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Pattern of Intrabasin Variation in Condition Factor, Relative Condition Factor

and Form Factor of an Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan,
1822) in the Ganges Basin,...

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DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejbs.2012.4.4.6448

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European Journal of Biological Sciences 4 (4): 126-135, 2012
ISSN 2079-2085
© IDOSI Publications, 2012
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ejbs.2012.4.4.6448

Pattern of Intrabasin Variation in Condition Factor, Relative Condition Factor

and Form Factor of an Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita
(Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) in the Ganges Basin, India
1
Javaid Iqbal Mir, 1Uttam Kumar Sarkar, 1Arvind Kumar Dwivedi,
2
Om Prakash Gusain, 1Amar Pal and 1Joy Krushna Jena

1
National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources,
Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Department of Zoology and Biotechnology,
Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract: To test intrabasin variation of the condition factor, relative condition factor and form factor of a
commercially important Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan 1822), a total of 1183 individuals
were sampled in six rivers of the Ganges basin from January 2009 to December 2011. Condition factor (K) for
male populations ranged from 1.20±0.28 - 1.51±0.17 while, in female ranged from 1.26±0.17 - 1.40±0.36. Significant
variation of K was significantly in male populations of all the rivers (p<0.05) while, it was not significant in
females (p>0.05). The variation in K with total length of fish showed distinct pattern of alignment. Relative
condition coefficient (Kn) showed significant variations among different male populations and also with the
total length of L. rohita. The UPGMA was employed to detect the population groups in males and females,
which resulted in generation of five clusters for both sexes in six populations. For detecting shape variations
of fish among different populations form factor has been deduced. Form factor (a3.0) for males of six populations
ranged from 0.004808-0.005404 and 0.004819-0.008669 for female stocks of six different rivers.

Key words: Labeo rohita % Relative Condition Factor % Form Factor % Variation % Ganges Basin % India

INTRODUCTION IUCN [4]. To successfully develop and manage the

population in natural waters of the Ganges Basin, it is
Indian major carp, L. rohita commonly known as important to update the current growth pattern in natural
‘rohu’ belongs to the family Cyprinidae, a warm water habitat. Therefore, in India, NBFGR, Lucknow has been
teleost, available in lakes, ponds, rivers and also confined running a flagship network program on the stock
to water bodies of India and adjacent countries [1]. identification of L. rohita using biological and molecular
The natural resources of this fish are primarily from the tools [5].
network of the Ganges River system, the Sindh and the Fulton’s condition factor is widely used in fisheries
Brahmaputra River systems in the north and the east and fish biology studies. This factor is calculated from the
coast and west coast river systems flowing through in the relationship between the weight of a fish and its length,
south and central India. It is a highly preferred carp and with the intention of describing the “condition” of that
fetches high market prices. India is by far the largest individual fish [6]. Different values of condition factor of
producer of rohu and the total global aquaculture a fish indicate the state of sexual maturity, the degree of
production peaked in 2009, at nearly 13, 50,000 tons [2]. food sources availability, age and sex of some species [7]
The fish grows up to a maximum size of 200 cm [3]. and the system of environment [8]. In addition, the effect
However, there has been considerable decline in the of environmental changes on fish species is also reflected
overall size and species in the natural waters and the through the score of fish condition factor. Condition
species is now categorized as LC (Least Concern) as per factor provided information when comparing two or more

Corresponding Author: Uttam Kumar Sarkar, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road,
PO Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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 Europ. J. Biol. Sci., 4 (4): 126-135, 2012

populations living in certain feeding, density, climate digital weighing machine (ACCULAB Sartorius Group)
and other conditions; when determining the period of respectively. The length of the fish was taken from the tip
gonadal maturation; and when following up the degree of snout (mouth closed) to the extended tip of the caudal
of feeding activity of a species to verify whether it is fin nearest 0.01mm and weighed to the nearest 0.01 gm
making good use of its feeding source [9-11]. Relative (total weight). All the specimens were dissected at the site
condition factor can be used for comparing the observed and the sexes were identified.
weight of an individual with the mean weight for that
length [6]. Relative weight is considered as management Methodology
goal by fishery manager for monitoring status of fishes Condition Factor: Index of well being or condition of
and for comparative growth studies. Relative weight is fish is measured by the unit called condition factor (K)
suitable index for comparing condition across populations calculated by using Fulton [18] type condition factor of
and species [6]. For the evaluation of the significant the form:
changes in body shapes of fishes from different
populations or species the form factor is an important tool K = W*102/L3
[6]. Condition factor and relative condition factor of where,
Labeo genus has been extensively investigated and K: condition factor,
reported [12-14]. The studies on L. rohita have been W: weight of fish in grams
earlier investigated [15-17]. However, the information L: total length of fish in mm.
about condition factor, relative condition factor and form K calculated for individual fish was pooled year-wise,
factor of L. rohita from Ganges Basin is negligible and river-wise and sex-wise.
fragmentary. Our study is the first attempt for evaluating
the pattern of intrabasin variation in these factors and Relative Condition Factor: The relative condition factor
filling up the paucity of the information regarding growth (Kn) compensates for changes in form or condition with
of this fish over the decades for identifying different increase in length and was calculated using LeCren [19] &
potential stocks. Froese [6]:

MATERIALS AND METHODS Kn= W/aLb

Sample Collection: Samples of L. rohita were collected where,

randomly during January 2009 to December 2011 from six W = Observed weight in grams,
different drainages of the River Ganges Basin (70-88°30' L = length of fish in mm
East and 22°-31° North) including main channel. The GPS For relative condition factor relative weight was
coordinates and the location of the selected sites on these calculated by the formula:
rivers and the number of samples collected from each river
is mentioned in Table 1. The samples were collected by Wrm = 100*W/amLbmFroese [6]
using different types of fishing gears (cast net, drag net,
gill net). Altogether 1183 specimens were collected and where Wrm is relative weight, W observed weight in grams,
the required measurement of length and weight were am = geometric mean of intercept a, bm is mean of slope b
taken at the site by using digital caliper (Mitutiya) and and L is the length of fish in mm.

Table 1: Sample size and the GPS coordinates of the samplings sites and land use pattern of Labeo rohita
Rivers (Sites) Sample size Latitude (0N) Longitude (0E) Land use pattern
0 0
Ganges (Narora) 273 28 4'14'' 78 44'54" Atomic Power Plant, Dams, temples, Semi-urban, agriculture, domestic sewage
Ghagra (Faizabad) 146 26075' 81099' Semi-urban, agriculture, domestic sewage
Betwa (Bhojpur) 162 23045'39'' 78014' 93'' Small dams, water lifting pumps, new road construction activities, industrial
discharge, temples, rural, agriculture
Sharda (Palia) 160 220 49' 60'' 750 47' 60'' Rural area, buffer zone (PA) agriculture activities, Forest
Ken (Patan) 197 24041'' 40'' 79054' 95'' Rural area, buffer zone (PA) agriculture activities, Forest
0 0
Gomti (Lucknow) 245 26 52'22" 80 54'58" Urban, barrage, domestic sewage, beverage, distillery industry, temple in the river bank

Form Factor: The slope of log a vs b can be used to estimate for a given LWR the value that coefficient a

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 Europ. J. Biol. Sci., 4 (4): 126-135, 2012

would have if exponent b were 3. This value (a3.0) can be The variations in K with total length (mm) of fish in
interpreted as a form factor of the species or population. male populations of all the rivers are given in figure 1.
For this species the form factor (a3.0) was calculated In River Ghagra five phases of variation are easily
according to Froese [6] distinguished. In phase 1, K significantly increased from
1.35 at a length class of 300-380 mm to 1.54 at a length
a3.0 = 10loga-s (b-3) class of 380-460 mm. In phase II, it decreased from
1.54 (380-460 mm) to 1.49 at a length class of 460-540 mm.
where a and b are the coefficient of LWRs and s is the In phase III, it again increased from 1.49 (460-540 mm) to
regression slope of log a vs b. 1.67 at a length class of 540-620 mm. In phase IV, there
Variations in the condition factor (K), relative was a decline from 1.67 (540-620 mm) to 1.58 at a length
condition factor (Kn) and form factor (a3.0) were described interval of 700-780 mm and at final phase it increased from
among different geographical locations. The significance 1.58 (540-620 mm) to a highest value of 1.70 at a length
of the K and Kn were assessed by analysis of variance interval of 780-860 mm. In River Betwa variation was
(ANOVA) and the values for each river were tested by t- observed in three phases, in phase I the K increased from
test to verify its significance level between males and 0.98 at a total length interval of 280-360 mm to 1.48 at a
females among the six rivers. All the statistical analysis length interval of 600-680 mm, in phase II it showed slight
was done by using SPSS 10.0 and Excel 2007. increase from 1.48 to 1.52 at a length of 760-840 mm and
then declined again to 1.48 at a length of 840-920 mm.
RESULTS For River Sharda K ranged from 1.21-1.44 at the respective
length intervals of 440-520 mm and 600-680 mm. For River
Variation in Condition Factor (K): The sample size, Ken K increased from 1.07 at length of 310-390 mm to
length range and mean K±SD values are given in table 2. 1.31 at a length interval of 550-630 mm and then finally
The results indicated that there were significant difference decreased to 1.24 at a length of 630-710 mm. In River
among the condition factor of male populations of all the Ganges four phases are clearly noticed, in phase I K
rivers (p<0.05). None of the rivers showed any significant increased from 0.96 at a length class of 160-240 mm to
difference in female populations (p>0.05). The value of 1.20 at a length of 320-400 mm. In phase II it decreased
K ranged from 1.20-1.51 for males. The minimum K was from 1.20 to 1.12 at a length class of 480-560 mm. In
noticed for River Betwa (1.20±0.28) and highest value in phase III the value increased from 1.12 to highest value
River Ghagra (1.51±0.17). In female populations the value of 1.58 at a length interval of 720-800 mm and at final
of K was lowest for Rivers Ganga and Gomti (1.26) and phase it decreased from 1.58 to 1.29 at a length of 880-960
highest for River Ghagra (1.40). mm. In River Gomti the lowest K (1.20) was observed at al
length interval of 260-340 while highest K (1.48) at a total
length of 660-740 mm.

Table 2: Descriptive statistics of Fulton's condition factor (K), Relative condition factor (Kn) and Form factor (a3.0) of L. rohita from six different rivers of
Ganges Basin
Fulton's condition factor (K) Relative condition factor (Kn)
Length range -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- Form factor
Rivers Sex N (mm) Min.-Max. Mean ± SD 95% CI Min.-Max. Mean± SD 95% CI (a 3. 0)
Ganges M 137 308-920 0.74-2.00 1.27 ±0.26d 1.22-1.30 0.07-3.91 1.28±0.98a 1.13-1.35 0.004830
F 136 160-900 0.73-2.00 1.26 ±0.23 1.23-1.30 0.28-3.80 1.21±0.85 1.16-1.28 0.004819
Ghagra M 77 305-800 1.22-2.08 1.51 ±0.17a,b,c,d,e 1.46-1.53 0.37-3.39 1.39±0.74 1.32-1.42 0.005404
F 69 160-850 0.88-2.14 1.40 ±0.36 1.27-1.46 0.09-4.14 1.13±1.05 1.10-1.24 0.005071
Betwa M 86 280-870 0.81-1.97 1.20 ±0.28a,f,g 1.15-1.26 0.20-3.15 1.59±0.87 1.42-1.63 0.004808
F 76 308-920 0.85-1.97 1.35 ±0.25 1.29-1.41 0.23-3.65 1.51±0.87 1.43-1.61 0.004920
Sharda M 89 280-850 0.97-1.75 1.32 ±0.17b,l,g,h 1.28-1.36 0.27-3.40 1.79±0.92 1.67-1.82 0.004977
F 71 290-940 0.87-1.83 1.35 ±0.20 1.30-1.39 0.27-3.89 1.12±0.89 1.09-1.18 0.005223
Ken M 112 310-710 0.79-1.56 1.20 ±0.15c,f,h,i 1.17-1.23 0.24-1.91 0.89±0.44a 0.79-1.02 0.004819
F 85 160-870 0.74-2.86 1.30 ±0.35 1.23-1.38 0.07-3.27 1.21±0.85 1.12-1.43 0.004875
Gomti M 125 265-880 0.87-1.89 1.31 ±0.21e,l,g,i 1.27-1.35 9.25-3.46 0.99±0.74 0.84-1.21 0.004897
F 120 265-810 0.99-1.75 1.26 ±0.17 1.23-1.30 0.45-3.33 1.23±0.65 1.12-1.73 0.008669
Superscript a to i represent the value of significance (P<0.05) for male (M) and female (F) populations

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 Europ. J. Biol. Sci., 4 (4): 126-135, 2012

Fig. 1: Variation of condition factor (K) with the total length (mm) of male population of L. rohita for six populations from
January 2009 to December 2011

In female populations the K values were plotted Variation in Relative Condition Factor (Kn): The mean
against the total length (mm) (Figure 2). The variation Kn±SD values are given in table 2. The results indicated
of K in Ghagra showed three phases, it first that there were significant difference between the Kn
increased from 1.09 to 1.41 then declined to 1.16 and again values of male populations in Rivers Ken and Ganges
increased to 1.93 at 1.60-240 mm, 240-320 mm, 400-480 mm (p<0.05). In female populations none of the rivers showed
and 800-880 respectively. For River Betwa the value any significant differences (p>0.05). Kn ranged from 0.89-
increased from 1.03 to 1.63 and then decreased to 1.51 at 1.79 for males. The minimum value was noticed for River
different length intervals. For River Sharda K showed Ken (0.89±0.44) and highest for River Sharda (1.79±0.92)
lowest value at 290-370 mm (K = 1.23) and highest value and in case of female populations Kn was lowest for River
at 610-790 mm (K = 1.48), the value of K noticed for River Sharda (1.12) and highest for River Betwa (1.51).
Ken ranged from 0.96-1.55 at 160-240 mm and 640-720 mm The variation of relative condition factor with total
respectively. In River Ganges K ranged from 1.15-1.61 at length of fish in male populations of all the rivers is given
300-380 mm and 700-780 mm respectively. In River Gomti in figure 3. In River Ghagra the Kn varies from 0.53 at a
K ranged from 1.17-1.61 at 460-540 mm and 780-860 mm length interval of 300-380 mm to 3.34 at 780-860 mm. River
respectively. Betwa showed the same variation as River Ghagra,

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 Europ. J. Biol. Sci., 4 (4): 126-135, 2012

Fig. 2: Variation of condition factor (K) with the total length (mm) of female population of L. rohita for six populations
from January 2009 to December 2011

the lowest K (0.30) was recorded at 280-360 mm and the then again increased to 1.79 at 800-880 mm length interval
highest value (3.12) at 840-920 mm. In River Sharda and finally decreased to 1.53 at final length interval. In
two phases are formed, in phase I Kn decreased from River Gomti Kn it increased from 0.53 (260-340 mm) to a
0.82 (280-360 mm) to 0.48 at 360-440 mm of total length highest value of 1.91 at a length interval of 500-580 mm, it
interval, in phase II it increased from 0.48 to 3.01 at a decreased from 1.91 to 1.27 but showed a slight increase
length interval of 760-840 mm. For River Ken the value at a length interval of 660-740 mm.
increase from 0.72 at a total length of 310-390 mm to For female populations the Kn was plotted
1.07 at a length interval of 470-550 mm then decreased to against the total length (mm) (Figure 4). River Ghagra
0.84 at a length of 550-630 mm and finally the value showed a constant increase in Kn from 0.13 at a
increased from 0.84 to 0.93 at a length of 840-920 mm. length interval of 160-240 mm to 3.95 at a total
River Ganges showed zigzag type of variation in Kn, in length of 800-880 mm. In River Betwa the variation
phase I the value from 0.37 (160-240 mm) to 2.30 (400-480 in Kn was overt in four phases, in phase I it increased
mm), in II phase it decreased to 1.09 at 560-640 mm length from 0.64 (300-380 mm) to 1.75 at a total length of
interval, phase III showed increased value from 1.09 to 380-460 mm, in phase II it decreased to 0.54 at
1.33, phase IV indicated a sudden decrease to 0.57 and 540-620 mm length range, in phase III it again increased

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 Europ. J. Biol. Sci., 4 (4): 126-135, 2012

Fig. 3: Variation of relative condition factor (Kn) with the total length (mm) of male population of L. rohita for six
populations from January 2009 to December 2011

to a highest value of 2.81 at a length interval of In order to detect population groups of L. rohita with
780-860 mm and in last phase it decreased to 2.06 similar growth pattern we employed unweighted pair
at a length interval of 860-940 mm. For River Sharda group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) in our
Kn decrease from 1.78 at first length interval of application of hierarchical cluster analysis of six rivers on
290-370 mm to 0.40 at an length interval of 870-950 mm. the basis of average condition factors of males and
River Ken showed a zigzag variation in Kn, it females separately. The six populations resolved into five
was highest (Kn = 2.26) at 240-320 mm and lowest (0.29) clusters in both males and females (Figure 5). In case of
at 800-880 mm of length interval. In River Ganges males, group 1 included Rivers Gomti and Ghagra, group
the variation in Kn indicated three peaks one at 2 comprised Betwa, group 3 included Ken, group 4 Ganga
380-460 mm where it was highest (2.20), the second and fifth group included River Sharda, similar type of
peak was at 460-540 mm at which the value was pattern was observed in case of female populations with
2.04 and the final peak is at 620-700 mm where the a slight reshuffling of groups.
observed Kn was 1.38, the lowest Kn (0.51) was noticed at The plot of log a vs b showed expansion of some of
780-860 mm. In River Gomti it increased from 0.96 at a the points around the trend line, with the correlation
length of 380-460 mm to 1.70 at 540-620 mm length, coefficient r2 = 0.83 (Figure 6). The form factor ranged from
afterward it decreased to 1.05 at total length range of 0.004808-0.005404 for male population of Betwa and
780-860 and finally it increased to 2.39 at a length interval Ghagra respectively and 0.004819-0.008669 in case of
of 860-940 mm. female populations of Ganges and Gomti respectively.

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 Europ. J. Biol. Sci., 4 (4): 126-135, 2012

Fig. 4: Variation of relative condition factor (Kn) with the total length (mm) of female population of L. rohita from
January 2009 to December 2011

Fig. 5: UPGMA Dendrograms representing average

linkages among different six populations of L.
rohita by using square Euclidean distances on Fig. 6: Plot of log a over b for length-weight relationship
average condition factors for males (A) and of L. rohita from Ganges River basin for
females (B) estimation of form factor

DISCUSSION been done from different parts of the world for different
species [20, 21]. For L. rohita this is the first
The studies on intrabasin variation in growth and comparative study on the condition factor, relative
other life history parameters of fishes in wild habitat have condition factor and form factor in the six drainages of the
not been investigated thoroughly for decades, but in Ganges Basin, which could serve as a tool for providing
recent years, comparative work on these parameters has insight into growth strategies of the populations.

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 Europ. J. Biol. Sci., 4 (4): 126-135, 2012

These attributes were previously available for only the recorded by Raizada and Raizada [26] in case of Cirrhinus
ponds, hatcheries, Lakes and a few rivers [13, 16, 17] mrigala and suggested that high Kn values in smaller
information provided here is new for the other tributaries immature samples may be due to its high feeding intensity
of the Ganges River Basin. The mean K of L. rohita varied for rapid growth.
significantly for almost all the populations. River Ghagra Additionally, the hierarchical cluster analysis of
showed highest K for both male and female populations six populations based on average condition factor values
and lowest values were noticed in Rivers Ken and Betwa for male and female populations of L. rohita generated
for males and Ganges and Gomti for females. For rest of five clusters in males and females. In both sexes, Rivers
the rivers it showed significantly lower variation which Gomti and Ghagra were placed in one group, this may be
may be attributed to the dissimilar food availability and due to similar land use pattern and smaller distance
other human interruptions [22]. The variation of condition between the two rivers and the rest of rivers were placed
factor with total length of the fish showed higher values in separate individual groups. This may be attributed to
after 50% of maturity was attained in the fish, usually at a their separate land use pattern, some of the rivers fall into
total length of 450 mm above for both males and females the buffer zones and some have severe human
[23], but some of the populations like Ghagra, Sharda, interruptions [25].
Ganges and Gomti showed significantly higher values With regard to the form factors, those of the studied
at lower length intervals also. LeCren [19] reported that populations fell within the confidence limit of the
environmental factors, food supply and parasitism have elongated body shape [6] as the study areas are rivers,
great influence on the health of the fish. The differences this may explain why the form factor for the fish belonged
in condition factors on different length intervals and to this body shape. He also pointed out that if several
among different rivers could be attributed to low feeding length-weight relationships are available for a species,
intensity and degeneration of ovaries during winter and then a plot of a over b will form a straight line which can
high feeding intensity and full development of ovaries at be used to detect outliers. However, due to the large
the maturity periods. expansion of the points around the trend line
In this study, a significant variation in relative accompanied by decreased correlation coefficient (<0.85),
condition factor (Kn) among different rivers was noticed, exclusions of outliers were not possible. This can be
which showed highest value for River Sharda and Betwa interpreted as a large variety in the coefficient (a and b of
in case of male and female populations respectively. LWR).
This may be due to the dissimilar food availability and Keeping in view the great importance of Indian
random seasonal collection of the samples throughout the major carps as food fish and having fast growth, we
year [22]. Kn showed fluctuation in all size groups of male investigated the pattern of intrabasin variation in these
and female populations during the present investigation. factors for one of the important major carp L. rohita within
Similar observations were reported by Azadi and Naser this basin for filling up the paucity of the information
[24] for Labeo bata. For male population of Rivers regarding growth of this fish over the decades and
Ghagra, Betwa and Sharda the smaller size fishes showed identifying the different potential stocks. Data derived
lower Kn which consistently increased with increase in from these parameters can be used to describe stock
length of fish. Similar observations were reported by boundaries at a range of spatial scales that may assist in
Chatterjee et al. [13] and Sarkar et al. [16] in L. rohita. In directing future studies to refine stock structures. In order
Rivers Ken, Ganges and Gomti, condition factor increased to confirm our findings, we suggest the use of a more
above 400 mm of total length, which is the 50% maturity sensitive condition index, such as RNA/DNA content,
size of this fish and then again showed decline when lipid content [27, 28] and otolith fingerprinting over a
spawning period was over [23]. This may be due to wider range of specimens.
increase in the weight of the fish due to gonadal
maturation and sufficient availability of food [13]. For ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
females of Rivers Ghagra, Betwa, Ganges and Gomti
smaller size fishes showed lower Kn. Similar type of result The authors are grateful to the Director NBFGR,
was reported by Reddy and Rao [25] in several freshwater Lucknow, for providing necessary facilities. Thanks are
carps. In females of Rivers Sharda and Ken, smaller size due to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
groups showed higher Kn. Similar observations were New Delhi for financial support to carry out this work.

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 Europ. J. Biol. Sci., 4 (4): 126-135, 2012

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