Chapter (4):

Bios and Dos programming in

assembly

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 Chapter (4):
Outlines:
 Bios INT 10H programming: using INT 10H to:
 Clear the screen
 Set the cursor position
 others
 Dos interrupt IN 21H: using INT 21H to:
 Input character from keyboard
 Output the character to screen
 Input & output string

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 Bios INT 10H
 Clearing the screen using INT 10H & function 06H:

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 Bios INT 10H
 Setting the cursor to specific location using INT 10H & function 02H:

 Get current cursor position using INT 10H & function 03H:

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 Dos INT 21H
 Outputting a string of data to the monitor using INT 21H & option 09:

 Outputting a single character to the monitor using INT 21H & option 02:

 Inputting a single character using INT 21H & option 01:

 Inputting a string of data from keyboard using INT 21H & option 0A:

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 Dos INT 21H
TITLE FIRST: input letter from keyboard then print letter in new raw
 Example: .M ODEL SM ALL
.STACK 100H
.CODE
M A IN PROC
;display the character ‘?’
M OV AH,2
M OV DL,'?'
INT 21H
;read letter from keyboard
M OV AH,01
INT 21H
M OV BL,AL ;storage letter
M OV AH,02 ;display letter
M OV DL,0DH ;carriage return
INT 21H
M OV DL,0A H ;line feed
INT 21H
;display the input letter
M OV DL,BL
INT 21H
M OV AH,4CH
INT 21H
M A IN ENDP
END M A IN

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 Dos INT 21H
TITLE THIRD: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM (from small to capital)
 Example: .M ODEL SM ALL
.STACK 100H
.DATA
CR EQ U 0DH
LF EQ U 0AH
M SG1 DB 'ENTER A LOW ER CASE LETTER: $'
M SG2 DB CR,LF,'IN U PPER CASE IT IS:'
CHAR DB ?,'$'
.CODE
M AIN PROC
;initialize DS
M OV AX,@ DATA
M OV DS,AX
;print user prompt M OV DX,offset M SG1
LEA DX,M SG1
M OV AH,09H
INT 21H
;input character and convert to low er case
M OV AH,01H
INT 21H To convert from small to capital
SU B AL,20H
M OV CHAR,AL
;display on the next line
LEA DX,M SG2
M OV AH,09H
INT 21H
;return to DOS
M OV AH,4CH
INT 21H
M AIN ENDP
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 Dos INT 21H
 Example:
In text file

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 Dos INT 21H
 Example:

LEA DX,M ESSAGE

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 Dos INT 21H
 Example:

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 Dos INT 21H
 Example:

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 Dos INT 21H
 Example:

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 Chapter (5):
M acro and the M ouse

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 Chapter (5):
Outlines:
 Define macro and how to use in assembly:
 How macro expanding by assembler:
 How to control the expanded of macro in list file:
 Define the local variable in macro:
 How to include the macro in another file:

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 Macros
 M acro allow the programmer to w rite the task (set of codes perform a specific job)
once only and to invoke it w henever it is needed w herever it is needed.

 In list file the code (string message1) is expanded to:

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 Macros
 Can the macro contain comments?
 The answ er is yes, but there is aw ay to suppress comments and
make the assembler show only the code only.
 If comments are preceded by (;),they w ill show up in the list file.
 If comments are preceded by (;;),they w ill not show up in the list file.
 Or using 3 directives:
 .LALL (list all): list all the instructions and the comments that are preceding
by (;) and can not list the instructions and the comments that are preceding
by (;;)
 .SALL (suppress all)
 .XALL (executable all): list only the instructions

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 Macros
 Example:

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 Macros
 LOCAL directive: used to define label in macro.

M U LTIPLY 2,4,RESU LT

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 Macros
 LOCAL directive: used to define label in macro.

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 Macros
 INCLU DE directive: allow s a programmer to w rite macros and save
them in a file (for ex. “M YM ACRO1.M AC”), and later bring them
into any file or program.

Include macro to clear

screen,set cursor and
display string

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 Chapter (6):
Signed Numbers & Strings &
Tables
Lifted… …

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 Chapter (6):
Outlines:
 Code string instructions:
 Explain the function of registers SI & DI in string
operation
 Explain the direction flag in string instructions
 (M OVSB,M OVSW ,STOS,LODS,CM PS,SCAS)
 Tables processing:
 XLAT
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 String Operations
 U se of SI and DI,DS and ES in string instructions:
 In 8086, the SI and DI registers alw ays point to the source and
destination operands,respectively.
 To generate the physical address,alw ays uses SI as the offset of
the DS register and DI as the offset of ES register.
 By using the string instructions,they are capable of compare or
transfer or … tw o arrays of data located in memory locations
pointed at by the SI and DI registers.

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 String Operations
 Byte and W ord operand in string instructions:

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 String Operations
 Direction flag (DF) in string instructions:
 U sually,W e need the pointer (incremented or decremented) to
process operands located in memory locations.
 In string operations this is achieved by the direction flag (DF).
 DF is the bit 11 (D10) in the flag register (D0 – D15).
 DF is set to high or low in order to the choice of increment or
decrement the SI and DI pointers.
 By U sing the instructions:
1) CLD (clear the DF): then DF = 0, indicate the pointers should
be increment automatically (autoincrement).
2) STD (set the DF): then DF = 1, indicate the pointers should be
decrement automatically.

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 String Operations
 Prefix:
 REP (repeat) prefix: allow a string instruction to repeat the
operation.(process is repeated until CX = 0).
 U sing the REP w ith string instructions M OVS,STOS,and LODS.
 REPZ (repeat zero): is the same REPE (repeat equal),w ill repeat
the string operation as long as the source and destination are
equal (ZF =1) or until CX = 0.
 REPNZ (repeat not zero): is the same REPNE (repeat not equal),
w ill repeat the string operation as long as the source and
destination are not equal (ZF =0) or until CX = 0.
 U sing the REPZ & REPNZ w ith string instructions CM PS and
SCANS.

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 String Operations
 Example: (M OVSB & M OVSW )

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 String Operations
 STOS & LODS instructions:
 STOSB instruction: stores the byte in AL register into
memory locations pointed at by ES:DI and increment DI
once if (DF = 0),if DF = 1,then DI is decremented once.
 STOSW instruction: stores the contents of AX register into
memory locations pointed at by ES:DI and ES:DI+1 (AL into
ES:DI and AH into ES:DI+1),then increment DI tw ice if (DF =
0),if DF = 1,then DI is decremented tw ice.
 LODSB instruction: loads the content of memory locations
pointed at by DS:SI into AL and increment SI once or
decrement SI once.
 LODSW instruction: : loads the content of memory
locations pointed at by DS:SI into AL and DS:SI+1 into AH
and increment SI tw ice or decrement SI tw ice.

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 String Operations
 Example: (STOS & LODS )

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 String Operations
 CM PS & SCANS instructions:
 CM PS (compare string) instruction: allow s the comparison
of tw o arrays of data pointed at by the SI and DI registers.
And depending on w hich prefix REPE or REPNE is used, a
decision is made for equality or inequality.

 SCANS (scan string) instruction: compares each byte or

w ord of the array of data pointed at by ES:DI w ith the
contents of the AL or AX. And depending on w hich prefix
REPE or REPNE is used, a decision is made for equality or
inequality.

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 String Operations
 Example: (CM PS )

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 String Operations
 Example: (SCANS)

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 Table Operations
 XLAT instructions & Look-up tables:
 In some computer application, w e need a table that holds
some important information or some values.
 To access the elements in the table using the XLAT
(translate) instruction.
 The table is commonly referred to a look-up table.

 To access the square value for number 5:

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 Any Question?

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