end of each year. If the agreed interest rate is 12% compounded
annually, what is the payment?

8000 5000 4000 2000

PV= 1+ 0.12 + + + =15 246.98368
( 1+0.12 ) ( 1+0.12 ) ( 1+0.12 )4
2 3

C
[
PV= 0.12 1 –
1
( 1+0.12 )4 ]
=15 246.98368 => C= 5 019.832

14. You borrow $100,000 from a bank for 30 years at an APR of 10.5%. What is the monthly
payment? If you must pay two points up front, meaning that you only get $98,000 from the bank,
what is the true APR on the mortgage loan?

Periodic rate: 10.5%/12 =0.00875

PV =
C
0.00875 [
1–
1
( 1+0.00875 )360 ]
=100 000 => C= 914.7392945

PV =
914.7392945
i
1–
[ 1
( 1+i )360 ]
= 98 000 => i=0.0089575 => APR= 10.749 %

15. Suppose that the mortgage loan described in question 14 is a one-year adjustable rate mortgage
(ARM), which means that the 10.5% interest applies for only the first year. If the interest rate goes
up to 12% in the second year, what will your new monthly payment be?

Periodic rate= 12%/12 =1%

Số tiền còn lại phải trả sau 12 kì trả

914.73929 45
0.00875
1–
[ 1
(1+ 0.00875 )348 ]
= 99 499.4963

PV =
C
0.01[1–
1
( 1+0.01 )12 x 29 ]
=99 499.4963 => C=1 027.19182

16. An investor is looking at a $150,000 house. If 20% must be pay down and the balance is financed
at 12% over the next 30 years. What is the annually mortgage payment?

20% must pay before hand => 80% left

C
[
PV= 0.12 1 –
1
( 1+0.12 )30 ]
= 150 000 x 80%

 C= 14 897.23891
17. An investor is looking at a $150,000 house. If 20% must be pay down and the balance is financed
at APR 12% over the next 30 years. What is the monthly mortgage payment?

Periodic interest = 12%/12 = 0.01

C
[
PV= 0.01 1 –
1
( 1+0.01 )30 x 12 ]
= 150 000 x 80% => C= 1 234. 335116

18. You have just received a gift of $500 from your grandmother and you are thinking about saving
this money for graduation which is 4 years away. You have your choice between bank A which is
paying 7% for one – year deposits (compound interest annually) and bank B which is paying 6%
per year (compound every three months). What is the future value of your savings one year from
today, 4 years from today if you save your money in Bank A? Bank B? Which is the better
decision?

One year from today:

Bank A: FV=500 x (1+0.07) = 535

( )
4
0.06
Bank B: FV= 500 x 1+ = 530.6817753
4

4 years from today:

Bank A: FV= 500 x ( 1+0.07 )4 = 655.398

( ) = 634.49277
16
0.06
Bank B: FV 500 x 1+
4

 Bank A is the better option

19. Lai’s great aunt left him $20,000 when she died. He can invest the money to earn 12% per year. If
he spends $3,540 per year out of this inheritance, how long will the money last?
 3 ,540
n
20 , 000 x ( 1+12 % ) −
0.12
[ ( 1+ 12% )n−1 ] = 0
¿> ¿n= 9.99833 năm
20. Mai has three personal loans outstanding to her friend. A payment of $1000 is due today, a $500
payment is due one year from now and a $250 payment is due two years from now. She would
like to consolidate (gôp lại) the three loans into one, with thirty – six equal monthly payments,
beginning one month from today. Assume the agreed interest rate is 8% (effective annual rate) per
year. How large will the new monthly payment be?

( ) −1= 8% => i= APR=7.720836%

12
i
1+
12

PR=0.006434

500 250
PV= 1000+ 1+7.720836 % + = 1 679.609818
( 1+ 7.720836 % )2

C
PV= 0.006434 1 – [ 1
(1+ 0.006434 )36 ]
=1679.609818 => C=52.4168

21. Larry’s bank account has a “floating” interest rate on certain deposits. Every year the interest rate
is adjusted. Larry deposited $20,000 three years ago, when interest rates were 7% (annual
compounding). Last year, the rate was only 6%, and this year the rate fell again to 5%. How much
will be in his account at the end of this year?

PV= 20 000 x ( 1+0.07 ) (1+0.06) (1+0.05) =23 818.2

22. A local bank advertises the following deal: “Pay us $100 a year for 10 years and then we will
pay you (or your beneficiaries) $100 a year forever”. Is this a good deal if the interest rate
available on other deposit is 6%?

100
Value that you can receive: PV = 6 % = 1666.6

Value of your investment

100
PV= x ¿) = 736,0087
0.06

 Good deal
23. A local bank will pay you $100 a year for your lifetime if you deposit $2,500 in the bank today. If
you plan to live forever, what interest rate is the bank paying?

100
PV= = 2,500 => x= 4%
x

24. P&G company should invest in which projects among following projects:
Unit: Million VND
 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Revenue Cost Revenue Cost Revenue Cost
Project 1 800 500 1000 500 1200 600
Project 2 300 100 300 150 500 200
Project 3 1200 600 1200 600 1200 600
Project 4 500 200 600 250 800 350
IR is 10% per year.
800−500 1000−500 1200−600
NPV (project 1) = 1+0.1 + + = 1 136.739294
( 1+ 0.1 )2 ( 1+ 0.1 )3
300−100 300−150 500−200
NPV (project 2) = 1+0.1 + + = 531.1795642
(1+ 0.1 )2 (1+ 0.1 )3
1200−600 1200−600 1200−600
NPV (project 3) = 1+0.1 + + = 1 492.111195
( 1+ 0.1 )2 ( 1+ 0.1 )3
500−200 600−250 800−350
NPV (project 4) = 1+0.1 + + = 900.0751315
( 1+ 0.1 )2 ( 1+0.1 )3
 Choose project 3

25. When you purchased a house, you took out a $500,000, 30-year annual-payment mortgage with an
interest rate of 6% per year. You have now decided to pay the mortgage off by repaying the
outstanding balance. Calculate the annual payment.
What is the payoff amount if:
a. You decided to pay off the mortgage immediately after the 20th payment is made.
b. You decided to pay off the mortgage immediately before the 20th payment is due.

C
Annual payment: x ¿) =500 000 => C= 36 324.45575
0.06

a. The money left that I have to pay after 20th payment:

36 324.45575
20
500 000 ( 1+0.06 ) −
0.06
[ ( 1+ 0.06 )20−1 ] = 267 351.1562

b. The money left that I have to pay before 20th payment:

36 324.45575
20
500 000 ( 1+0.06 ) −
0.06
[ ( 1+ 0.06 )20−1 ] +36 324.45575 = 303 675.6619
26. Your parents have deposited $500 into a savings account on since you were born. Every following
year on your birthday your parents have been putting an additional amount which is 10% higher
than the last deposit. Interest rate on the account is 5%, compounded annually. How much money
will be in the account in your 20 th birthday immediately before your parents makes the deposit on
that day?

500 1+0.1 20
(1 – ( ¿ ¿ ) =15 355.23977
0.05−0.1 1+ 0.05

27. A client has $202971.39 in an account that earns 8% per year, compounded monthly. The client’s
24th birthday was yesterday and she will retire when the account value is $1 million.
a. At what age can she retire if she puts no more money in the account?
b. At what age can she retire if she puts $250 per month into the account every month, beginning one
month from today?
a. 202971.39(1+0.08)^n = 1 000 000
 n= 21 => she has to be 45, so that she can retire
b. monthly interest= 8%/12 =1/150

250
202971.39 ( 1+1/150 ) +
n
1/150
[ ( 1+1/150 )n−1 ]=1 000 000 => n=220 => n= 18 years more=> 42
years old she can retire

28. At retirement nine years from now, a client will have the option of receiving a lump sum of
$400000 or 20 annual payments of $40 000, with the first payment made at retirement. What is
annual rate the client would need to earn on a retirement investment to be indifferent between the
two choices?

40 000
r
1–
[ 1
(1+r )19 ]
+ 40 000= 400 000. => r= 8.9196%

29. You are buying a car and thinking of taking a one-year installment loan of $1,000 at an APR of
12% per year to be repaid in 12 equal monthly payments. Estimate the monthly payment.
The salesperson trying to sell you the car makes the following pitch: “Although the APR of this
loan is 12%, in fact it really works out to be a much lower rate. Because the total interest
payments over the year are only $66.19, and the loan is for $1,000, you will be only paying a
“true” interest rate of 6.62%. What is the fallacy of this reasoning?

PR= 0.01

C
0.01 [
1–
1
( 1+0.01 )12 ]
= 1 000

C=88.84878868

0.12
EAR= (1+ )^12 – 1= 12.6825% => mỗi năm tổng tiền lãi là 12.6825%x1000= 126.825> 66.19
12

30. You are looking to buy a sports car costing $23,000. One dealer is offering a special reduced
financing rate of 2.9% in the new car purchases for 3-year loans, with monthly payments. A
second dealer is offering a cash rebate. Any customer taking the cash rebate would, of course,
be ineligible (không đủ tư cách) for the special loan rate and would have to borrow the
balance of the purchase price from the local bank at 9% annual rate. How large much the
cash rebate on this $23,000 car to entice customer away from the dealer who is offering the
special 2.9%?

APR=2.9%

PR=0.2416667

C
PV= 29/12000 1 – [ 1
( 1+29/12000 )3 x12 ]
=23 000 => monthly payment C=667.8546781
Borrow from the bank:

PV=
667.8546781
9 %/12
1–
[ 1
]
( 1+3/400 )3 x 12
= 21 001.896

cash rebate = 23 000-21 001.896=1 998.1

31. Which grows to a larger future value, $1000 invested for 2 years at:
a. 10 percent each year
b. 5 percent the first year and 15 percent the second year or
c. 15 percent the first year and 5 percent the second year?
2
1 000 ( 1+ 0.1 ) =1210
1000(1+0.05) x (1+0.15) =1207,5
(1000 x (1+0.15)) x (1+0.05) =1207,5 => 10% each year grows to a larger FV

32. The exchange rate between GBP (bảng anh) and and USD is currently $1.50 per pound, the dollar
interest rate is 7%, the pound interest rate is 9%. You have $100,000 in a one-year account that
allows you to choose between either currency. If you expect the GBP/USD exchange rate is $1.40
per pound a year from now on and are indifferent to risk, which currency you should choose?

In The first year:

Invest in GBP = 100 000 => Change in to USD = 100 000:1.5= 66 666.66667

Invest in USD = 100 000 => Change in to GBP = 100 000x1.5= 150 000

In the next year:

Invest in GBP = 100 000 x (1+0.09) = 109 000 => Change in to USD= 109 000:1.5= 72 666.666667

Invest in USD = 100 000 x (1+0.07) = 107 000 => Change in to GBP = 107 000:1.5= 71 333.333333

 Should invest in USD

33. Vincent Van Gogh sold only one painting during his lifetime, for about $30. A sunflower still life
he painted in 1888 sold for $39.85 million in 1988, more than three times the highest price paid
previously for any work of art. If this painting had been purchased for $30 in 1888 and sold in
1988 for $39.85 million, what would have been the annual rate of return?
100
30 x ( 1+ x ) =39 850 000 => x= 15.14181491%

34. You have been hired as a financial advisor to Michael Jordan. He has received two offers for
playing professional basketball and wants to select the best offer, based on considerations of
money only. Offer A is a $10m offer for $2m a year for 5 years. Offer B is a $11m offer of
$1m a year for four years and $7m in year 5. What is your advice? (Hint: compare the
present value of each contract by assuming a range of interest rate, say 8% - 14%)
Offer A:

2 1
PV= [1– ]=7.9854
8% ( 1+ 8 % )5

2 1
PV= [1– ]=7.7793
9% ( 1+ 9 % )5

2 1
PV= [1– ]=7.58157
10 % ( 1+ 10 % )5

2 1
PV= [1– ]=7.39179
11% ( 1+ 11% )5

2 1
PV= [1– ]=7.2095524
12 % ( 1+ 12 % )5

2 1
PV= [1– ]=7.03446
13 % ( 1+ 13 % )5

2 1
PV= [1– ]=6.86616
14% ( 1+ 1 4 % )5

Offer B:

1 1 1 1 7
PV= + 2 + 3 +
+ =8.0762
1+ 8 % ( 1+ 8 % ) ( 1+ 8 % ) ( 1+ 8 % ) ( 1+8 % )5
4

4
1
1−
( 1+ 9 % ) +7
PV= 1 x =7.78923
1+ 9 % 1 ( 1+ 9 % )5
1−
1+9 %
4
1
1−
( 1+10 % ) +7
PV= 1 x =7.516314
1+ 10 % 1 ( 1+ 10 % )5
1−
1+10 %
4
1
1−
( 1+11 % ) +7
PV= 1 x =7.2566
1+ 11% 1 ( 1+ 11% )5
1−
1+11%
4
1
1−
( 1+12 % ) +7
PV= 1 x =7.00933
1+ 12% 1 ( 1+ 12% )5
1−
1+12 %
 4
1
1−
( 1+13 % ) +7
PV= 1 x =6.77379
1+ 13 % 1 ( 1+ 13 % )5
1−
1+13 %
4
1
1−
( 1+14 % ) +7
PV= 1 x =6.549292955
1+ 14 % 1 ( 1+ 14 % )5
1−
1+14 %

Offer A more stable over the range of interest but Offer B more profitable when the interest rate is low

35. What is the price of a 10 years zero coupon bond with redemption value 100 if the interest
rate is assumed to be 6% p.a.?
Coupon=0
100
Price= = 55.84
( 1+ 0.06 )10
36. What is the price of a 15 years fixed interest bond with coupons semiannually of 5% and
redemption value $100 if interest rates (YTM) are assumed to be 5.5%p.a.?

Coupon= 100 x 5%/2 =2.5

2.5 1 100
Price= [1– 15 x 2 ]+ =94.9376
2.75 % ( 1+ 2.75 ) ( 1+ 2.75 )15 x 2

37. If a share has an annual dividend with the next dividend being 6.5 in one years time and dividend
growth is assumed to be 3% p.a. What is the fair price of the share assuming interest rates of
7%p.a. and assuming we hold the share indefinitely?

C 6 .5
= =162.5
r−g 0 .07−0 . 03

38. The rental income for a property is $500 p.c.m. (Per Calendar Month) with rent reviews
every 3 years. Assuming that rents will increase by 3% at each rent review what is the
present value of the income stream over the next 30 years assuming interest rates are 6.5%
p.a.?
Rent for a year =500x12=6000

( )
30
6 000 (1+0.01)
PV = 1– 30 =86 860.8027
0.065−0.01 ( 1+0.065 )

39. What is the price of a 20year zero coupon bond with redemption value 100 if the interest rate is
assumed to be 6.5% p.a.?

Coupon =0
 100
Price= =28.3797
( 1+ 0.065 )20