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Lesson 11 Higher Order and Implicit Differentiations

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21 views18 pages

Lesson 11 Higher Order and Implicit Differentiations

Uploaded by

raphaelhaayo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lesson 11

HIGHER ORDER AND


IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
OBJECTIVES:

• To define higher derivatives.


• To apply the knowledge of higher derivatives and implicit
differentiation in proving relations.
• To find the higher derivative of algebraic functions.
• To determine the derivative of algebraic functions implicitly
under the specified conditions.
HIGHER DERIVATIVES

The derivative f’ of a function f is itself a function and hence


may have a derivative of its own. If f’ is differentiable, then its
derivative is denoted by f” and is called the second
derivative of f. As long as we have differentiability, we can
continue the process of differentiating to obtain the third,
fourth, fifth, and even higher derivatives of f.

These successive derivatives are denoted


f ' , f ' '  ( f ' )' , f ' ' '  ( f ' ' )' , f  ( f ' ' ' )' , f  ( f )' ,......
by 4 5 4
Other common notations for higher derivatives are the following:

first dy d
, y ' , f ' ( x ), f ( x ), Dx f ( x )
derivative: dx dx
second d2y d2 2
2
, y' ' , f ' ' ( x), 2 f ( x), D x f ( x)
derivative: dx dx
dny n n dn n
nth n
, y , f ( x ), n
f ( x ), D x f ( x)
dx dx
derivative:
The symbols
dy d 2 y d n y
, 2 , n are called Leibniz notations.
dx dx dx
EXAMPLES:
1. Find all the derivatives of the function.
y  6 x 5  5 x 4  2 x 3  3 x 2  10 x  5

SOLUTION:
y'  30 x 4  20 x 3  6 x 2  6 x  10
y"  120 x 3  60 x 2  12 x  6
y'''  360 x 2  120 x  12
y 4   720 x  120
y 5   720
y 6   0
2 4
y  x  5  x  4x
4

x 1

SOLUTION:
y'  4 x 3  2 x 3  16 x 5
y"  12 x 2  6 x 4  80 x 6

when x=1;
y"  121  6 1  801
2 4 6

 12  6  80
y"  98
d2y x
3. Find of y 
dx 2 1 x

SOLUTION:
dy 1  x 1  x 1 1  x  x 1
  
dx 1  x  2
1  x  1  x 2
2

d 2 y 1  x  0   121  x  1 21  x 


2
 
dx 2 1  x 4 1  x 4
d2y 2

dx 2
1  x 3
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

FUNCTIONS DEFINED EXPLICITLY AND IMPLICITLY


There are two ways to define functions, implicitly and
explicitly. Most of the equations we have dealt with have
been explicit equations, such as y = 2x-3, so that we can
write y = f(x) where f(x) = 2x-3. But the equation 2x-y = 3
describes the same function. This second equation is an
implicit definition of y as a function of x. As there is no real
distinction between the appearance of x or y in the second
form, this equation is also an implicit definition of x as a
function of y.
An implicit function is a function in which the
dependent variable has not been given "explicitly" in
terms of the independent variable. To give a
function f explicitly is to provide a prescription for
determining the output value of the function y in terms of
the input value x: y = f(x). By contrast, the function
is implicit if the value of y is obtained
from x by solving an equation of the form: R(x,y) = 0.
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

• In general, it is not necessary to solve an


equation for y in terms of x in order to
differentiate the functions defined implicitly by
the equation.

• To find the derivative of functions defined


implicitly we use implicit differentiation.
Steps in Implicit Differentiation

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with


respect to x.
dy
2. Collect all the terms with on one side of the
dx
equation.
dy
3. Factor out .
dx
dy
4. Solve for dx
.
EXAMPLE:
1. Find y' and y' ' of x 2  4 y 2  4 by implicit differenti ation.
Solution:
x2  4 y2  4 Find y' '
Take the derivative of 1  y - xy'  x
y' '   2  then replace y' 
each term implicitly, 4  y  4y
2 x  8 yy'  0  x  4 y2  x2
y  x 
8 yy'  2 x 1  4y   1  4y
y"  
Solve for y' , 4 y2 4 y2

y' 
2x 1 4 y2  x2  x2  4 y2
y"   
 
8y 4 4 y3 16 y 3
x but x 2  4 y 2  4
y' 
4y 4 1
y"  
16 y 3 4 y 3
2. Show that if x y  1, then y' '  x' '  4

Solution:
dy  y
Differenti ate the given then substitute 
dx x
equation x y  1 wrt x.   y
x   y
y y
x  y 1  0
dy 2
d y  x 
 
dx dx 2 x2 x2
dy dy  y d2y 2y
x  y     this is y"
dx dx x dx 2 x 2

Different iate again wrt x


 dy   dy 
x      y 1 x    y
d2y  dx   dx 
 
dx 2 x2 x2
dx dx  x
Now find in x y  1. then substitute 
dy dy y
 x
x1  y
dx
0 y     x
dy
2
d x  y  xx
 
dx dx  x dy 2 y2 y2
y  x  
dy dy y d 2 x 2x
  this is x"
dy 2 y 2

Differentiate again wrt y.


Therefore ,
)   x1
dx
y( 
2
d x dy 2 y 2x 4
 y"  x"  2  2 
dy 2 y2 x y xy
 dx  y"  x"  4 since xy  1
2
y     x
d x
  dy 
dy 2 y2

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