Modified PTS with FECs for PAPR

reduction in MIMO-OFDM system with

different subcarriers
P. Mukunthan
Department of ECE
Pondicherry Engineering College
[email protected]


P.Dananjayan
Department of ECE
Pondicherry Engineering College
[email protected]

Abstract-Multiple input multiple output orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM)
systems have been proposed in the recent past for
providing high-data rate services over wireless
channels. When combined with space time coding it
provides the advantages of space-time coding and
OFDM, resulting in a spectrally efficient wideband
communication system. However, MIMO OFDM
systems suffer with the problem of inherent high peak
to average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper, a
generalized framework for PAPR reduction for space-
time coded OFDM systems based on modified PTS
using forward error-correcting codes (FECs) such as
Turbo codes and Golay codes are employed in the
modified PTS radix FFT, where, the PAPR is jointly
optimized in both the real and imaginary parts,
separately multiplied with different subcarriers are
considered. To further reduce the PAPR, The
simulation results show that the combined FEC with
modified PTS technique significantly provides better
PAPR reduction with reduced computational
complexity compared to original PTS technique in the
MIMO OFDM systems.
Keywords: MIMO,OFDM, PTS, STBC, turbo code, Golay
Codes, Reed-Muller Codes,PAPR.
I. INTRODUCTION
Multicarrier modulation or orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM), which offers a
considerable high spectral efficiency, multi-path
delay spread tolerance, immunity to the frequency
selective fading channels and power efficiency [1],
has been proposed in various wireless
communication standards such as IEEE 802.11, IEEE
802.16, and IEEE 802.15.3a, and it is increasingly
held that OFDM results in an improved downlink
performance for 4G. In [2]space-time codes have
been designed for use with OFDM over frequency
selective channels, which can achieve a spatial
diversity technique employ multiple antennas at the
transmitter and receiver and it is promising, since it
does not increase the transmit power and the signal
bandwidth. This can be efficiently utilized through
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems.
Despite its many advantages, MIMO OFDM suffers
with the problem of high peak-to-average power ratio
(PAPR) and carrier frequency offset sensitivity [2,
3].Hence, it is important to reduce the PAPR,
otherwise, high power amplifiers (HPA) in the
transmitter need to have a linear region that is much
larger than the average power, which makes them
expensive and inefficient. This is because if an HPA
with a linear region slightly greater than the average
power is used, the saturation caused by the large
peaks will result in intermodulation distortion, which
increases the bit error rate (BER) and causes spectral
widening, resulting in adjacent channel interference.
A number of techniques were proposed to control the
PAPR of the transmitted signals in MIMO-OFDM
systems, such as clipping [4], selective mapping
(SLM)) [5], and partial transmit sequence (PTS)
[6].Clipping could be an effective technique for
PAPR reduction. However, clipping is a nonlinear
process and may cause significant in-band distortion,
which degrades the bit-error-rate (BER) performance,
and out-of-band noise, which reduces the spectral
efficiency. PTS and SLM are probabilistic methods
which achieve significant PAPR reduction with only
a small data rate loss; however PTS or SLM has no
inherent error control compared to the use of block
coding with Golay complementary sequences. Even,
if the PTS scheme is simple and distortionless,
sometimes its computational complexity is burden-
some. A modified PTS scheme is proposed to lower
the computational complexity which keeping the
similar PAPR reduction performance compared with
the conventional PTS scheme. In this paper, modified
PTS is combined with forward error-correcting codes
(FECs) such as Turbo codes and Golay codes are
propose the PAPR reduction of the transmitted signal
in multiple transmit antenna systems, which have less
complexity and better performance in proportion to
the number of transmit antennas.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section
2, briefly introduces PAPR in MIMO OFDM system.
Section 3, outlines the definition of complementary
Golay sequences and Reed-Muller code and their
properties. Turbo coded partial transmit sequences
(PTS) scheme is presented in Section 4. Section 5
presents the simulation results. And finally,
conclusions are drawn in Section 6.
2. PAPR IN MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM

Considering, N modulated data symbols from a
particular signaling constellation, to create a
complex-valued symbol vector
( )
0, 1, 1
....
k N
X X X X

=
,
where,
k
X
is the complex value carried by the k
th

subcarrier of the m
th
transmit antenna.The OFDM
symbol can be written as
( )
0
1
2
0
1
N
j kf t
k
k
x t X e
N
t

=
=

, 0 t T s s
(1)
where T is the symbol interval, and
0
f

=1/T is the
frequency spacing between adjacent subcarriers.
Replacing t=n
b
T , where
b
T =T/N, gives the discrete
time version denoted by
1
2 /
0
1
( )
N
j kn LN
k
k
x n X e
N
t

=
=

, n=0,1,NL-1
(2)
where, L is the oversampling factor. The symbol-
spaced sampling sometimes misses some of the
signal peaks and results in optimistic results for the
PAPR. The sampling can be implemented by an
IFFT.
The PAPR of the transmitted OFDM signal, x(t), is
then given as the ratio of the peak instantaneous
power to the average power, written as
( )
2
0
2
max ( )
t T
x t
PAPR
E x t
s s
=
(

(3)
where E[] is the expectation operator.
From the central limit theorem, for large values of N,
the real and imaginary values of ( ) x t becomes
Gaussian distributed. The amplitude of the OFDM
signal, therefore, has a Rayleigh distribution with
zero mean and a variance of N times the variance of
one complex sinusoid. The complementary
cumulative distribution function (CCDF) is the
probability that the PAPR of an OFDM symbol
exceeds the certain threshold PAPR
0
, which can be
expressed as
0
( ( ( ))) P ( ( ( )))
r
CCDF PAPR x n PAPR x n PAPR = >

(4)
Due to the independence of the N samples, the CCDF
of the PAPR of SISO-OFDM as a data block with
Nyquist rate sampling is given by
0
0
P ( ( ( )) ) 1 (1 )
PAPR N
r
P PAPR x n PAPR e

= > =
(5)
This expression assumes that the N time domain
signal samples are mutually independent and
uncorrelated and it is not accurate for a small number
of subcarriers. Therefore, there have been many
attempts to derive more accurate distribution of
PAPR.
For a MIMO-OFDM system, analysis of the PAPR
performance is the same as the SISO case on each
single antenna. For the entire system, the PAPR is
defined as the maximum of PAPRs among all
transmit antennas [9], i.e.,
1
max
t
MIMO OFDM i
i M
PAPR PAPR

s s
=
(6)
where,
i
PAPR
denotes the PAPR at the i
th
transmit
antenna. Specifically, since in MIMO-OFDM, M
t
N
time domain samples are considered compared to N
in SISO-OFDM, the CCDF of the PAPR in MIMO-
OFDM can be written as
0
0
( ) 1 (1 )
t
PAPR M N
r MIMO OFDM
P PAPR PAPR e

> =
(7)
Comparing (7) with (5), it is evident that MIMO-
OFDM results in even worse PAPR performance than
SISO-OFDM.
3. GOLAY SEQUENCES AND REED- MULLER
CODE
3.1 Coding Theory
The binary complementary sequences were proposed
by M.J.E. Golay in 1961 [10]. The complementary
sequences are sequences pairs for which the sum of
aperiodic autocorrelation functions is zero for all
delay shifts. It was mentioned in [11] that the
autocorrelation properties of complementary
sequences can be used to construct the OFDM signal
with low PAPR.
3.2 Complementary Sequence Theory
The pair of sequence x and y of length N, ie.,
| |
0 1 2 1
, , ,....
N
x x x x x

=
and
| |
0 1 2 1
, , ,....
N
y y y y y

= ,
are said to be complementary if the following
condition hold on the sum of both autocorrelation
functions:
1
0
( ) 2 ;
N
k k i k k i
k
x x y y N

+ +
=
+ =

0 i =
0 = ; 0 i = (8)
After taking the Fourier transform on both sides of
Eq. (8) the above condition is translated into the
following equation.
2 2
( ) ( ) 2 X f Y f N + =
(9)
where
( ) X f
and
( ) Y f
are the power spectrum of x
and y respectively. From the spectral condition of (9),
it is observed that the maximum value of the power
spectrum is bounded by 2N.
2
( ) 2 X f N s

(10)
Because the average power of X(f) is equal to N,
assuming that the power of the sequence x is equal to
1, the PAPR of X(f) is bounded as
2
2
N
PAPR
N
s =
(=3 dB)
(11)
Hence. using complementary sequences as input to
generate an OFDM symbol, it is guaranteed that the
maximum PAPR of 3dB can be achieved.
The large sets of binary complementary pairs of
length 2
m
can be obtained from the 2
nd
order cosets
of the well-known 1
st
order Reed-Muller code R(1,
m). This Reed-Muller code results in low PAPR in
addition to its error-correcting capability.
The r
th
order Reed-Muller code is designated as R(r,
m), where m is the parameter related to the length of
the code, n=2
m
, and 0 s r s m. Half of the codes of
R(r, m) are complements of the other half. R(1, m) is
also known as a bi-orthogonal code since it can be
obtained from the generator matrix of an orthogonal
code by adding all-ones codeword to it [12].
In this work, modified PTS is combined with Golay
complementary sequence, PTS is based on combining
signal sub blocks which are phased-shifted by
different phase factors to generate multiple candidate
signals, so as to select the low PAPR signal. Fig.1
shows the model of STBC MIMO-OFDM system.
First, consider the data block,
0, 1, 1
.....
N
X X X X

=

is
encoded with space-time encoder and the following
two vectors
1
X and
2
X can be obtained.
* *
1 0 1 2 1
[ , ,..... , ],
N N
X X X X X

=

* *
2 1 0 1 2
[ , ,..... , ].
N N
X X X X X

=

Encode the data blocks by using Reed Muller code.
Define the codeword as a vector,
* *
1 0 1 2 1
[ , ,..... , ] ,
T
N N
S C C C C

=

* *
2 1 0 1 2
[ , ,..... , ] .
T
N N
S C C C C

=

where, C is an encoded set of code words for any
number of carriers, any M-ary phase modulation
scheme, and any coding rate.
Secondly, S to be transmitted is divided into several
sub-blocks, V, by using subblock partition scheme. In
general, subblock partition scheme can be classified
into 3 categories. The three partition methods are
adjacent, interleaved and random.
S is partitioned into M disjoint sets, which is
represented by the vector,
m
S , m=1,2,.., M (14)
In this work, the codeword vector S is partitioned by
using adjacent method. Assume that the subblocks or
clusters consist of a contiguous set of subcarriers and
are of equal size. The objective is to optimally
combine the M clusters, which in frequency domain
is given by
'
1
M
m m
m
S b S
=
=

(12)
where, {b
m
, m=1, 2,, M} are weighting factors and
are assumed to be perfect rotations. In other words,
the time domain is given by

1
M
m m
m
s b s
=
=

(13)
where,
m
s which is called the partial transmit
sequence, is the IFFT of
m
S and
m
b is the phase
factors, which are required to inform the receiver as
the side information. The set of weighting factor for
V clusters or subblocks are optimized in the time
domain so as to achieve the better PAPR
performance. PTS generates a signal with a low
PAPR through the addition of appropriately phase
rotated signal parts. The codeword to be transmitted
are divided into several subblocks, V, of length N/V.
Mathematically, expressed by
( )
1
V
v
k k
v
A A
=
=

(14)
All subcarriers positions in
( ) v
k
A

which are occupied
in another subblock are set to zero. Each of the
blocks, v, has an IFFT performed on it,
{ }
( ) ( ) v v
n k
a IFFT A =

(15)
The output of each block (except for first block
which is kept constant) is phase rotated by the
rotation factor as given by
( )
[0, 2 ]
j v
e
u
t e (16)
The blocks are then added together to produce
alternate transmit signals containing the same
information as given by
( ) ( )
1
.
V
v j v
n n
v
a a e
u
=
=

(17)
Each alternate transmit signal is stored in memory
and the process is repeated again with a different
phase rotation value. After a set number of phase
rotation values, W, the OFDM symbol with the
lowest PAPR is transmitted as given by

2 3
, ,.... argmin(max )
v
n
a | | | = (18)
The weighting rotation parameter set is chosen to
minimize the PAPR. In MIMO communication, data
rate or diversity order can be improved by exploiting
the spatial dimension. In the same spirit, treating the
parallel transmit signals jointly, PAPR reduction may
be improved. A modified PTS technique with
forward error correcting codes such as Golay
complementary sequences with Reed-Muller code is
proposed to provide better PAPR reduction in the
MIMO-OFDM systems with lower computational
complexity is shown in Fig.1.
4. TURBO CODING
In this work, a turbo encoder is employed which offer
two advantages, significant PAPR reduction and
good bit error rate performance. Turbo codes [13] are
parallel concatenated convolutional codes in which
the information bits are first encoded by a recursive
systematic convolutional (RSC) code and then, after
passing the information bits through an interleaver,
are encoded by a second RSC code. The purpose of
interleaving the coded data transforms burst error into
independent errors. The result of interleaving makes
error burst to spread out in time, so that errors within
a codeword appear to be independent. The role of
puncture is to periodically delete the selected bits to
reduce the coding overhead. Turbo decoder is used to
recover the transmitted signal at the receiver side.



Fig.1 Block diagram of the modified PTS
scheme of MIMO-OFDM system

Also the turbo encoder can be used to generate
different sequences and sequence with lowest PAPR
is selected for transmission. Fig.1 shows the
transmitter side of MIMO-OFDM systems, where the
turbo coding and modified PTS are used for PAPR
reduction.
The procedure for turbo PTS is same as Golay PTS
except Reed-Muller complement sequence is
replaced with turbo encoder sequence. So by
combining these two methods, significant
performance improvement can be achieved.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of the modified PTS with forward error
correcting codes such as Golay complementary
sequences with Reed-Muller code and turbo code
techniques has been carried out using MATLAB 7.0.
The simulation parameters considered for this
analysis is summarized in Table 1.
In the MIMO-OFDM systems under consideration,
modified PTS technique is applied to the subblocks
of uncoded information, which is modulated by
QPSK, and the phase rotation factors are transmitted
directly to receiver through subblock. The
performance evaluation is done interms of
complementary cumulative distribution function.
Table 1.Simulation parameters
Simulation
parameters
Type/Value
Number of
subcarriers
64, 128, 256, 512, 1024
Number of subblock
4
Oversampling factor
4
Number of antennas
22
Modulation Scheme
QPSK
Phase factor 1, -1, j, -j


Fig.3 Modified PTS performance for
different number of subcarriers and M
t
=2 with
V=4
Fig.3 shows the performance of modified PTS
technique in MIMO-OFDM system for different
number of subcarriers N= 64,128, 256, 512, and
1024. From this figure it is observed that the values
of PAPR for N= 64,128, 256, 512, and 1024 become
4.8, 5.6, 6.3, 6.9 and 7.5dB respectively when CCDF
= 0.6 and M
t
=2.The PAPR value increases
significantly as number of carriers used in the MIMO
OFDM transmission increase as shown in Fig.3.
Though the multi-carrier OFDM transmission
provides high data rate, it results in high PAPR for
higher subcarriers.

Fig. 4 Modified PTS combined with turbo
codes performance for different number of
subcarriers and M
t
=2 with V=4

Fig.4 shows the performance of modified PTS with
Turbo coding for a subblock size V=4 for the same
different number of subcarriers N= 64,128, 256, 512,
and 1024. It gives the better PAPR reduction at N=64
compared to that at all other subcarriers. From this
figure it is noted that the values of PAPR are
obtained as 4, 4.8, 5.6, 6.4 and 7 dB for 64, 128, 256,
512 and 1024 when CCDF=0.6 respectively.
However, the value of PAPR is significantly reduced
for modified PTS with turbo coding system when
compared to modified PTS without coding scheme
(Fig.3 and Fig.4). The PAPR reduction is almost 7 to
20%.
Fig.5 demonstrates the performance of combined
Golay with PTS for subblock size V=4 for different
number of subcarriers N=64, 128, 256, 512, and
1024. It is observed from this figure that even with
increase in the number of subcarriers PAPR remains
constant as Golay sequences is employed. The value
of PAPR become 2.6dB when CCDF=0.6 for all the
subcarriers. Referring to Fig.3, Fig.4 and Fig.5 it is
inferred that, combined Golay with PTS results in
significant PAPR reduction compared to the modified
PTS schemes with turbo code and without coding. It
is almost 50% in PAPR reduction.

Fig. 5 Modified PTS combined with Golay
sequence performance for different number of
subcarriers and M
t
=2 with V=4


6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, PAPR reduction technique based on
modified PTS with FEC in MIMO-OFDM systems
using STBC has been considered. This approach,
which combines the modified PTS technique with
Golay complementary sequences and Reed-Muller
code, divides the subcarriers of OFDM into several
disjoint subblocks resulting in significant
performance gain in terms of PAPR reduction with
low complexity. As a result, the CCDF of PAPR
exhibits a steeper decay, increased by a factor equal
to the number of transmit antennas. The employment
of MIMO configuration along with PAPR reduction
technique improved the capacity and the performance
of the OFDM system. The simulation results indicate
that the proposed technique has a PAPR reduction
capability more than that of the modified PTS
technique with different subcarriers. Turbo PTS
provides good PAPR performance but as the number
of subcarrier increases PAPR increases. Golay PTS
results in 50% PAPR reduction compared to Turbo
PTS for N=256 and a CCDF value of 0.6 with low
complexity as the PAPR is jointly optimized in both
the real and imaginary part.
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