UNIT-IV:

OPERATING SYSTEM:

 Operating System- Functions,

 Measuring System Performance,
 Assemblers, Compilers and Interpreters.
 Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Multi -Tasking, Multiprocessing, Time Sharing,
 DOS,
 Windows,
 Unix/Linux

Important questions:
1. What is OS? explain functions of OS?  2019,2021,2022
2. Operating system - types of operating systems2019,2022
3. Time sharing and batch processing system. 2019
4. Multi-tasking, multi-processing 2021
5. Discuss briefly compilers, interpreters. 2021
6. Difference between assemblers, compliers, interpreters 2019,

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Operating System-function of Operating system.
An operating system (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware. It manages all the resources of the computer, such as the CPU, memory,
storage, and devices, and provides a platform for running applications.

The functions of an operating system include:

1. Booting: The OS is responsible for booting the computer system when it is turned on. This
involves loading the OS kernel into memory and initializing the hardware components.
2. Process management: The OS manages the execution of computer programs, known as
processes. This includes allocating resources to processes, scheduling them to run on the
CPU, and terminating them when they are finished.
3. Memory management: The OS manages the computer's memory, ensuring that it is used
efficiently and that no two processes try to access the same memory location at the same
time.
4. File management: The OS provides a file system for storing and organizing files on the
computer's hard drive. This includes creating and deleting files and directories, and
managing file access permissions.
5. Device management: The OS manages the computer's devices, such as the keyboard,
mouse, monitor, and printer. This includes configuring the devices and providing drivers so
that they can be used by other programs.
6. Security: The OS provides security features to protect the computer from unauthorized
access and malware attacks. This includes features such as user authentication, access
control, and encryption.

Some common operating systems include:

 Microsoft Windows
 macOS
 Linux
 Android
 iOS
Each operating system has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the best operating system for
you will depend on your specific needs and preferences.

Measuring System Performance

Measuring system performance is the process of collecting, analysing, and reporting data on how
well a system is meeting its goals and objectives.

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It is an important part of any system management process, as it allows managers to identify areas
where the system is performing well and areas where improvement is needed.

There are a variety of different ways to measure system performance, depending on the specific
system being measured. Some common metrics include:

 Throughput: The number of units of work that the system can process in a given period of
time.
 Response time: The time it takes for the system to respond to a request.
 Accuracy: The percentage of outputs that are correct.
 Availability: The percentage of time that the system is up and running.
 Reliability: The likelihood that the system will operate successfully over a given period of
time.
 Security: The system's ability to protect data and resources from unauthorized access.

Assemblers, Compilers and Interpreters.

Assemblers, compilers, and interpreters are language processors that help translate programs
written in high-level or low-level languages into machine code that a computer can understand.
Here’s a brief overview of each:
1. Assembler:
 An assembler translates programs written in assembly language into machine code

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  Assembly language is a low-level language that uses mnemonics to represent
instructions.
 The assembler converts these mnemonics into binary code that the computer can
execute.
2. Compiler:
 A compiler reads the complete source program written in a high-level language and
translates it into an equivalent program in machine language
 It processes the entire source code as a whole and generates object code if the
source code is error-free.
 The object code can be executed multiple times without recompiling.
3. Interpreter:
 An interpreter translates a single statement of the source program into machine
code and executes it immediately before moving on to the next line.
 It works line by line, translating and executing each statement sequentially
.

These language processors play crucial roles in software development, enabling programmers to
write code in higher-level languages and facilitating communication between humans and
machines

Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Multi -Tasking,

Multiprocessing, Time Sharing:
Batch processing, multiprogramming, multitasking, multiprocessing, and time-sharing are
all operating system concepts that help manage computer resources and improve system
performance.
1. Batch processing:
 Batch processing is a technique in which a computer processes a large number of
similar jobs in a single batch.
 The jobs are collected over time and then processed together without any user
interaction.
 Batch processing is useful for tasks that require little or no user interaction, such as
payroll processing or report generation.
2. Multiprogramming:

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  Multiprogramming is the technique of keeping multiple programs in the main
memory at the same time ready for execution.
 When one program needs to wait for I/O operations, the CPU can switch to another
program that is ready to execute.
 This technique helps to keep the CPU busy and improve system performance.
3. Multitasking:
 Multitasking is similar to multiprogramming but with a key difference: it allows
multiple programs to run simultaneously on a single CPU by dividing the CPU time
between them.
 The CPU switches between programs so quickly that it appears as if they are running
simultaneously.
 This technique is useful for interactive applications that require user input, such as
word processors or web browsers.
4. Multiprocessing:
 Multiprocessing is the use of more than one CPU in a computer system.
 Each CPU can execute different programs or parts of the same program
simultaneously, which can significantly improve system performance.
5. Time-sharing:
 Time-sharing is a technique that allows multiple users to access a computer system
simultaneously by dividing the CPU time between them.
 Each user has the illusion of having exclusive use of the system, even though they are
sharing it with others.
 This technique is useful for systems that need to support multiple users, such as
mainframe computers or web servers.

These concepts are fundamental to modern operating systems and play crucial roles in managing
computer resources and improving system performance.

DOS- (Disk Operating System)

 DOS is a command-line operating system, meaning that users interact with it by entering
commands at a prompt.
 DOS provides basic functions for managing files and directories, running programs, and
controlling hardware devices.

MS-DOS Internal Commands:

Internal commands are loaded into the system memory during system booting.

1. CLS: To clear the screen.

Syntax: C:\> CLS

2. DIR: To view the directory and files

Syntax: C:\>Dir

3. DATE: To View and change the date

Syntax C:\>Date
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4. TIME: To view and change the time.

Syntax: C:\>Time

5. Exit: To exit from DOS screen.

Syntax: C:\>Exit

6. Cd\ To go to the root (or) main directory

Syntax: C:\computer\moniter> cd\

7. Cd To change the directory.

Syntax : CD <Directory Name>

8. Cd.. To go one directory back.

Syntax: cd..

10. Md: To make a new directory

Syntax: MD <Directory Name>

11. Rd: To remove any existing directory

Syntax: RD <Directory Name>

12. Copy Con: To create a file.

Syntax: COPY CON <FILE NAME>

13. COPY: To copy the file.

Syntax: Copy <source File Name> <New File Name>

14. Del: To delete a file

Syntax: DEL <File Name>

15. Ren: To rename the file

Syntax: REN <OLD FILE NAME> <NEW FILE NAME>

16. Ver: To check the version of DOS

Syntax: VER

17. Type: To display the contents.

Syntax: TYPE <File Name>

18. Vol: To check DOS volume.

Syntax: Vol

19. Label: To apply label to any drive.

Syntax: Label <Name>

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External Commands:
There are various external disk operating system commands:
1. DELTREE- Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to delete files and
directories permanently from the computer.
2. TREE- Allows the user to view a listing of files and folders in an easy to read the
listing.
3. PRINT – The print command allows users to print a text file to a line printer, in the
background.
4. FIND – Allows you to search for text within a file.
5. XCOPY – xcopy is a powerful version of the copy command with additional features;
has the capability of moving files, directories, and even whole drives from one
location to another.
6. DISK COMP- Compares the contents of a floppy disk in the source drive to the
contents of a floppy disk in the target drive.
7. FORMAT – Format is used to erase information off of a computer diskette or fixed
drive.
8. ATTRIB – Attrib allows a user to change the attributes of a file or files.
9. SORT- Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.
10.CHKDSK- Chkdsk is a utility that checks the computer’s hard drive status for any
cross-linked or any additional errors with the hard drive.
11.MOVE- Allows you to move files or directories from one folder to another, or from
one drive to another.

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What is Windows Operating System? -explain its features.
Windows Operating System (OS) is a graphical user interface (GUI)-based operating system
developed by Microsoft. It is the most popular operating system in the world, running on over 75%
of all personal computers.

Here are some of the features of Windows Operating System:

1. Desktop: It is a GUI-based screen that provides users with a place where all software
application icons are available on a screen. Users can customize it according to their
preferences, such as changing the background, deleting application icons, creating folders,
and customizing the taskbar.

2. Taskbar: It is an area where users can check which applications in their PC/laptop are
currently open or not.
3. Task Manager: It allows users to view and manage the processes and applications running
on their computer .
4. Control Panel: It contains many tools that help in managing the computer’s settings and
hardware .
5. Command Prompt: It is a command-line interpreter that allows users to execute
commands and scripts.
6. Recycle Bin: It stores deleted files temporarily so that users can restore them if needed.
7. Settings: It allows users to customize various settings related to their computer, such as
display settings, sound settings, network settings, etc.
8. Registry Editor: It allows users to view and edit the Windows registry, which contains
configuration information for the operating system and installed applications.
9. Cortana: It is a virtual assistant that helps users perform various tasks using voice
commands or text input.
10. System Information: It provides detailed information about the computer’s hardware and
software configuration.
11. Start Menu: It provides quick access to frequently used applications and settings

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Unix / Linux Operating System
Unix and Linux are popular operating systems that are widely used in servers, supercomputers, and
mobile devices. Here are some of the features of Unix/Linux Operating System:
1. Open Source: Unix/Linux is an open-source operating system, which means that its source
code is freely available to the public. This allows developers to modify and distribute the
operating system as they see fit .
2. Multiuser Capability: Multiple users can access the same system resources like memory,
hard disk, etc. But they have to log in with their own user ID and password.
3. Multitasking: More than one function can be performed simultaneously by dividing the
CPU time intelligently.
4. Portability: Unix/Linux can work on different types of hardware platforms, making it a
portable operating system.
5. Shell & Command Line Interface: Unix/Linux provides a powerful command-line interface
(CLI) that allows users to interact with the operating system using text commands.
6. Graphical User Interface: Unix/Linux also provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that
makes it easy for users to interact with the operating system using icons and menus.
7. End-to-end Encryption: Unix/Linux provides strong encryption capabilities that help
protect data from unauthorized access.
8. Configure Keyboards in Different Languages: Unix/Linux supports multiple languages
and allows users to configure their keyboards accordingly.
9. Frequent New Updates: Unix/Linux is constantly updated with new features and security
patches, making it a secure and reliable operating system.

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