1. What is meant by distributed system?

A distributed database is a database that consists of two or more files located in

different sites either on the same network or on entirely different networks. Portions of the
database are stored in multiple physical locations and processing is distributed among
multiple database nodes.
2. List the key design goals of DS.
There are four major goals for building distributed systems, i.e. resource sharing,
computation speedup, reliability, and communication.
3. What are the types of cloud service development?
There are also three main types of cloud computing services: Infrastructure-as-a-
Service (IaaS), Platforms-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
4. Define Remote Procedure Call.
Remote Procedure Call is a software communication protocol that one program can
use to request a service from a program located in another computer on a network without
having to understand the network's details. RPC is used to call other processes on the remote
systems like a local system.
5. What is meant by coordination in group communication?
The coordination part of a distributed system handles the communication and
cooperation between processes.
6. Define cloud services with example.
Cloud services are application and infrastructure resources that exist on the Internet.
Third-party providers contract with subscribers for these services, allowing customers to
leverage powerful computing resources without having to purchase or maintain hardware and
software.
Example, Alibaba Cloud, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud, IBM Cloud, and
Microsoft Azure.
7. What is virtualization?
Virtualization is technology that you can use to create virtual representations of
servers, storage, networks, and other physical machines. Virtual software mimics the
functions of physical hardware to run multiple virtual machines simultaneously on a single
physical machine.
8. What is hypervisor?
A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM, is software that
creates and runs virtual machines (VMs). A hypervisor allows one host computer to support
multiple guest VMs by virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing.
9. Define NIST cloud computing.
 The first portion of NIST SP 500-292 defines the relationships between all
stakeholders involved in cloud computing. There are five major roles detailed
within NIST SP 500- 292:
➢ Cloud Consumer
➢ Cloud Provider
➢ Cloud Auditor
➢ Cloud Broker
➢ Cloud Carrier
10. Define Microservices.
Microservices is an architectural design for building a distributed
application using containers. They get their name because each function of the
application operates as an independent service. This architecture allows for each
service to scale or update without disrupting other services in the application.

11. a) Explain the challenges to be considered in the design of distributed systems.

Distributed System is a collection of autonomous computer systems that are
physically separated but are connected by a centralized computer network that is equipped
with distributed system software. These are used in numerous applications, such as online
gaming, web applications, and cloud computing. However, creating a distributed system is
not simple, and there are a number of design considerations to take into account. The
following are some of the major design issues of distributed system:
Design issues of distributed system –
1. Heterogeneity : Heterogeneity is applied to the network, computer hardware,
operating system and implementation of different developers. A key component
of the heterogeneous distributed system client-server environment is middleware.
Middleware is a set of services that enables application and end-user to interacts
with each other across a heterogeneous distributed system.
2. Openness: The openness of the distributed system is determined primarily by
the degree to which new resource-sharing services can be made available to the
users. Open systems are characterized by the fact that their key interfaces are
published. It is based on a uniform communication mechanism and published
interface for access to shared resources. It can be constructed from heterogeneous
hardware and software.
3. Scalability: Scalability of the system should remain efficient even with a
significant increase in the number of users and resources connected. It shouldn’t
matter if a programme has 10 or 100 nodes; performance shouldn’t vary. A
distributed system’s scaling requires consideration of a number of elements,
including size, geography, and management.
4. Security : Security of information system has three components Confidentially,
integrity and availability. Encryption protects shared resources, keeps sensitive
information secrets when transmitted.
5. Failure Handling: When some faults occur in hardware and the software
program, it may produce incorrect results or they may stop before they have
completed the intended computation so corrective measures should to
implemented to handle this case. Failure handling is difficult in distributed
 systems because the failure is partial i, e, some components fail while others
continue to function.
6. Concurrency: There is a possibility that several clients will attempt to access a
shared resource at the same time. Multiple users make requests on the same
resources, i.e read, write, and update. Each resource must be safe in a concurrent
environment. Any object that represents a shared resource in a distributed
system must ensure that it operates correctly in a concurrent environment.
7. Transparency : Transparency ensures that the distributes system should be
perceived as a single entity by the users or the application programmers rather
than the collection of autonomous systems, which is cooperating. The user
should be unaware of where the services are located and the transferring from a
local machine to a remote one should be transparent.

11. b) What are the trends in distributed systems Explain in detail.

Distributed systems are undergoing a period of significant change and this can be traced
back to a number of influential trends:
➢ the emergence of pervasive networking technology;
➢ the emergence of ubiquitous computing coupled with the desire to support user mobility
in distributed systems;
➢ the increasing demand for multimedia services.
➢ the view of distributed systems as a utility.
Internet
The modern Internet is a vast interconnected collection of computer networks of many
different types, with the range of types increasing all the time and now including, for example,
a wide range of wireless communication technologies such as WiFi, WiMAX, Bluetooth and
third-generation mobile phone networks. The net result is that networking has become a
pervasive resource and devices can be connected (if desired) at any time and in any place.
 The Internet is also a very large distributed system. It enables users, wherever they are,
to make use of services such as the World Wide Web, email and file transfer. (Indeed, the Web
is sometimes incorrectly equated with the Internet.) The set of services is open-ended – it can
be extended by the addition of server computers and new types of service. The figure shows a
collection of intranets – subnetworks operated by companies and other organizations and
typically protected by firewalls. The role of a firewall is to protect an intranet by preventing
unauthorized messages from leaving or entering. A firewall is implemented by filtering
incoming and outgoing messages. Filtering might be done by source or destination, or a firewall
might allow only those messages related to email and web access to pass into or out of the
intranet that it protects. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are companies that provide broadband
links and other types of connection to individual users and small organizations, enabling them
to access services anywhere in the Internet as well as providing local services such as email
and web hosting. The intranets are linked together by backbones. A backbone is a network link
with a high transmission capacity, employing satellite connections, fibre optic cables and other
high-bandwidth circuits

Intranet

➢ A portion of the Internet that is separately administered and has a boundary that can
be configured to enforce local security policies
➢ Composed of several LANs linked by backbone connections
➢ Be connected to the Internet via a router
Main issues in the design of components for the use in intranet
➢ File services
➢ Firewall
➢ The cost of software installation and support

Mobile and ubiquitous computing

Technological advances in device miniaturization and wireless networking have led

increasingly to the integration of small and portable computing devices into distributed
systems. These devices include:

➢ Laptop computers.
➢ Handheld devices, including mobile phones, smart phones, GPS-enabled devices, pagers,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), video cameras and digital cameras.
➢ Wearable devices, such as smart watches with functionality similar to a PDA.
➢ Devices embedded in appliances such as washing machines, hi-fi systems, cars and
refrigerators.

The portability of many of these devices, together with their ability to connect conveniently
to networks in different places, makes mobile computing possible. Mobile computing is the
performance of computing tasks while the user is on the move, or visiting places other than
their usual environment. In mobile computing, users who are away from their ‘home’ intranet
(the intranet at work, or their residence) are still provided with access to resources via the
devices they carry with them. They can continue to access the Internet; they can continue to
access resources in their home intranet; and there is increasing provision for users to utilize
resources such as printers or even sales points that are conveniently nearby as they move
around. The latter is also known as location-aware or context-aware computing. Mobility
introduces a number of challenges for distributed systems, including the need to deal with
variable connectivity and indeed disconnection, and the need to maintain operation in the face
of device mobility.

Portable and handheld devices in a distributed system

Ubiquitous computing is the harnessing of many small, cheap computational devices

that are present in users’ physical environments, including the home, office and even natural
settings. The term ‘ubiquitous’ is intended to suggest that small computing devices will
eventually become so pervasive in everyday objects that they are scarcely noticed. That is, their
computational behaviour will be transparently and intimately tied up with their physical
function.

12. a) Discuss in detail about cloud computing architecture and its components with
neat diagram.

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations
to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet
connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented

architecture and event-driven architecture.
Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

➢ Front End
➢ Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End

The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications
that are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers
(including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile
devices.

Back End

The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are
required to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage,
security mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms,
etc.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure
 Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User
Interface) to interact with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the
client’s requirement.

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly, SaaS
applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to download and
install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below –

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite
similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation, but
using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any platform.

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It

is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco
Metapod.

4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a

huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the
cloud computing model.

7. Management
 Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination
between them.

8. Security

Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security

mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and
communicate with each other.

12. b) Explain in detail about cloud services and its benefits.

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure

managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the
cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.
Characteristics of IaaS

There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

➢ Resources are available as a service

➢ Services are highly scalable
➢ Dynamic and flexible
➢ GUI and API-based access
➢ Automated administrative tasks

Advantages of IaaS:
➢ Cost-Effective: Eliminates capital expense and reduces ongoing cost and IaaS
customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour, week, or month.
➢ Website hosting: Running websites using IaaS can be less expensive than
traditional web hosting.
➢ Security: The IaaS Cloud Provider may provide better security than your existing
software.
➢ Maintenance: There is no need to manage the underlying data center or the
introduction of new releases of the development or underlying software. This is all
handled by the IaaS Cloud Provider.

Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage
the applications.

Characteristics of PaaS

There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

➢ Accessible to various users via the same development application.

➢ Integrates with web services and databases.
➢ Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per
the organization's need.
➢ Support multiple languages and frameworks.
➢ Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Advantages of PaaS:
➢ Simple and convenient for users: It provides much of the infrastructure and other
IT services, which users can access anywhere via a web browser.
 ➢ Cost-Effective: It charges for the services provided on a per-use basis thus
eliminating the expenses one may have for on-premises hardware and software.
➢ Efficiently managing the lifecycle: It is designed to support the complete web
application lifecycle: building, testing, deploying, managing, and updating.
➢ Efficiency: It allows for higher-level programming with reduced complexity thus,
the overall development of the application can be more effective.

Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine,
Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are
hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of
internet connection and web browser.

Characteristics of SaaS

There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

➢ Managed from a central location

➢ Hosted on a remote server
➢ Accessible over the internet
➢ Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied
automatically.
➢ The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Advantages of SaaS
➢ Cost-Effective: Pay only for what you use.
➢ Reduced time: Users can run most SaaS apps directly from their web browser
without needing to download and install any software. This reduces the time spent
in installation and configuration and can reduce the issues that can get in the way of
the software deployment.
➢ Accessibility: We can Access app data from anywhere.
➢ Automatic updates: Rather than purchasing new software, customers rely on a
SaaS provider to automatically perform the updates.
➢ Scalability: It allows the users to access the services and features on-demand.

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,

ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.

13. a) Explain in detail Service Oriented Architecture.

 A Service-Oriented Architecture or SOA is a design pattern which is designed to build
distributed systems that deliver services to other applications through the protocol. It is only a
concept and not limited to any programming language or platform.

What is Service?

A service is a well-defined, self-contained function that represents a unit of

functionality. A service can exchange information from another service. It is not dependent on
the state of another service. It uses a loosely coupled, message-based communication model to
communicate with applications and other services.

Service Connections

The figure given below illustrates the service-oriented architecture. Service consumer
sends a service request to the service provider, and the service provider sends the service
response to the service consumer. The service connection is understandable to both the service
consumer and service provider.

Service-Oriented Terminologies

Let's see some important service-oriented terminologies:

 ➢ Services - The services are the logical entities defined by one or more published
interfaces.
➢ Service provider - It is a software entity that implements a service specification.
➢ Service consumer - It can be called as a requestor or client that calls a service provider.
A service consumer can be another service or an end-user application.
➢ Service locator - It is a service provider that acts as a registry. It is responsible for
examining service provider interfaces and service locations.
➢ Service broker - It is a service provider that pass service requests to one or more
additional service providers.

Characteristics of SOA

The services have the following characteristics:

➢ They are loosely coupled.

➢ They support interoperability.
➢ They are location-transparent
➢ They are self-contained.

Components of service-oriented architecture

The service-oriented architecture stack can be categorized into two parts - functional aspects
and quality of service aspects.
Functional aspects

The functional aspect contains:

➢ Transport - It transports the service requests from the service consumer to the service
provider and service responses from the service provider to the service consumer.
➢ Service Communication Protocol - It allows the service provider and the service
consumer to communicate with each other.
➢ Service Description - It describes the service and data required to invoke it.
➢ Service - It is an actual service.
➢ Business Process - It represents the group of services called in a particular sequence
associated with the particular rules to meet the business requirements.
➢ Service Registry - It contains the description of data which is used by service providers
to publish their services.

Quality of Service aspects

The quality of service aspects contains:

➢ Policy - It represents the set of protocols according to which a service provider make
and provide the services to consumers.
➢ Security - It represents the set of protocols required for identification and authorization.
➢ Transaction - It provides the surety of consistent result. This means, if we use the group
of services to complete a business function, either all must complete or none of the
complete.
➢ Management - It defines the set of attributes used to manage the services.

Advantages of SOA

SOA has the following advantages:

➢ Easy to integrate - In a service-oriented architecture, the integration is a service

specification that provides implementation transparency.
➢ Manage Complexity - Due to service specification, the complexities get isolated, and
integration becomes more manageable.
➢ Platform Independence - The services are platform-independent as they can
communicate with other applications through a common language.
 ➢ Loose coupling - It facilitates to implement services without impacting other
applications or services.
➢ Parallel Development - As SOA follows layer-based architecture, it provides parallel
development.
➢ Available - The SOA services are easily available to any requester.
➢ Reliable - As services are small in size, it is easier to test and debug them.

13. b) Briefly discuss about cloud service provider and its applications.

Cloud Service providers (CSP) offers various services such as Software as a

Service, Platform as a service, Infrastructure as a service, network services, business
applications, mobile applications, and infrastructure in the cloud. The cloud service
providers host these services in a data center, and users can access these services through cloud
provider companies using an Internet connection.

There are the following Cloud Service Providers Companies -

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

AWS (Amazon Web Services) is a secure cloud service platform provided

by Amazon. It offers various services such as database storage, computing power, content
delivery, Relational Database, Simple Email, Simple Queue, and other functionality to increase
the organization's growth.

Features of AWS

AWS provides various powerful features for building scalable, cost-effective, enterprise
applications. Some important features of AWS is given below-

➢ AWS is scalable because it has an ability to scale the computing resources up or down
according to the organization's demand.
 ➢ AWS is cost-effective as it works on a pay-as-you-go pricing model.
➢ It provides various flexible storage options.
➢ It offers various security services such as infrastructure security, data encryption,
monitoring & logging, identity & access control, penetration testing, and DDoS attacks.
➢ It can efficiently manage and secure Windows workloads.

Microsoft Azure

Microsoft Azure is also known as Windows Azure. It supports various operating

systems, databases, programming languages, frameworks that allow IT professionals to easily
build, deploy, and manage applications through a worldwide network. It also allows users to
create different groups for related utilities.

Features of Microsoft Azure

➢ Microsoft Azure provides scalable, flexible, and cost-effective
➢ It allows developers to quickly manage applications and websites.
➢ It managed each resource individually.
➢ Its IaaS infrastructure allows us to launch a general-purpose virtual machine in different
platforms such as Windows and Linux.
➢ It offers a Content Delivery System (CDS) for delivering the Images, videos, audios,
and applications.

Google Cloud Platform

Google cloud platform is a product of Google. It consists of a set of physical devices,

such as computers, hard disk drives, and virtual machines. It also helps organizations to
simplify the migration process.
Features of Google Cloud
➢ Google cloud includes various big data services such as Google BigQuery, Google
CloudDataproc, Google CloudDatalab, and Google Cloud Pub/Sub.
➢ It provides various services related to networking, including Google Virtual Private
Cloud (VPC), Content Delivery Network, Google Cloud Load Balancing, Google
Cloud Interconnect, and Google Cloud DNS.
➢ It offers various scalable and high-performance
➢ GCP provides various serverless services such as Messaging, Data Warehouse,
Database, Compute, Storage, Data Processing, and Machine learning (ML)
➢ It provides a free cloud shell environment with Boost Mode.

IBM Cloud Services

IBM Cloud is an open-source, faster, and more reliable platform. It is built with a suite
of advanced data and AI tools. It offers various services such as Infrastructure as a
service, Software as a service, and platform as a service. You can access its services like
compute power, cloud data & Analytics, cloud use cases, and storage networking using internet
connection.
Feature of IBM Cloud
➢ IBM cloud improves operational efficiency.
➢ Its speed and agility improve the customer's satisfaction.
➢ It offers Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), as well as
Software as a Service (SaaS)
➢ It offers various cloud communications services to our IT environment.

VMware Cloud

VMware cloud is a Software-Defined Data Center (SSDC) unified platform for the
Hybrid Cloud. It allows cloud providers to build agile, flexible, efficient, and robust cloud
services.

Features of VMware
➢ VMware cloud works on the pay-as-per-use model and monthly subscription
➢ It provides better customer satisfaction by protecting the user's data.
➢ It can easily create a new VMware Software-Defined Data Center (SDDC) cluster on
AWS cloud by utilizing a RESTful API.
➢ It provides flexible storage options. We can manage our application storage on a per-
application basis.
➢ It provides a dedicated high-performance network for managing the application traffic
and also supports multicast networking.
➢ It eliminates the time and cost complexity.

Oracle cloud

Oracle cloud platform is offered by the Oracle Corporation. It combines Platform as

a Service, Infrastructure as a Service, Software as a Service, and Data as a Service with cloud
infrastructure. It is used to perform tasks such as moving applications to the cloud, managing
development environment in the cloud, and optimize connection performance.

Features of Oracle cloud

➢ Oracle cloud provides various tools for build, integrate, monitor, and secure the
applications.
➢ Its infrastructure uses various languages including, Java, Ruby, PHP, Node.js.
➢ It integrates with Docker, VMware, and other DevOps tools.
➢ Oracle database not only provides unparalleled integration between IaaS, PaaS, and
SaaS, but also integrates with the on-premises platform to improve operational
efficiency.
➢ It maximizes the value of IT investments.
➢ It offers customizable Virtual Cloud Networks, firewalls, and IP addresses to securely
support private networks.

Red Hat

Red Hat virtualization is an open standard and desktop virtualization platform produced
by Red Hat. It is very popular for the Linux environment to provide various infrastructure
solutions for virtualized servers as well as technical workstations. Most of the small and
medium-sized organizations use Red Hat to run their organizations smoothly. It offers higher
density, better performance, agility, and security to the resources. It also improves the
organization's economy by providing cheaper and easier management capabilities.
Features of Rad Hat
➢ Red Hat provides secure, certified, and updated container images via the Red Hat
Container catalog.
➢ Red Hat cloud includes OpenShift, which is an app development platform that allows
developers to access, modernize, and deploy apps
➢ It supports up to 16 virtual machines, each having up to 256GB of RAM.
➢ It offers better reliability, availability, and serviceability.
➢ It provides flexible storage capabilities, including very large SAN-based storage, better
management of memory allocations, high availability of LVMs, and support for
particularly roll-back.
➢ In the Desktop environment, it includes features like New on-screen keyboard,
GNOME software, which allows us to install applications, update application, as well
as extended device support.

DigitalOcean

DigitalOcean is the unique cloud provider that offers computing services to the
organization. It was founded in 2011 by Moisey Uretsky and Ben. It is one of the best cloud
provider that allows us to manage and deploy web applications.

Features of DigitalOcean
➢ It uses the KVM hypervisor to allocate physical resources to the virtual servers.
➢ It provides high-quality performance.
 ➢ It offers a digital community platform that helps to answer queries and holding
feedbacks.
➢ It allows developers to use cloud servers to quickly create new virtual machines for
their projects.
➢ It offers one-click apps for droplets. These apps include MySQL, Docker, MongoDB,
Wordpress, PhpMyAdmin, LAMP stack, Ghost, and Machine Learning.

Rackspace

Rackspace offers cloud computing services such as hosting web applications, Cloud
Backup, Cloud Block Storage, Databases, and Cloud Servers. The main aim to designing
Rackspace is to easily manage private and public cloud deployments. Its data centers operating
in the USA, UK, Hong Kong, and Australia.

Features of Rackspace
➢ Rackspace provides various tools that help organizations to collaborate and
communicate more efficiently.
➢ We can access files that are stored on the Rackspace cloud drive, anywhere, anytime
using any device.
➢ It offers 6 globally data centers.
➢ It can manage both virtual servers and dedicated physical servers on the same network.
➢ It provides better performance at a lower cost.

Alibaba Cloud

Alibaba Cloud is used to develop data management and highly scalable cloud
computing services. It offers various services, including Elastic Computing, Storage,
Networking, Security, Database Services, Application Services, Media Services, Cloud
Communication, and Internet of Things.
Features of Alibaba Cloud
➢ Alibaba cloud offers a suite of global cloud computing services for both international
customers and Alibaba Group's e-commerce ecosystem.
➢ Its services are available on a pay-as-per-use basis.
➢ It globally deals with its 14 data centers.
➢ It offers scalable and reliable data storage.

14. a) Explain in detail Federation in the cloud computing.

Cloud Federation, also known as Federated Cloud is the deployment and management
of several external and internal cloud computing services to match business needs. It is a
multi-national cloud system that integrates private, community, and public clouds into
scalable computing platforms. Federated cloud is created by connecting the cloud
environment of different cloud providers using a common standard.

Federated Cloud
 The architecture of Federated Cloud:

The architecture of Federated Cloud consists of three basic components:

1. Cloud Exchange
The Cloud Exchange acts as a mediator between cloud coordinator and cloud broker.
The demands of the cloud broker are mapped by the cloud exchange to the available services
provided by the cloud coordinator. The cloud exchange has a track record of what is the
present cost, demand patterns, and available cloud providers, and this information is
periodically reformed by the cloud coordinator.
2. Cloud Coordinator
The cloud coordinator assigns the resources of the cloud to the remote users based on
the quality of service they demand and the credits they have in the cloud bank. The cloud
enterprises and their membership are managed by the cloud controller.
3. Cloud Broker
The cloud broker interacts with the cloud coordinator, analyzes the Service-level
agreement and the resources offered by several cloud providers in cloud exchange. Cloud
broker finalizes the most suitable deal for their client.

Federal Cloud Architecture

Properties of Federated Cloud:

1. In the federated cloud, the users can interact with the architecture either centrally
or in a decentralized manner. In centralized interaction, the user interacts with a
 broker to mediate between them and the organization. Decentralized interaction
permits the user to interact directly with the clouds in the federation.
2. Federated cloud can be practiced with various niches like commercial and non-
commercial.
3. The visibility of a federated cloud assists the user to interpret the organization of
several clouds in the federated environment.
4. Federated cloud can be monitored in two ways. MaaS (Monitoring as a Service)
provides information that aids in tracking contracted services to the user. Global
monitoring aids in maintaining the federated cloud.
5. The providers who participate in the federation publish their offers to a central
entity. The user interacts with this central entity to verify the prices and propose
an offer.
6. The marketing objects like infrastructure, software, and platform have to pass
through federation when consumed in the federated cloud.

Benefits of Federated Cloud:

1. It minimizes the consumption of energy.

2. It increases reliability.
3. It minimizes the time and cost of providers due to dynamic scalability.
4. It connects various cloud service providers globally. The providers may buy and
sell services on demand.
5. It provides easy scaling up of resources.

Challenges in Federated Cloud:

1. In cloud federation, it is common to have more than one provider for processing
the incoming demands. In such cases, there must be a scheme needed to distribute
the incoming demands equally among the cloud service providers.
2. The increasing requests in cloud federation have resulted in more heterogeneous
infrastructure, making interoperability an area of concern. It becomes a challenge
for cloud users to select relevant cloud service providers and therefore, it ties them
to a particular cloud service provider.
3. A federated cloud means constructing a seamless cloud environment that can
interact with people, different devices, several application interfaces, and other
entities.

Federated Cloud technologies:

The technologies that aid the cloud federation and cloud services are:
1. OpenNebula
It is a cloud computing platform for managing heterogeneous distributed data center
infrastructures. It can use the resources of its interoperability, leveraging existing information
technology assets, protecting the deals, and adding the application programming interface
(API).
2. Aneka coordinator
 The Aneka coordinator is a proposition of the Aneka services and Aneka peer
components (network architectures) which give the cloud ability and performance to interact
with other cloud services.
3. Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus defines the pooling computational, storage, and network resources that
can be measured scaled up or down as application workloads change in the utilization of the
software. It is an open-source framework that performs the storage, network, and many other
computational resources to access the cloud environment.

15. a) Write some innovative Applications of the Internet of Thing.

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides the ability to interconnect computing devices,
mechanical machines, objects, animals or unique identifiers and people to transfer data across
a network without the need for human-to-human or human-to-computer is a system of
conversation. IoT applications bring a lot of value in our lives. The Internet of Things provides
objects, computing devices, or unique identifiers and people's ability to transfer data across
a network without the human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

A traffic camera is an intelligent device. The camera monitors traffic congestion,

accidents and weather conditions and can access it to a common entrance.

This gateway receives data from such cameras and transmits information to the
city's traffic monitoring system.
For example, the municipal corporation has decided to repair a road that is connected to the
national highway. It may cause traffic congestion to the national highway. The insight is sent
to the traffic monitoring system.

The intelligent system analyzes the situation, estimate their impact, and relay information to
other cities connected to the same highway. It generates live instructions to drivers by smart
devices and radio channels.

It creates a network of self-dependent systems that take advantage of real-time control.

What is IoT?

IoT is a platform where embedded devices are connected to the Internet

to collect and exchange data. It enables machines to interact, collaborate and learn from
experiences like humans. IoT applications equipped billions of objects
with connectivity and intelligence.
Applications of IoT
1. Wearables

Wearable technology is the hallmark of IoT applications and one of the earliest industries to
deploy IoT. We have fit bits, heart rate monitors and smartwatches these days.

Guardian glucose monitoring device has been developed to help people with diabetes. It detects
glucose levels in our body, uses a small electrode called the glucose sensor under the skin, and
relates it to a radiofrequency monitoring device.

2. Smart Home Applications

The smart home is probably the first thing when we talk about the IoT application. The example
we see the AI home automation is employed by Mark Zuckerberg. Alan Pan's home
automation system, where a string of musical notes uses in-house functions.

3. Health care

IoT applications can transform reactive medical-based systems into active wellness-based
systems. Resources that are used in current medical research lack important real-world
information. It uses controlled environments, leftover data, and volunteers for clinical trials.
The Internet of Things improves the device's power, precision and availability. IoT focuses
on building systems rather than just tools. Here's how the IoT-enabled care device works.
4. Smart Cities

Most of you have heard about the term smart city. Smart city uses technology to provide
services. The smart city includes improving transportation and social services, promoting
stability and giving voice to their citizens.

5. Agriculture

By the year 2050, the world's growing population is estimated to have reached about 10 billion.
To feed such a large population, agriculture needs to marry technology and get the best results.
There are many possibilities in this area. One of them is Smart Greenhouse.

Farming techniques grow crops by environmental parameters. However, manual handling

results in production losses, energy losses and labor costs, making it less effective.

The greenhouse makes it easy to monitor and enables to control the climate inside it.

6. Industrial Automation

It is one of the areas where the quality of products is an essential factor for a more significant
investment return. Anyone can re-engineer products and their packaging to provide superior
performance in cost and customer experience with IoT applications. IoT will prove as a
game-changer. In industrial automation, IoT is used in the following areas:

➢ Product flow monitoring

➢ Factory digitization
➢ Inventory management
➢ Safety and security
➢ Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization
➢ Quality control
➢ Packaging customization

7. Hacked Car

A connected car is a technology-driven car with Internet access and a WAN network. The
technology offers the user some benefits such as in-car infotainment, advanced navigation and
fuel efficiency.

8. Healthcare
Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It gathers and transfers
health data such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, weight, oxygen, and ECG. The patient
can contact the doctor by the smart mobile application in case of any emergency.

9. Smart Retail

IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do not have to stand in
long queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the products and deduct the total
amount from the customer's payment app with IoT applications' help.

10. Smart Supply Chain

Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It also provides
details of real-time conditions and supply networks.

11. Smart Farming

Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows the monitoring of
fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of the area.

Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one year. Business Insider
Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices will install and generate more than 300 billion in
revenue in the future.

16. a) Briefly discuss about the cloud deployment models with suitable example.
In cloud computing, we have access to a shared pool of computer resources (servers,
storage, programs, and so on) in the cloud. You simply need to request additional resources
when you require them. Getting resources up and running quickly is a breeze thanks to the
clouds. It is possible to release resources that are no longer necessary. This method allows
you to just pay for what you use. Your cloud provider is in charge of all upkeep.
What is a Cloud Deployment Model?
Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a
deployment architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want to store and
who has access to the infrastructure.
Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of cloud environment based
on ownership, scale, and access, as well as the cloud’s nature and purpose. The location of
the servers you’re utilizing and who controls them are defined by a cloud deployment model.
It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look, what you can change, and whether you
will be given services or will have to create everything yourself. Relationships between the
infrastructure and your users are also defined by cloud deployment types. Different types of
cloud computing deployment models are described below.
➢ Public Cloud
➢ Private Cloud
➢ Hybrid Cloud
➢ Community Cloud
Public Cloud
The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services. The
public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud is one in which
cloud infrastructure services are provided over the internet to the general people or major
industry groups. The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that delivers
the cloud services, not by the consumer. It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers
and users to easily access systems and services. This form of cloud computing is an excellent
example of cloud hosting, in which service providers supply services to a variety of
customers. In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a
subscription, or on a per-user basis. For example, Google App Engine etc.

Public Cloud

Advantages of the Public Cloud Model

➢ Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial
upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to
resources.
➢ No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service
providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
➢ Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not
necessitate infrastructure management.
➢ No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (not users).
➢ Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources are
accessible.
Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model
➢ Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is no
guarantee of high-level security.
➢ Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized
according to personal requirements.
Private Cloud
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud
deployment model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user (customer). There is no
need to share your hardware with anyone else. The distinction between private and public
clouds is in how you handle all of the hardware. It is also called the “internal cloud” & it
refers to the ability to access systems and services within a given border or organization. The
cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure environment that is protected by
powerful firewalls and under the supervision of an organization’s IT department. The private
cloud gives greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.

Private Cloud

Advantages of the Private Cloud Model

➢ Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain complete
command over service integration, IT operations, policies, and user behavior.
➢ Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate information to which
only authorized staff have access. By segmenting resources within the same
infrastructure, improved access and security can be achieved.
➢ Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with legacy systems
that are unable to access the public cloud.
➢ Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud allows a
company to tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model
➢ Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as there is less
number of clients.
➢ Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized facilities.
Hybrid Cloud
By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of proprietary software, hybrid
cloud computing gives the best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution, you may host the app
in a safe environment while taking advantage of the public cloud’s cost savings.
Organizations can move data and applications between different clouds using a combination
of two or more cloud deployment methods, depending on their needs.
 Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

➢ Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design personalized
solutions that meet their particular needs.
➢ Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible for
paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
➢ Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by attackers
are considerably reduced.
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
➢ Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a combination of
both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
➢ Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes place through
the public cloud so latency occurs.
Community Cloud
It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is a
distributed system that is created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the
specific needs of a community, industry, or business. The infrastructure of the community
could be shared between the organization which has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally
managed by a third party or by the combination of one or more organizations in the
community.
 Community Cloud

Advantages of the Community Cloud Model

➢ Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by multiple
organizations or communities.
➢ Security: Community cloud provides better security.
➢ Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure, etc. with
multiple organizations.
➢ Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration and data
sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
➢ Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as many
organizations share the same resources according to their collaborative interests.
➢ Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among different
organizations according to their mutual interests if an organization wants some
changes according to their needs they cannot do so because it will have an impact on
other organizations.
What is the Right Choice for Cloud Deployment Model?
As of now, no such approach fits picking a cloud deployment model. We will always consider
the best cloud deployment model as per our requirements. Here are some factors which
should be considered before choosing the best deployment model.
➢ Cost: Cost is an important factor for the cloud deployment model as it tells how much
amount you want to pay for these things.
➢ Scalability: Scalability tells about the current activity status and how much we can
scale it.
➢ Easy to use: It tells how much your resources are trained and how easily can you
manage these models.
➢ Compliance: Compliance tells about the laws and regulations which impact the
implementation of the model.
➢ Privacy: Privacy tells about what data you gather for the model.
Each model has some advantages and some disadvantages, and the selection of the best is
only done on the basis of your requirement. If your requirement changes, you can switch to
any other model.
Models of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing helps in rendering several services according to roles, companies,
etc. Cloud computing models are explained below.
➢ Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
➢ Platform as a service (PaaS)
➢ Software as a service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps in delivering computer infrastructure on an

external basis for supporting operations. Generally, IaaS provides services to networking
equipment, devices, databases, and web servers.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) helps large organizations, and large enterprises in managing
and building their IT platforms. This infrastructure is flexible according to the needs of the
client.
Advantages of IaaS
➢ IaaS is cost-effective as it eliminates capital expenses.
➢ IaaS cloud provider provides better security than any other software.
➢ IaaS provides remote access.
Disadvantages of IaaS
➢ In IaaS, users have to secure their own data and applications.
➢ Cloud computing is not accessible in some regions of the World.

2. Platform as a service (PaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a type of cloud computing that helps developers to build
applications and services over the Internet by providing them with a platform.
PaaS helps in maintaining control over their business applications.
Advantages of PaaS
➢ PaaS is simple and very much convenient for the user as it can be accessed via a web
browser.
➢ PaaS has the capabilities to efficiently manage the lifecycle.
Disadvantages of PaaS
➢ PaaS has limited control over infrastructure as they have less control over the
environment and are not able to make some customizations.
➢ PaaS has a high dependence on the provider.

3. Software as a service (SaaS)

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a type of cloud computing model that is the work of
delivering services and applications over the Internet. The SaaS applications are called Web-
Based Software or Hosted Software.
SaaS has around 60 percent of cloud solutions and due to this, it is mostly preferred by
companies.
Advantages of SaaS
➢ SaaS can access app data from anywhere on the Internet.
➢ SaaS provides easy access to features and services.
Disadvantages of SaaS
➢ SaaS solutions have limited customization, which means they have some restrictions
within the platform.
➢ SaaS has little control over the data of the user.
➢ SaaS are generally cloud-based, they require a stable internet connection for proper
working.

15. b) What is virtualization and briefly explain types of virtualization.

Virtualization is the "creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something,

such as a server, a desktop, a storage device, an operating system or network resources".

In other words, Virtualization is a technique, which allows to share a single physical

instance of a resource or an application among multiple customers and organizations. It does
by assigning a logical name to a physical storage and providing a pointer to that physical
resource when demanded.

What is the concept behind the Virtualization?

Creation of a virtual machine over existing operating system and hardware is known as
Hardware Virtualization. A Virtual machine provides an environment that is logically
separated from the underlying hardware.

The machine on which the virtual machine is going to create is known as Host
Machine and that virtual machine is referred as a Guest Machine

Types of Virtualization:
1. Hardware Virtualization.
2. Operating system Virtualization.
3. Server Virtualization.
4. Storage Virtualization.

1) Hardware Virtualization:

When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is directly installed on
the hardware system is known as hardware virtualization.

The main job of hypervisor is to control and monitoring the processor, memory and other
hardware resources.
After virtualization of hardware system we can install different operating system on it and run
different applications on those OS.

Usage:

Hardware virtualization is mainly done for the server platforms, because controlling virtual
machines is much easier than controlling a physical server.

2) Operating System Virtualization:

When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is installed on the Host
operating system instead of directly on the hardware system is known as operating system
virtualization.

Usage:

Operating System Virtualization is mainly used for testing the applications on different
platforms of OS.

3) Server Virtualization:

When the virtual machine software or virtual machine manager (VMM) is directly installed on
the Server system is known as server virtualization.

Usage:

Server virtualization is done because a single physical server can be divided into multiple
servers on the demand basis and for balancing the load.

4) Storage Virtualization:

Storage virtualization is the process of grouping the physical storage from multiple network
storage devices so that it looks like a single storage device.

Storage virtualization is also implemented by using software applications.

Usage:

Storage virtualization is mainly done for back-up and recovery purposes.