Topic 6 Long questions

Q1. Antibiotics are widely used to treat infections.

Some antibiotics are bactericidal.

Describe how you would use aseptic techniques to transfer bacterial cells growing on an agar plate to a
tube containing a sterile broth.
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q2. Some plants have been genetically modified to express viral antigens.
These plants are used as edible vaccines and stimulate immunity when eaten.

Devise an investigation that a scientist could use to measure the effectiveness of

this vaccine in mice.
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q3. A student read that more than half of raw chickens on sale in supermarkets are contaminated with
bacteria from the genus Campylobacter.
Some species of Campylobacter cause food poisoning in humans.

The student carried out an experiment to test the effectiveness of various antibiotics against
Campylobacter.

The photograph shows the student's agar plates at the end of the experiment.
The white circles labelled A–H are filter paper discs. These discs were soaked in different antibiotics then
placed on the surface of the agar.

The student concluded that fresh chickens should be sprayed with antibiotic H before being packaged for
sale in supermarkets.

Evaluate the student's conclusion.

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Q4. Salmonella are Gram negative bacteria found in the large intestine of humans.
A scientist studied the growth of Salmonella.

Salmonella was isolated from a mixed culture of bacteria, using streak plating onto selective media.
Explain why this is a suitable method for isolating the Salmonella.
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Q5. Antibiotics are widely used to treat infections.

Some antibiotics are bactericidal.

The table shows information about five antibiotics.

Analyse the data to comment on the number of types of each antibiotic that exist today.
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q6. *Macrophages are involved in response to infection.

Macrophages engulf bacteria by surrounding the bacteria with pseudopodia.

The image shows a macrophage forming pseudopodia around some bacteria.

The flow chart shows one theory for the formation of pseudopodia.

Phagocytosis by macrophages is affected by a number of factors.

Microorganisms with a fluorescent green dye attached to them were used to measure phagocytosis by
macrophages.

The microorganisms were added to the macrophages and incubated. The macrophages were then
washed and the extent to which they glowed green was determined.

The extent of the green glow is proportional to the number of microorganisms engulfed by the
macrophages.

The graphs show the results of investigations into phagocytosis by macrophages.

Analyse the data to discuss the factors that affect phagocytosis by macrophages.
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(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q7. The rubella virus stimulates the production of antibodies in humans but usually causes only mild
infections.
However, infection of pregnant women can cause serious problems for the developing fetus.
*Antibodies can be divided into five classes.

The table gives some information about these classes of antibody.

1
Colostrum is the first type of milk produced by the mother following birth.

The graph shows the levels of three of these classes of antibody produced in response to infection with
the rubella virus.

Analyse the information in the table and the graph to assess the role of these five classes of antibody in
the immune response to the rubella virus.
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(Total for question = 6 marks)
Mark Scheme
Q1.

Q2.
Q3.
Q4.

Q5.
Q6.
Q7.