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PSD Line Codes

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ECE HoD PSNCET
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37 views3 pages

PSD Line Codes

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ECE HoD PSNCET
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Power Spectral Density of Line Codes

The line codes discussed in the previous lecture generally not the best
line codes to be used because all of these line codes have the form of pulses.

As it is known, pulses have spectrums of the form of sinc functions.

So, in theory, channels with infinite bandwidths are required to transmit any
of the line codes discussed previously.

To study the performance of a line code we need to consider the Power


Spectral Density (PSD) of line codes.

The reason for not being able to use the Fourier transform to find the
spectrum of a line code is that the information signals that generate a line
code is a stochastic (non– deterministic) signal, and the Fourier transform
cannot be applied for non–deterministic signals.

To study the spectrum of stochastic signals, we use the PSD, which shows
the distribution of the signal power versus the frequency.

Consider the following Polar NRZ line code y(t). This signal can be
decomposed into two signals, the information signal x(t) represented by a
sequence of delta functions that have positive or negative areas depending
on the corresponding bits (0’s or 1’s) that is convolved by a pulse signal p(t).
So,

y (t )  p (t )* x (t ).

The signal y(t) in the above relation is similar to the output that we obtain when we pass a
signal x(t) through a filter with impulse response p(t) and frequency transform P(ω). So,
the we can obtain y(t) using the following block diagram.

A property of the PSD of a signal that passes through a filter is given as

S y (ω)  P (ω) 2 xS (ω).

Using the same concept of the PSD, transmitting the signal y(t) through a channel with
impulse response c(t) and transfer function C(ω) as shown below

we see that the PSD of the received signal r(t) is

S r (ω)  P (ω) 2 yS (ω).

Knowing that the PSD gives the spectrum of random signals (so the maximum frequency
at which the PSD of a signal is non–zero can be considered as the bandwidth of that signal),
we see that for a signal y(t) to be transmitted properly through a channel, the bandwidth of
the channel Bc must at least be as much as the bandwidth of the transmitted signal y(t) (or the
bandwidth of y(t) must be less than or equal to Bc).

This means that the line codes discussed in the previous lecture are in theory not suitable for
most channels (and in practice they are not). The reason is that these line codes are built
on pulses (similar to the rect function) so they have very high bandwidth. Unless the channel
has a very high bandwidth to accommodate this wideband signal, part of the transmitted
signal will be cutoff by the channel and the received signal will be different from the
transmitted signal. When part of the spectrum of a transmitted signal is cutoff by the channel,
a phenomenon known as Inter–Symbol Interference (ISI) occurs. When square pulses
(which have high bandwidth) are transmitted, channels with limited bandwidth remove the
high frequency components of the transmitted signal. This causes the pulse of every bit to
extend beyond its boarders (instead of the pulse being confined to a bit period Tb, the pulse
depending on how much was cut from the spectrum of the
transmitted signal will extend its boundaries to several bit symbols. For some applications,
this elongation of the pulse of a specific bit may effectively extend over 100 bits on each side.
Clearly if every bit extends on each side over many bit periods, interference between the
different bits will make it very difficult to detect the received bits. Therefore, the effect of ISI
is that it will make it very difficult for the receiver to detect the transmitted bits. The extension
of a pulse over many bit periods is shown in the next figure

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