CONTENTS

Lesson No. Details Lesson Title Page No.

BLOCK - A
01 UNIT – I Introduction to Computers 3
02 UNIT – II Classification of Computers 12

BLOCK - B
03 UNIT – I Digital Technology 26
04 UNIT – II Memory - Real and Virtual 31

BLOCK - C
05 UNIT – I MS-Word 34
06 UNIT – II Powerpoint 75
07 MS-Excel 86
08 MS-Access 125

BLOCK - D
09 UNIT – I Working with Text 168
10 UNIT – II Page Maker 170
11 Corel Draw 176
BLOCK - E
12 UNIT – I History of Internet 186
13 World Wide Web 191

Writer: Ms. Neha

Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: A Unit: I Lesson: 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Writer: Ms. Neha
Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various introductory aspects of computers.
First, we shall focus on the components of computers. We shall also briefly discuss
the evolution of computers and the various generations of computers. The lesson
structure shall be as follows:
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Presentation of Content
1.2.1 Components of Computers
1.2.2 Evolution of Computers
1.2.3 Generations of Computers
1.3 Summary
1.4 Key Words
1.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
1.6 References/Suggested Reading

1.0 OBJECTIVES:
The computer is a major component of Information Technology. Computers influence
every aspect of life today from small businesses or even satellite launchings.
Computers are playing very important functions. So it is important that we become
familiar with the various aspects of computers. In this lesson we shall try to cover
some introductory aspects of computers.
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Know About the Components of Computers
o To Understand the Evolution of Computers
 o To Know About the various Generations of Computers

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
A computer is basically an intelligent machine. When given proper instructions a
computer can understand what to do with given data and process this data and give
accurate result. A computer helps generate data. It can store large amount of data
within a small sized hard disk. It can process data. In addition, a computer helps in
retrieval and transmission of data also.
The most powerful computer is called super computer today, but it does not
even have 10% capacity of thinking compared to human beings. It means human
mind is more powerful than 10 supercomputers together.
The difference between computers and human mind is that the computer
cannot think rationally. Human mind can think without any boundaries. But a
computer can do only what it has been instructed to do. The computer can perform a
job that is tedious and mundane without errors, but the brain behind the computer is
that of a human. As the popular saying goes, the computer is a GIGO (Garbage In
garbage Out) machine. If you feed the computer with the garbage you can only
expect the garbage out of it. The human mind can make sense out of nonsense, but
the computer can make sense out of sense only.

COMPUTER DEFINED:
The modern computer can be defined as:
An electronic machine that is designed to accept data and instructions, store
the data and instructions, process the data according to instructions to
produce or store desired results.

1.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Components of Computers
o Evolution of Computers
o Generations of Computers

1.2.1 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTERS:

A computer performs various functions with the help of the following devices:
INPUT DEVICES:
The input of human brain is through organs like eyes, ears or nose. Similarly, input to
the computer is through certain devices like keyboard, mouse, scanner and light pen.
These devices, which are used to input data and instructions, are called input
devices.
Function of Input Devices: The input devices help us to communicate with
computer by converting human understandable signals and numbers into
appropriate electric signals.
Examples of Input devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Light pen, Optical Character Reader
(OCR), Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR), etc.

OUTPUT DEVICES:
Human beings communicate with each other by talking, writing or drawing, etc. A
computer communicates through devices like monitor (VDU – Visual Display Unit)
and printer. These devices, which are used for communication of data and
information from machine to man, are called output devices.
Function of Output Devices: The output devices help the computer to
communicate with us by converting electric signals to human understandable
signals.
Examples of Output devices: VDU – Visual Display Unit, Printer, Plotter. The
output on VDU is called soft copy output whereas output on paper, which is
produced by printers and plotters are referred to as hard copy output.

CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT):

Now, the human brain has two parts. One, which controls all our actions, and the
other which stores all the things that are to be remembered. The control center of the
brain controls our memory capacity. Similarly the control unit of the computer
controls the data and instructions, which are to be stored or retrieved from its
memory unit. The human brain also has a logical slot wherein all mental calculations
are done. Similarly, a computer has an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which does all
the calculations and logical functions.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) has three parts named as control unit,
arithmetic logical unit and memory unit. Control unit tells to ALU what type of action
is to be taken on given data or instructions. As well as it controls the data and
instructions to be stored in memory part and what is to be retrieved from it.
The memory unit of computer is further divided into Random Access Memory
(RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM) and Cache Memory. Random Access Memory
(RAM) is used to store the data and instructions that are currently being processed.
This memory can be randomly accessed and is also called as Immediate Access
Memory. The RAM is volatile, i.e. the memory is erased when the power supply is
cut off. As the name reflects ROM is Read Only Memory and it is written on the time
of manufacturing of computer. The various types of ROM are EROM, PROM and
EPROM, etc.

FUNCTIONS OF CPU: Following are the functions of central processing unit:

o To store data and instructions
o To control the sequence of operations
o To carry out data processing and show results
The CPU fetches the instructions from the memory, decodes the instruction and
executes the instructions by communicating with the input/output devices and the
memory units.

1.2.2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS:

The computer we use today is the result of man’s long search for a device to help in
performing computations. The search dates back to the 17th century. A series of
scientific breakthroughs by many persons have contributed to produce this electronic
machine called computer.
The word computer is derived from the word “compute”, which means, “to
calculate”. If we look back to the history of the computers it can be traced back to
3000 B.C. the Stone Age man used small round stones for counting cattle.
Later, the Chinese developed a device called Abacus. This is supposed to be the
first mechanical computing device.
In 1617, John Napier, a Scottish mathematician developed a device called
Napier’s bones. With the help of this device, multiplication and addition were
possible.
In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician invented the first mechanical
calculator.
 In 1673, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a German invented the Leibniz calculator
which was used for addition, subtraction and multiplication.
A French weaver’s son named Joseph Marie Jacquard made the next
significant contribution in 1804. After observing his father making different weaving
patterns on the loom, he thought of storing these patterns for future use. So he
developed a plate with multiple holes to control the weaving patterns, not knowing
that one day his idea of storing the weaving patterns would be used to store data
and would be called the Punch card.
A Punch Card is a thin rectangular card divided into 80 columns and 12 rows
in which the various characters could be represented by punching holes in different
rows and columns. On one card it is possible to punch 80 characters – one character
per column, thus it is possible to store 80 characters of data.
Around 1822, Charles Babbage a professor of Mathematics at the Cambridge
University devised an automatic calculating machine called Difference Engine.
The next significant invention came from Dr. Herman Hollerith, an American.
Hollerith built a computer to analyze the Census data of the United States of America
in 1890. This computer was electro-mechanical and was named the Census
machine or Hollerith Statistical Tabulator.
Using this machine Hollerith announced the results of the Census in 2 ½
years as compared to 7 ½ years when the processing was done manually. Herman
Hollerith founded a company named “The Computing Tabulating recording
Company” which today is the IBM Corporation.
Howard Aiken built the first fully electromechanical computer named MARK-1.
In 1945, John Von Neumann, a Frenchman working in IBM, made a
significant contribution. He designed the basic structure of the computer to include
the capacity to:
(i) Perform logic functions.
(ii) Perform repetitive functions.
(iii) Store data and instructions.

In 1945, the fully electronic computer named ENIAC was built by Presper Eckert and
John W Mauchly. ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator.
The computer has built-in LOGIC, the capacity to make a selection. Logic means
some rational thinking, like, 2 is bigger than 1. The computer is capable of
REITERATION or REPETITION. The data and instruction can be stored and
retrieved using the computer.

1.2.3 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS:

Now, in order to have these three features i.e. to perform logical functions, perform
repetitive functions and store data and instructions in a computer, certain
components were made use of, which made a lot of difference in the capacity of the
computer. So depending on the Technology in use the computers are said to belong
to different generations.

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS (1945-1955):

In first generation computers the main component in the use was the vacuum tubes
(like those in the old radios, which warmed up after a minute or so, and glowed red).
The vacuum tubes were also called as valves. The first computer used 17000
vacuum tubes, weighed 30 tons and occupied an area of a big hall. Vacuum tubes
took ages to warm up and consumed massive amounts of electricity. Some of the
computers of this generation are ENIAC, UNIVAC-1.

Advantages:
1. Vacuum tube technology made possible the advent of electronic digital
computers.
2. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They
could perform computations in milliseconds.

Disadvantages:
1. Too bulky in size
2. Unreliable
3. Thousands of vacuum tubes that were used emitted large amount of heat and
burnt out frequently
4. Air conditioning required
5. Prone to frequent hardware failures
6. Constant maintenance required
7. Non-portable
8. Manual assembly of individual components into functioning unit required
 9. Commercial production was difficult and costly
10. Limited commercial use

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1955 - 1965):

The real breakthrough in computers started with the discovery of the transistor.
Transistor is a tiny semi – conductor device, the size is about 1/50th of a vacuum
tube, which can perform the same function as that of a large vacuum tube.
Transistors replaced valves in computers. Some of the computers of this generation
are: IBM 7000 SERIES, IBM 1620, IBM 1401.

Advantages:
1. Smaller in size as compared to I Generation Computers.
2. More reliable
3. Less heat generated
4. These computers were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to
microseconds
5. Less prone to hardware failures
6. Better portability
7. Wider commercial use

Disadvantages:
1. Air-conditioning required
2. Frequent maintenance required
3. Manual assembly of individual components into functioning unit was required
4. Commercial production was difficult and costly

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1965 -1970):

As the next step, functions of a number of transistors were put together on a single
chip (wafer) of silicon. These chips are called Integrated circuit (IC) chips. A small
chip, the size of a fingernail could have equivalent of 200 to 2000 transistors. The
chip is a small silicon wafer with very minute transistors, which can do logical
comparisons and calculations. Some chips have been developed for the purpose of
data storage. These constitute the memory chips. The use of chip technology
reduced the size of computers. Some of the computers of these generations are:
IBM 360, IBM 370.

Advantages:
1. Smaller in size as compared to previous generation computers
2. Even more reliable than second-generation computers.
3. Even lower heat generated than second generation computers
4. These computers were able to reduce computational time from microseconds
to nanoseconds.
5. Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare
6. Easily portable
7. Totally general purpose. Widely used for various commercial applications all
over the world
8. Less power requirement than previous generation computers
9. Manual assembly of individual components into functioning unit was not
required
10. Commercial production was easier and cheaper

Disadvantages:
1. Air-conditioning required in many cases
2. Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1970 ONWARDS):

From 1970 onwards we are in the era of IV generation computers, in which the
electronic component was further miniaturized through Large Scale Integration (LSI)
of circuits on the silicon chip. Now the advancement of chip technology has come to
be known as Very large Scale Integration (VLSI), where millions of transistors are
packed in a single chip. The VLSI chips are refined every day. The size of the chip is
shrinking and the components, which are packed in a chip, are multiplying. As a
result the size of a computer is decreasing day by day. What used to be a room
sized computer at one time is now available as deskTop computer or Laptop
computer or palmtop computer with much more computational power.

Advantages:
 o Smallest in size because of high component density
o Very reliable
o Heat generated is negligible
o No Air- conditioning required in most cases
o Much faster in computation than previous generations
o Hardware failure is negligible and hence minimum maintenance required
o Easily portable because of its small size
o Totally general purpose
o Minimal labor and cost involved at assembly stage
o Cheapest among all generations

Disadvantages:
o Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of VLSI chips.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS:

From 1982 onwards research is on to develop a fifth generation computer that will
have the thinking power just like that of human brain. These computers, which are
based on Artificial Intelligence (AI), are designed to be “Thinking” computers capable
of storing large amount of data to be retrieved as and when required to solve a
problem.

1.3 SUMMARY:
o A computer is a machine endowed with intelligence. It understands instructions
and performs a variety of functions. A computer helps generate data. It can store
large amount of data within a small sized hard disk. It can process data. In
addition, a computer helps in retrieval and transmission of data also.
o The human mind can think without any boundaries while a computer can do only
what it has been instructed to do. The computer can perform a job that is tedious
and mundane without errors, but the brain behind the computer is that of a
human. The human mind can make sense out of nonsense, but the computer can
make sense out of sense only.
o The devices in computers, which are used to input data and instructions, are
called input devices. The input devices help us to communicate with computer by
converting human understandable signals and numbers into appropriate electric
 signals. Examples of Input devices are: Keyboard, Mouse, Light pen, Optical
Character Reader (OCR), Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR), etc.
o A computer communicates through devices like monitor (VDU – Visual Display
Unit) and printer. These devices, which are used for communication of data and
information from machine to man, are called output devices. The output devices
help the computer to communicate with us by converting electric signals to
human understandable signals. Examples of Output devices are: VDU – Visual
Display Unit, Printer, Plotter. The output on VDU is called soft copy output
whereas output on paper, which is produced by printers and plotters are referred
to as hard copy output.
o The control unit of the computer controls the data and instructions, which are to
be stored or retrieved from its memory unit. Computere have an Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU), which does all the calculations and logical functions.
o A Central Processing Unit (CPU) has three parts named as control unit,
arithmetic logical unit and memory unit. Control unit tells to ALU what type of
action is to be taken on given data or instructions. As well as it controls the data
and instructions to be stored in memory part and what is to be retrieved from it.
o The memory unit of computer is further divided into Random Access Memory
(RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM) and Cache Memory. Random Access Memory
(RAM) is used to store the data and instructions that are currently being
processed. This memory can be randomly accessed and is also called as
Immediate Access Memory. ROM is Read Only Memory and it is written on the
time of manufacturing of computer. The various types of ROM are EROM, PROM
and EPROM, etc.
o The first generation computers used vacuum tubes as the main component. The
first computer used 17000 vacuum tubes, weighed 30 tons and occupied an area
of a big hall. Vacuum tubes took ages to warm up and consumed massive
amounts of electricity. Some of the computers of this generation are ENIAC,
UNIVAC-1.
o Second generation computers used transistors - tiny semi conductor devices,
which could perform the same function as that of a large vacuum tube. Some of
the computers of this generation are: IBM 7000 SERIES, IBM 1620, IBM 1401.
o These computers used silicon chips, called Integrated circuit (IC) chips. A small
chip, the size of a fingernail could have equivalent of 200 to 2000 transistors. The
 chip is a small silicon wafer with very minute transistors, which can do logical
comparisons and calculations. Some of the computers of these generations are:
IBM 360, IBM 370.
o The fourth generation computers have highly miniaturized electronic component
on silicon chips. Now through advancements in chip technology known as Very
large Scale Integration (VLSI), millions of transistors are packed in a single chip.
The VLSI chips are refined every day. As a result the size of a computer is
decreasing day by day. What used to be a room sized computer at one time is
now available as deskTop computer or Laptop computer or palmtop computer
with much more computational power.
o The fifth generation computers will have the thinking power just like that of human
brain. These computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). These are
designed to be “thinking computers”.

1.4 KEY WORDS:

Computers: A computer is basically an intelligent machine. When given proper
instructions a computer can understand what to do with given data and process this
data and give accurate result. A computer helps generate data. It can store large
amount of data within a small sized hard disk. It can process data. In addition, a
computer helps in retrieval and transmission of data also.
Computer Defined: A computer is an electronic machine designed to accept data
and instructions, store the data and instructions, process the data according to
instructions to produce or store desired results.
Input Devices: The input of human brain is through organs like eyes, ears or nose.
Similarly, input to the computer is through certain devices like Keyboard, Mouse,
Light pen, Optical Character Reader (OCR), Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR),
etc. The input devices help us to communicate with computer by converting human
understandable signals and numbers into appropriate electric signals.
Output Devices: Human beings communicate with each other by talking, writing or
drawing, etc. A computer communicates through devices like monitor (VDU – Visual
Display Unit) and printer. These devices, which are used for communication of data
and information from machine to man, are called output devices. The output devices
help the computer to communicate with us by converting electric signals to human
understandable signals.
Central Processing Unit: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer controls
the data and instructions, which are to be stored or retrieved from its memory unit.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) has three parts named as control unit, arithmetic
logical unit and memory unit. Control unit tells to ALU what type of action is to be
taken on given data or instructions. As well as it controls the data and instructions to
be stored in memory part and what is to be retrieved from it.
Memory Units: The memory unit of computer is further divided into Random Access
Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM) and Cache Memory. Random Access
Memory (RAM) is used to store the data and instructions that are currently being
processed. This memory can be randomly accessed and is also called as Immediate
Access Memory. ROM is Read Only Memory and the various types of ROM are
EROM, PROM and EPROM, etc.
First Generation Computers: In first generation computers, the main component in
the use was the vacuum. The first computer used 17000 vacuum tubes, weighed 30
tons and occupied an area of a big hall. Vacuum tubes took ages to warm up and
consumed massive amounts of electricity. Some of the computers of this generation
are ENIAC, UNIVAC-1.
Second Generation Computers: In second generation computers, the main
component in the use was the transistor. Transistor is a tiny semi–conductor device,
the size is about 1/50th of a vacuum tube, which can perform the same function as
that of a large vacuum tube. Transistors replaced valves in computers. Some of the
computers of this generation are: IBM 7000 SERIES, IBM 1620, IBM 1401.
Third Generation Computers: These computers used silicon chips, called
Integrated circuit (IC) chips. A small chip, the size of a fingernail could have
equivalent of 200 to 2000 transistors. The chip is a small silicon wafer with very
minute transistors, which can do logical comparisons and calculations. Some chips
have been developed for the purpose of data storage. These constitute the memory
chips. The use of chip technology reduced the size of computers. Some of the
computers of these generations are: IBM 360, IBM 370.
Fourth Generation Computers: The fourth generation computers have highly
miniaturized electronic component on silicon chips. Now through advancements in
chip technology known as Very large Scale Integration (VLSI), millions of transistors
are packed in a single chip. The VLSI chips are refined every day. As a result the
size of a computer is decreasing day by day. From room sized computers, now we
have Desk Top Computers to LapTop Computers or PalmTop Computers with much
more computational power.
Fifth Generation Computers: The fifth generation computers will have the thinking
power just like that of human brain. These computers are based on Artificial
Intelligence (AI). These are designed to be “thinking computers”.

1.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

1. What are the the various components of a computer? Discuss in detail.
2. Discuss the functions of the central processing unit in detail.
3. Write a detailed note on the history and evolution of computers.
4. Discuss in detail the major changes in the different generations of computers.

1.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: A Unit: I I Lesson: 2

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Writer: Ms. Neha
Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the classification of computers. First, we shall
focus on how computers are classified on the basis of computational methods. We
shall also briefly discuss classification of computers on the basis of size and
capability. Next we shall discuss about the components of computers. The lesson
structure shall be as follows:
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Presentation of Content
2.2.1 Classification of Computers
2.2.2 Classification of Computers on Computational Methods
2.2.3 Classification of Computers on Size and Capability
2.2.4 Components of Computers
2.3 Summary
2.4 Key Words
2.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
2.6 References/Suggested Reading

2.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Know About the Classification of Computers
o To Understand the Classification of on Computational Methods
o To Understand the Classification of Computers on Size and Capability
o To Know About the Various Components of Computers
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
Computers are intelligent machines. We give relevant instructions to a computer,
and a computer will do what it is instructed to do. A computer helps us generate
data. It has the capacity to store vast amounts of data within a small sized hard disk.
Computers process data. Also computers help in retrieval and transmission of data.
Computers are classified according to size, make, processing power, etc. In
this lesson, we shall discuss about the classification of computers.

2.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Classification of Computers
o Classification of on Computational Methods
o Components of Computers
o Generations of Computers

2.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS:

Human mind can think without any boundaries. Human minds think rationally. But a
computer can do only what it has been instructed to do. The computer can perform a
job that is tedious and mundane without errors, but the brain behind the computer is
that of a human.
However, computers have emerged as very efficient and powerful tool that
perform a wide variety of functions. A wide variety of computers are available in the
market. These computers perform different functions. There are big computers.
There are small computers. The most powerful computer is the super computer.
Then there are mainframe computers. There are mini computers also.
Earlier there were analogue computers. The computers we have these days
are digital computers. Let us now discuss about these classification of computers in
detail.
Computers can be classified in following manner:
o Computational Method
o Sizes and Capability

2.2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ON COMPUTATIONAL METHOD:

On the basis of computations computer can be classified in to three types as follows:
 o Digital Computers
o Analog Computers
o Hybrid Computers

DIGITAL COMPUTERS:
A digital computer can count and accept numbers and letters through various input
devices. The input devices convert the data into electronic pulses and perform
arithmetic operations on numbers in discrete form. In addition to performing
arithmetic operations, they are also capable of:
o Storing data for processing
o Performing logical operations
o Editing and deleting the input data

One of the main advantages in the use of digital computer is that any desired level of
accuracy can be achieved. The main disadvantage is their higher cost.

ANALOG COMPUTERS:
Analog computers process data input in a continuous form. Data are represented in
the computer as a continuous, unbroken flow of information, as in engineering and
scientific applications. The main disadvantages of an analog computer are the
accuracy factor and limited storage capacity. Hence it is not suitable for processing
business data.

HYBRID COMPUTERS:
Computer can also be built using some parts employing digital computations and
some parts based on analog principles. Such computers are called hybrid
computers.

2.2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS ON SIZE AND CAPABILITY:

Computers are also classified on the basis of size and capability. Computers,
particularly digital computers, are classified as:
o Super Computers
o Mainframe Computers
o Mini Computers
 o Micro Computers

SUPER COMPUTERS:
These are largest and fastest computers available. Super Computers are typically
not used for commercial data processing. Instead they are used in specialized areas
such as in defense, aircraft design, computer generated movies, weather
research etc.
The first Super Computer was ILLIAC IV made by Bur Roughs. Other
manufacturers of Super Computer are CRAY, CDC and NEC, etc.
Super Computers can process 64 bits or more at a time. Their processing
speed ranges from 10,000 million instructions per second (MIPS) to 1.2 billion
instructions per sec. They can support 10,000 terminals at a time. They have huge
numbers of storage and other devices connected to them.

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS:
Mainframe computers are less powerful and cheaper than Super Computers.
However, they are very large in size. These are general-purpose computers capable
of handling all types of scientific and business applications.
Mainframe computers can process several million instructions per second. A
Mainframe computer can handle more than 1,000 remote terminals. Mainframe
computers have vast on-line secondary storage capacity.
A number of different types of peripheral devices like magnetic tape drives,
hard disk drives, etc. can be attached with Mainframe computers.

MINI COMPUTERS:
Mini computers perform data processing activities in the same way as the mainframe
computers but on a smaller scale. The costs of Mini computers are lower. A Mini
computer is smaller than that of Mainframe computers.
A mini computer can support 10 to 12 terminals. The most popular mini
computers are Nova, Dec, PDP_II and IBM series of computers.

MICRO COMPUTERS:
These are the smallest category of computers, consisting of a microprocessor and
associated storage and input/output devices. These are also called as Personal
Computer Systems.
Microcomputers were first available in 1970’s, when it became possible to put
the entire circuitry of computer into a small silicon chip.
The first PC introduced was IBM-PC.

2.2.4 COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS:

We can broadly classify hardware components of computers into following two types:
o Central Processing Unit (CPU)
o Peripheral Devices connected to and controlled by the CPU

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):

A Central Processing Unit controls the execution of programmes and performs the
calculations. The CPU is also called as the brain of the computer. This is because
the CPU controls execution of any task by a computer. A CPU consists of of the
following units:
o Arithmetic Logic Unit
o Control Unit
o Memory Units

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

Arithmetic Logic Unit does the operations on the data stored in the memory. This
part of CPU contains a large number of electronic circuits used to carry out
Arithmetic and logical computations. These computations are carried out with the
help of special purpose storage locations, called the registers. There are basically
three types of registers in an ALU
o Storage Registers
o Accumulator
o Arithmetic and Logical Operation Unit

Storage Registers:
It temporarily holds data during execution of the programs. These are helpful in
getting work done by a computer. For example, suppose data stored in two locations
are to be interchanged. Then a third entity is required to hold the data temporarily. If
the two locations are named x and y, then one can temporarily fetch x and keep it in
z. Then y may be fetched and transferred to x. in the third step, z may be copied to y.
this third entity z may be a third location or a storage register.

Accumulators:
An accumulator holds the result of the calculations until needed later on. Operations
are mostly carried out in two operands like we say, add x to y. Here x and y are
operands. If in a computer instruction, always two operands are provided, then there
will be requirement of more number of bits to express two operands. Computers are
normally provided with a register called accumulator, so that in all operands this
accumulator is assumed by the ALU as a default location for one of the operands.

Arithmetic and Logic Operation Unit (ALU):

It receives the data from two or more sources, performs the Arithmetic and logic
operation unit and transfers the result to the accumulator. The Adder is an important
component in ALU. In any case a computer performs all operations (subtraction,
multiplication and division) through additions.

CONTROL UNIT:
The Control Unit contains that portion of the CPU, which controls each operation
while a program is being executed. You must have noticed that many times you keep
a book open with your eyes fixed on it. But you don’t read a single word. This is
because the control unit of your brain was not allowing your eyes to give any input at
that time. Possibly control unit of your brain was processing something else.
Control Unit synchronizes operations of the CPU for ensuring correct execution of
programs. Control Unit has a special register called the program counter, which
contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched from the primary memory.
In order to sequence the instructions, the control unit goes through the following
sequence of steps:
o Retrieve the instruction from the processor memory addressed by the
program counter.
o Increment the program counter
o Determine what action is being requested by the instruction.
 o Retrieve the appropriate data from the processor memory.
o Direct the CPU components to perform the operations indicated by the
instruction.
o Determine if the operation was carried out properly, if not, flag the error
message to the user, through the output device.
o Else, store the result in the CPU memory, for further processing.
o Determine the location of the next instruction to be retrieved.

MEMORY UNITS:
Primary storage section, also called as main memory, is that portion of the computer
where data and instructions get stored when a program is being executed. The main
memory is used to:
o Hold data received from input devices and keep them ready for processing.
o Hold data being processed and intermediate results being generated therein.
o Hold the finished results of processing until released to the output devices.
o Hold the system software and application software in use.

Main Memory is broadly classified into two types:

o Random Access Memory (RAM)
o Read Only Memory (ROM)

Random Access Memory (RAM):

The memory where both reading and writing can take place is called Random
Access Memory (RAM). By Technology RAM may be of two types:
o Static RAM
o Dynamic RAM

Static RAM: Static RAM elements, once set to their values, do not lose them if the
power supply does not go off. Once some value is stored, it will remain in the main
memory till the power is on. These elements are costly and have a fast access.

Dynamic RAM: In dynamic RAM the memory elements have less retention period
and loose its value unless it is refreshed. Refreshing is a process where the RAM is
read and rewritten. This kind of RAM requires extra circuits for refreshing. These are
relatively slow but less costly compared to the Static RAMs. This kind of memory is
therefore used in mass scale. Both of these are volatile i.e., the moment power goes
off all contents of RAM are lost.

Read Only Memory (ROM):

There are portions in the computer memory where no writing is allowed. The
contents are pre-written and can only be read. Such memories are called Read Only
Memory (ROM). It is used for micro programs not available to normal programmers.
The term read only means that the storage cannot be altered by regular program
instructions. The information from the memory may be read out but fresh information
cannot be written in to it. The micro programs in Read Only Memory (ROM) may be
used for a variety of purposes, but a common use is to hold a set of instructions that
are needed frequently, for executing small, extremely basic operations, which are not
otherwise available in computer circuitry.
ROM can be classified technologically into 2 types:
o Programmable ROM
o Erasable Programmable ROM

Programmable ROM or PROM:

Are those in which the user can insert the contents of choice only once? Once the
PROM is written, it can only be read and never be re-written.

Erasable Programmable ROM or EPROM:

As the name suggests, it can be written many times by a special process. These are
very useful for design and development.

PERIPHERAL DEVICES ATTACHED TO COMPUTERS:

There are quite a few peripheral devices connected to a computer and controlled by
the CPU. There is several input and output devices, which are connected to CPU
and are, controlled by the CPU. These are:
o Input Devices, and
o Output Devices

INPUT DEVICES:
The input devices are used to input data and instruction. Data and instructions must
be entered into the memory of the computer to perform computations. Input devices
carry out this task. Data read by input devices are of different forms, depending upon
the form of input entity.

Function of Input Devices:

o Accept the data from outside world.
o Convert the data into the corresponding ASCII code or binary form.
o Send data in binary form to the computer for further processing.

Input Devices include the following:

o Keyboard
o Pointing Device
o Mouse
o Joystick and Tracker Ball
o Scanner

Keyboard: A keyboard is the most common input device. It is used to input data
manually by typing. The computer keyboard is like a typewriter keyboard with some
extra special keys called function keys and controls keys, which can be programmed
by the user according to his needs. This means that if you write a program, you
might tell the computer to perform a specific action when a function/ control key is
pressed.
The keyboard is connected with the main system through cable. When a key
is pressed or released, unique scan code is sent from the keyboard electronics to the
system. The keyboard interface electronics generates the corresponding ASCII code
for the key depressed.

Mouse: Mouse is basically a pointing device. This is also an input device, but
instead of sending characters, it sends the coordinates of the point on the screen on
which the associated cursor is placed. A cursor is specially illuminated character on
screen, which shows the place of selection for data entry or menu selection or a
similar kind of thing.
 The mouse is placed on a flat surface and is moved by the user on this
surface. It has a roller underneath, which when moved, sends signals to the interface
electronics to move the cursor the same way as the mouse is moved. There may be
two or three buttons on the mouse. By pressing a button, the user can point the
selection to the system. The right mouse button is normally used for displaying and
selecting pop-up menus.
The mouse may be used to draw diagrams on the screen, to select one from
a group of choices, or to place the cursor at any specific point on the screen. It
cannot be used to enter data, the way it can be done using a keyboard. A mouse is a
must in a graphical user interface, namely Windows. A mouse is must in these days
as it speeds up the navigation in Graphical User Interface (GUI) packages and most
packages today are GUI based.

Joystick and Tracker Ball: Both of these are pointing devices and are used for the
same purpose as a mouse. In joystick, a stick can be moved right, left, forward or
backward. The electronics in the joystick measures the movement of the stick from
its central position and sends the information for processing.
The joystick is normally used for gaming programs. The tracker ball has a ball
that can be rotated by hand in any direction. The cursor moves accordingly. It is
normally used in medical computers like brain and body scanners etc.

Scanner: The scanner captures the entire information of an image directly from the
source and stores it in graphic format for displaying back on the screen. A scanner
first illuminates the page in to an optical image, which is then converted into a digital
format, for storage by the computer. The graphic image can then be processed using
suitable software. For example: if an image is stored as bitmap (BMP) file, it can be
modified using MS-paint.

OUTPUT DEVICES:
The job of an output device is to bring out the result of computation to the outside
World. As you know result in the computer is in the form of Binary. So the binary
values are converted to human acceptable forms, with the help of output devices.
The following functions may be attributed to the output device:
 o Accept data in binary form from the computer, which are normally not
understandable by the human beings.
o Convert coded data to human acceptable form.
o Output the converted result to the outside World.

Some of the commonly used output devices are

o Video Display Unit
o Printer
o Plotter

Video Display Unit /Visual Display Unit: You must, have noticed a TV-like screen
connected to the computer. This is called Video or Visual Display Unit (VDU) or
Monitor. It works on similar principles as a TV and displays graphics and characters
on its screen. The screen consists of several tiny points called picture points or
pixels, which can be illuminated by highly focused electron beam. Output on screen
is called soft copy.

Printers: Printers are popular output devices. The output information is in a

permanent readable form and is called the hard copy. Printers may be classified as:
o Character Printers
o Line Printers
o Page Printers
A character Printer prints one character at a time. E.g.: Dot Matrix Printer.
Line Printer would print one line of text at a time. E.g.: Chain or Drum Printer.
A Page Printer would print a complete page at a time. E.g.: Laser Printer.

Printers are also classified as:

o Impact Printers
o Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers use electromechanical mechanism to cause hammers or pin stud, to
strike against a ribbon and paper arrangement. Dot Matrix, Chain, Drum Printer are
examples of Impact Printers. The Non-Impact Printers do not have any mechanism
to strike. It uses the chemical, thermal, electrostatic, laser beam or inkjet technology
for printing. Non-impact types are normally faster than the impact printers.
Plotters: These are output devices and are used to produce high-resolution graphics
and drawings by computers. The plotters use ink pen to draw. Color pens are also
utilized.

HARDWARE:
The devices, which are tangible, are called hardware devices. These include: CPU
(Central Processing Unit), Keyboard, Mouse, and VDU, etc.

SOFTWARE:
These are those components, which are non-tangible. Software can be classified
into following categories:
o System Software
o Application Software
o Utilities

System Software: It is collection of programs designed to operate, control and

extend the processing capability of the computer system itself. System software
consists of low-level language that interacts with the computer at a very basic level.
System software comes along with the computer system. These programs are used
for starting the computer, controlling and managing its resources, converting high
level language to machine level language or for some specific purpose. A system
software can be classified into:
o Operating System (Unix, MS-DOS, Windows 95/98/NT)
o Translator (C, Cobol, Fortran)
o System utilities (Virus scanning and cleaning software)

Application Software: Application software is software, which has been developed

to computerize an activity. We can say application software sits on the top of the
system software because it is unable to run without operating system and system
utilities.
Application software can be developed using a computer language.
 Generally these are developed in high-level languages such as COBOL, C
and VISUAL TOOLS etc. Examples include: Financial accounting, Payroll
Accounting and Banking etc.

Utilities Programmes: Utilities are programs, which perform a specific function.

Often utilities are part of system programmes. These are generally provided by the
computer manufacturer and also available for call up by operating system. These
programs help the user to do common jobs, like, copying a file, comparing a file etc.

2.3 SUMMARY:
o Computers are intelligent machines. We give relevant instructions to a
computer, and a computer will do what it is instructed to do. A computer helps
us generate data. Computers process data. Also computers help in storage,
retrieval and transmission of data. Computers are classified according to size,
make, processing power, etc.
o Computers are very efficient and powerful tool that perform a wide variety of
functions. A wide variety of computers are available in the market. These
computers perform different functions. There are big computers. There are
small computers. The most powerful computer is the super computer. Then
there are mainframe computers. There are mini computers also. Earlier there
were analogue computers. The computers we have these days are digital
computers.
o A digital computer can count and accept numbers and letters through various
input devices. The input devices convert the data into electronic pulses and
perform arithmetic operations on numbers in discrete form.
o One of the main advantages in the use of digital computer is that any desired
level of accuracy can be achieved. The main disadvantage is their higher
cost.
o Analog computers process data input in a continuous form. Data are
represented in the computer as a continuous, unbroken flow of information, as
in engineering and scientific applications. The main disadvantages of an
analog computer are the accuracy factor and limited storage capacity. Hence
it is not suitable for processing business data.
 o Computer can also be built using some parts employing digital computations
and some parts based on analog principles. Such computers are called hybrid
computers.
o These are largest and fastest computers available. Super Computers are
typically not used for commercial data processing. Instead they are used in
specialized areas such as in defense, aircraft design, computer generated
movies, weather research etc.
o Mainframe computers are less powerful and cheaper than Super Computers.
However, they are very large in size. These are general-purpose computers
capable of handling all types of scientific and business applications.
o Mini computers perform data processing activities in the same way as the
mainframe computers but on a smaller scale. The costs of Mini computers are
lower. A Mini computer is smaller than that of Mainframe computers.
o Micro Computers are the smallest category of computers, consisting of a
microprocessor and associated storage and input/output devices. These are
also called as Personal Computer Systems.

2.4 KEY WORDS:

Computers: Computers are intelligent machines. We give relevant instructions to a
computer, and a computer will do what it is instructed to do. A computer helps us
generate data. It has the capacity to store vast amounts of data within a small sized
hard disk. Computers process data. Also computers help in retrieval and
transmission of data. Computers are classified according to size, make, processing
power, etc.
Classification of Computers: On the basis of computations computer can be
classified in to three types as follows: digital computers, analog computers, and
hybrid computers.
Digital Computers: A digital computer can count and accept numbers and letters
through various input devices. The input devices convert the data into electronic
pulses and perform arithmetic operations on numbers in discrete form. In addition to
performing arithmetic operations, they are also capable of: storing data for
processing, performing logical operations, and editing and deleting the input data.
One of the main advantages in the use of digital computer is that any desired level of
accuracy can be achieved. The main disadvantage is their higher cost.
Analog Computers: Analog computers process data input in a continuous form.
Data are represented in the computer as a continuous, unbroken flow of information,
as in engineering and scientific applications. The main disadvantages of an analog
computer are the accuracy factor and limited storage capacity. Hence it is not
suitable for processing business data.
Hybrid Computers: Computer can also be built using some parts employing digital
computations and some parts based on analog principles. Such computers are
called hybrid computers.
Super Computers: These are largest and fastest computers available. Super
Computers are typically not used for commercial data processing. Super Computers
can process 64 bits or more at a time. Their processing speed ranges from 10,000
million instructions per second (MIPS) to 1.2 billion instructions per sec. They can
support 10,000 terminals at a time. They have huge numbers of storage and other
devices connected to them.
Mainframe Computers: Mainframe computers are less powerful and cheaper than
Super Computers. However, they are very large in size. These are general-purpose
computers capable of handling all types of scientific and business applications.
Mainframe computers can process several million instructions per second. A
Mainframe computer can handle more than 1,000 remote terminals. Mainframe
computers have vast on-line secondary storage capacity.
Mini Computers: Mini computers perform data processing activities in the same way
as the mainframe computers but on a smaller scale. The costs of Mini computers are
lower. A Mini computer is smaller than that of Mainframe computers. A mini
computer can support 10 to 12 terminals. The most popular mini computers are
Nova, Dec, PDP_II and IBM series of computers.
Micro Computers: These are the smallest category of computers, consisting of a
microprocessor and associated storage and input/output devices. These are also
called as Personal Computer Systems. Microcomputers were first available in
1970’s, when it became possible to put the entire circuitry of computer into a small
silicon chip.

2.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

1. Discuss the various bases on which computers are classified.
2. Discuss how computers are classified in the basis of computational methods.
3. Discuss how computers are classified in the basis of size and computing
capacities.
4. Write a detailed note on the various components of computers.

2.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: B Unit: I Lesson: 3

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
Writer: Ms. Neha
Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various introductory aspects of digital
technology. First, we shall focus on the Principles of Communication Systems.
Next, we shall concentrate the Principles of Digital Communication. We shall also
briefly discuss the Levels of Digital Communication. Finally, we shall discuss the
Advantages of Digital Communication. The lesson structure shall be as follows:
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Presentation of Content
3.2.1 Principles of Communication Systems
3.2.2 Principles of Digital Communication
3.2.3 Levels of Digital Communication
3.2.4 Advantages of Digital Communication
3.3 Summary
3.4 Key Words
3.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
3.6 References/Suggested Reading
3.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Know About the Principles of Communication Systems
o To Understand the Principles of Digital Communication
o To Know About the Levels of Digital Communication
o To Learn the Advantages of Digital Communication

3.1 INTRODUCTION:
Digital communication has become important with the expansion of the use of
computers and data processing. And it has continued to grow providing the
interconnection of computer peripherals and transmission of data between distant
sites.
With the requirements of higher and higher speeds of data transmission, the
importance of digital communication techniques has also increased. As a result, the
channel (the medium of data transfer) and its characteristics, Bandwidth, frequency,
noise, distortion, transmission speed, types of coding, etc., have become very
common terms.

3.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Principles of Communication Systems
o Principles of Digital Communication
o Levels of Digital Communication
o Advantages of Digital Communication

3.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

The goal of a communication system is to transfer information from one place to
another. This is generally done by sending the information as electromagnetic
energy through vacuum, air, wire, or strands of optical fibers.
All Communication systems have at least two endpoints. At one end, there is
a source of signals (a voice, video or other kinds of computer data), a circuitry for
converting the signal source into a signal that is compatible with the rest of the
system, and a transmitter that puts the converted signal onto the communications
pathway or link (wire, air, or an optical fiber).
 After the transmitted signal passes through this link, it is received by the far
end, converted into signal format as required, and finally passed to the user.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS:

Communication systems can be broadly divided into analog and digital systems. In
an analog system, the electrical waveform carries the information as a replica of the
information signal.
In digital systems, by contrast, the electrical waveforms are coded
representations of the original information. Pressing the letter A on a computer
Keyboard will generate a signal, usually a series of binary pulses, that is a code for
the letter A. Alternatively, the code could be a single discrete voltage level. But
binary pulses have the advantage of being more easily distinguishable in the
presence of noise and interference.
Thus, for a string of letters such as a Tele text transmission, a data sequence
generated is a coded representation of the information rather than an analog of the
information signal. If the original information is an analog signal such as the output of
a microphone this must be converted into a series of discrete values that can then be
transmitted digitally.
The process of converting the original information into a data sequence is
referred to as source encoding. Whatever the original source of information, text,
speech, or the like, the most commonly used coding scheme is binary digital in which
the message appears as a binary sequence such as…0110011. For transmission
purpose, this has to be converted to a continuous electrical waveform. The
conversion process is referred to as modulation. These waveforms are analog
representation of binary data.

3.2.2 PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION:

In a basic digital computer system the source encoder converts the information into
binary code; each source code; each source code word then represents one of the
discrete levels at the input. If the input is an analog waveform, part of the job of the
source encoder is to first digitize this.
The next function showed is that of channel encoding, which generates
channel code words from the source code words. Certain bit patterns in the source
code words may be troublesome to transmit, and one function of channel encoding is
to change these. Another function of channel encoding is to alter the source code
words in a controlled manner in order to combat noise-induced errors at the
receiving end.
For transmission, a continuous waveform is modulated by the channel code
words, this being the function of the modulator. The modulated waves in such cases
are referred to as band-pass waveforms. Band-pass waveforms are required for
radio transmission. The modulated continuous wave may also be simply a change,
for example the univocal and bipolar waveforms. These are referred to as base band
waveforms, and they are suitable for transmission over the transmission lines.
The waveforms, whether base band or band pass, are referred to as digital
waveforms or digital signals, although in fact they are continuous waveforms that are
analog representations of the channel code words. Referring to them as digital
waveforms does make clear the distinction between this mode of analog
transmission and analog communications, in which information such as speech is
transmitted in analog rather than digitally encoded form.
To recover the information contained in the transmitted waveforms, the
receiver must have decoding functions corresponding to the encoding functions at
the transmitter. In addition, in what are termed self-synchronizing systems? The
receiver requires circuitry to recover correct bit timing and, in the case of band-pass
system, the carrier frequency.
In any communications system, both the user at the sending end and the user
at the receiving end must agree on many factors for successful and meaningful
communication to occur. These factors include what signals are used, the way the
message is coded, the meaning of symbols within the message and the type of
modulation used. This applies to analog as well as to digital systems. In digital
systems there are many more thing that can be changed and agreed upon, and that
contribute to better system performance. In contrast an analog system has relatively
few things that can be change, beyond adjusting the signal level, filtering and
selecting the modulation parameters.

3.2.3 LEVELS OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION:

Communication is a multiple-level or multiple activities. In communication between
people, there are rules to follow to ensure that each person has a chance to speak,
to interrupt, to finish. This is called the protocol of communications. Communications
systems also have protocols that specially define how the communication is to start,
finish, and recover form problems (Such as due to noise or equipment failure). How
the receiver is to indicate if a message was received properly and without error; and
what to do if an error is detected.
The next-to-highest level is the coding, which defines how initial data will be
sent and transformed into the symbols that represent it, before being actually
transmitted with these specific signal values. One level below is the format, which is
responsible for adding additional information about the message, such as who it is
for, how long helps the receiver determine if the message, as received contains any
errors. At the lowest level are the specific voltages (or currents or frequencies) used
in modulation to represent the digital information.

BANDWIDTH:
Bandwidth is the span of frequencies within the spectrum occupied by a signal and
used by the signal for conveying information. For example voice has a bandwidth of
3 to 4 kHz. Audio signal (speech and music) has 15kHz, where as video requires a
bandwidth of 5MHz. The bandwidth is an important parameter in communication and
it depends on the type of signal or type of application, the amount of information to
be Communicated and the time in which the information is to be communicated.
To convey more information in short time we need more bandwidth. The same
quantity of information can be sent in a longer period using less bandwidth. Similarly
to convey voice signal we need less bandwidth and to convey video it requires more
bandwidth and so on.

INFORMATION TRANSFER RATE:

The bit has been defined as the basic unit of information in digital binary system. The
speed at which information is transferred from one computer or terminal to another in
a digital system called the information transfer rate or bit rate, and is measured in
bits/sec. Thus, for example if 10 bits gets transferred in 10ms the information transfer
rate is 10bits/10ms=1000bits/s or that is equal to 1kbps.
You must have seen the specification on your MODEM as 24 kbps, 33.kbps
or 56kbps. Now you understand what it means.

SIGNAL RATE (BAUD):

The baud rate or signaling rate is defined as the number of symbols per second. The
baud rate specifies how fast signal states are changing in the communication
channel and is measured in symbols per second or baud. In a purely binary system,
where one symbol represents one bit, the bit rate and baud rate are equal. The
grouping of bits leads to the difference bit rate and baud rate.
For a multiple level digital signals, a symbol represents a group of two or more
bits. Therefore on a transmission line a signal transition represents multiple bits.
Thus, a distinction must be made between the end-to-end information rate and the
rate at which the signal transmission takes place-the baud rate or signaling rate FB.
For example, in a four digital signal each digital level corresponds to two-bit data
group. Now each symbol represents two bits and effective information rate is twice
the signaling rate or baud rate.
A 1000-baud signal using four levels (two bit symbols) is transferring information
at a rate of 2000 bits/sec. Similarly, if the system uses eight levels (3 bit symbol), a
1000 baud represents an information rate of 3000 bits/sec.

3.2.4 ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION:

Here are the advantages of digital technology:
o Digital communication provides greater immunity to noise when compared
with the Analog communication. It also provides various means of detecting
and correcting the errors occurred during the process of transmission of the
signals. Digital signals, which are inherently compatible with computers, have
a potential to be stored, retrieved, processed and manipulated for signal
enhancement and improved performance.
o Using Digital communication it is easy to integrate diverse source of
information into a common format.
o High degree of security of information can be maintained in the course of
transmission by proper encryption of the data. This is of great importance in
applications like military communication.

3.3 SUMMARY:
o All Communication systems have at least two endpoints. At one end, there is
a source of signals (a voice, video or other kinds of computer data), a circuitry
for converting the signal source into a signal that is compatible with the rest of
 the system, and a transmitter that puts the converted signal onto the
communications pathway or link (wire, air, or an optical fiber). After the
transmitted signal passes through this link, it is received by the far end,
converted into signal format as required, and finally passed to the user.
o Communication systems can be broadly divided into analog and digital
systems. In an analog system, the electrical waveform carries the information
as a replica of the information signal. In digital systems, by contrast, the
electrical waveforms are coded representations of the original information.
o Communication systems can be broadly divided into analog and digital
systems. In an analog system, the electrical waveform carries the information
as a replica of the information signal.
o In digital systems, by contrast, the electrical waveforms are coded
representations of the original information.
o Bandwidth is the span of frequencies within the spectrum occupied by a signal
and used by the signal for conveying information. For example voice has a
bandwidth of 3 to 4 kHz. Audio signal (speech and music) has 15kHz, where
as video requires a bandwidth of 5MHz. The bandwidth is an important
parameter in communication and it depends on the type of signal or type of
application, the amount of information to be Communicated and the time in
which the information is to be communicated.
o The bit has been defined as the basic unit of information in digital binary
system. The speed at which information is transferred from one computer or
terminal to another in a digital system called the information transfer rate or bit
rate, and is measured in bits/sec. Thus, for example if 10 bits gets transferred
in 10ms the information transfer rate is 10bits/10ms=1000bits/s or that is
equal to 1kbps.
o The baud rate or signaling rate is defined as the number of symbols per
second. The baud rate specifies how fast signal states are changing in the
communication channel and is measured in symbols per second or baud. In a
purely binary system, where one symbol represents one bit, the bit rate and
baud rate are equal. The grouping of bits leads to the difference bit rate and
baud rate.
o Digital communication provides greater immunity to noise when compared
with the Analog communication. It also provides various means of detecting
 and correcting the errors occurred during the process of transmission of the
signals. Digital signals, which are inherently compatible with computers, have
a potential to be stored, retrieved, processed and manipulated for signal
enhancement and improved performance.

3.4 KEY WORDS:

Types of Communication Systems: Communication systems can be broadly
divided into analog and digital systems. In an analog system, the electrical waveform
carries the information as a replica of the information signal.
In digital systems, by contrast, the electrical waveforms are coded representations of
the original information.
Bandwidth: Bandwidth is the span of frequencies within the spectrum occupied by
a signal and used by the signal for conveying information. For example voice has a
bandwidth of 3 to 4 kHz. Audio signal (speech and music) has 15kHz, where as
video requires a bandwidth of 5MHz. The bandwidth is an important parameter in
communication and it depends on the type of signal or type of application, the
amount of information to be Communicated and the time in which the information is
to be communicated.
Information Transfer Rate: The bit has been defined as the basic unit of
information in digital binary system. The speed at which information is transferred
from one computer or terminal to another in a digital system called the information
transfer rate or bit rate, and is measured in bits/sec. Thus, for example if 10 bits gets
transferred in 10ms the information transfer rate is 10bits/10ms=1000bits/s or that is
equal to 1kbps.
Signal Rate (Baud): The baud rate or signaling rate is defined as the number of
symbols per second. The baud rate specifies how fast signal states are changing in
the communication channel and is measured in symbols per second or baud. In a
purely binary system, where one symbol represents one bit, the bit rate and baud
rate are equal. The grouping of bits leads to the difference bit rate and baud rate.
Advantages of digital technology: Digital communication provides greater
immunity to noise when compared with the Analog communication. It also provides
various means of detecting and correcting the errors occurred during the process of
transmission of the signals. Digital signals, which are inherently compatible with
computers, have a potential to be stored, retrieved, processed and manipulated for
signal enhancement and improved performance.

3.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

1. Discuss the principles of communication systems.
2. What are the principles of digital communication? Discuss in detail.
3. Write a detailed note on the levels of digital communication.
4. Write a detailed note on the advantages of digital communication.

3.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: B Unit: II Lesson: 4

MEMORY: REAL AND VIRTUAL

Writer: Ms. Neha
Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various aspects of memory in computers.
First, we shall focus on Random Access Memory (RAM). Next, we shall focus on
Read Only Memory (ROM). We shall also briefly discuss about Virtual Memory.
Finally we shall discuss secondary storage devices. The lesson structure shall be as
follows:
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Presentation of Content
4.2.1 Random Access Memory (RAM)
4.2.2 Read Only Memory (ROM)
4.2.3 Virtual Memory
4.2.4 Secondary Storage Devices
4.3 Summary
4.4 Key Words
4.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
4.6 References/Suggested Reading

4.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Know About Random Access Memory (RAM)
o To Understand Read Only Memory (ROM)
o To Know About Virtual Memory
o To Learn About Secondary Storage Devices
4.1 INTRODUCTION:
A computer primarily uses a built in memory system to store data, etc. Additionally,
secondary storage devices are also used. The primary storage section of a
computer, also called as main memory, is that portion of the computer where data
and instructions get stored when a program is being executed. The main memory is
used to:
o Hold data received from input devices and keep them ready for processing.
o Hold data being processed and intermediate results being generated therein.
o Hold the finished results of processing until released to the output devices.
o Hold the system software and application software in use.

Memory is broadly classified into two types: Random Access Memory (RAM) and
Read Only Memory (ROM). A third type of computer memory is virtual memory. In
this lesson we shall discus about the various types of memory systems in computers.

4.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Random Access Memory (RAM)
o Read Only Memory (ROM)
o Virtual Memory
o Secondary Storage Devices

4.2.1 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM):

The memory where both reading and writing can take place is called Random
Access Memory (RAM). By technology used, RAM may be of two types:
o Static RAM
o Dynamic RAM

STATIC RAM:
Static RAM elements, once set to their values, do not lose them if the power supply
goes off. Once some value is stored, it will remain in the main memory till the power
is on. These elements are costly and have a fast access.

DYNAMIC RAM:
In dynamic RAM the memory elements have less retention period and loose its value
unless it is refreshed. Refreshing is a process where the RAM is read and rewritten.
This kind of RAM requires extra circuits for refreshing. These are relatively slow but
less costly compared to the Static RAMs. This kind of memory is therefore used in
mass scale. Both of these are volatile i.e., the moment power goes off all contents of
RAM are lost.

4.2.2 READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM):

There are portions in the computer memory where no writing is allowed. The
contents are pre-written and can only be read. Such memories are called Read Only
Memory (ROM). It is used for micro programs not available to normal programmers.
The term read only means that the storage cannot be altered by regular program
instructions. The information from the memory may be read out but fresh information
cannot be written in to it. The micro programmes in Read Only Memory (ROM) may
be used for a variety of purposes, but a common use is to hold a set of instructions
that are needed frequently, for executing small, extremely basic operations, which
are not otherwise available in computer circuitry.
ROM can be classified into 2 types:
o Programmable ROM
o Erasable Programmable ROM

PROGRAMMABLE ROM OR PROM:

PROM is that memory in which the user can insert the contents of choice only once.
Once the PROM is written, it can only be read and never be re-written.

ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE ROM OR EPROM:

As the name suggests, it can be written many times by a special process. These are
very useful for design and development.

4.2.3 VIRTUAL MEMORY:

Virtual memory is a technique that allows the execution of processes that may not be
complete in memory. One major advantage of this scheme is that programs can be
larger than physical memory.
 Further virtual memory abstracts main memory into an extremely large,
uniform array of storage, separating logical memory as viewed by the user from
physical memory. This technique frees programmers from the concerns of memory –
storage limitations.
Virtual memory also allows processes to easily share files and address
spaces, and it provides an efficient mechanism for process creation.
Virtual memory is not easy to implement, however, and may substantially
decrease the performance if it is used carelessly.

4.2.4 SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES:

There are several devices used as secondary storage devices for computers and
they can store and retrieve data in machine-readable forms. These are useful to
store result temporarily, or for transforming data to other computers. The commonly
used secondary devices are: Floppy Diskette, Magnetic Disk and CDROM derives.

Floppy Diskette: The floppy diskette is made up of flexible plastic material. This
plastic base is coated with an iron-oxide recording substance. Data is recorded as
tiny invisible magnetic spots on this coating. Each floppy diskette is packed in
protective paper or plastic envelope. These are mainly used for the purpose of
backup and transportability of data, for small data volumes.
The floppy commonly used these days is 3-½ inch in diameter and has a
storage capacity of 1.44MB. When formatted, the floppy gets divided into tracks and
tracks get further divided into Sectors. Tracks are concentric circles and sectors are
small portions of a track, where data gets physically recorded. Sectors have their
own capacity in terms of storing the data, which depends upon the type of floppy.
While storing the data, if the sector is full, the data storing is done in the next sector
and so on. Some floppies used are double sided.
Double-sided floppy does not mean that you can reserve the diskette and
read it. Double sided here means that the electronics in the computer is placed in
such a way, that at one go itself the data can be stored or retrieved from both sides
of the magnetic material of the floppy.
This type of floppy has 80 tracks per side and 18 sectors per track. Total
capacity of floppy is 1.44MB/ 2.88MB.
Magnetic Disk: A magnetic Disk is an assembly of thin, circular metal plate coated
on both sides with a magnetic material. Since the plates are made up of metal, it is
also known as hard disk. A disk pack consist of a number of these disks, three or
more mounted on a central shaft, which rotate at the speed of 2,400 or more
revolutions per minute (RPM) each disk or surface consist of a number of invisible
concentric circles called tracks.
A set of corresponding tracks in all the surfaces is called a cylinder. Outer
surface of the top and bottom disks cannot be accessed. All the disks of a disk pack
move simultaneously, in the same direction and at equal speed. Even though the
length of each track is different, the number of characters stored in each track is
same usually.

CD ROM: CD-ROM (Compact Disk read Only Memory) is an output storage device,
which uses laser beam for reading and writing information. A CD-ROM is normally
formed from a resin named polycarbonate, which is coated with aluminum to form a
highly reflecting surface. The information is stored on the CD-ROM by creating
microscopic pits on this reflective surface with the help of a laser beam. A coat of
lacquer is applied on the CD-ROM surface to protect it from dust and scratches.
The CD-ROM available these days has storage capacity of 650 MB.
Information on the CD-ROM is written using a CD-Writer. Information once written
into CD-ROM cannot be erased. However, re-writable CDs are also available and
allow storage of up to 650 MB. In a re-writable CD data can be written and deleted
several times, as we can do with floppies. These CD-ROMs serve as excellent back
up devices.

4.3 SUMMARY:
o A computer primarily uses a built in memory system to store data, etc.
Additionally, secondary storage devices are also used. The primary storage
section of a computer, also called as main memory, is that portion of the
computer where data and instructions get stored when a program is being
executed. The main memory is used to: hold data received from input devices
and keep them ready for processing, hold data being processed and
intermediate results being generated therein, hold the finished results of
 processing until released to the output devices, and hold the system software
and application software in use.

o Memory is broadly classified into two types: Random Access Memory (RAM)
and Read Only Memory (ROM). A third type of computer memory is virtual
memory. In this lesson we shall discus about the various types of memory
systems in computers.
o Random Access Memory (RAM). By technology used, RAM may be of two
types: static RAM and dynamic RAM
o Static RAM elements, once set to their values, do not lose them if the power
supply goes off. Once some value is stored, it will remain in the main memory
till the power is on. These elements are costly and have a fast access.
o In dynamic RAM the memory elements have less retention period and loose
its value unless it is refreshed. Refreshing is a process where the RAM is read
and rewritten. This kind of RAM requires extra circuits for refreshing. These
are relatively slow but less costly compared to the Static RAMs. This kind of
memory is therefore used in mass scale. Both of these are volatile i.e., the
moment power goes off all contents of RAM are lost.
o Read Only Memory (ROM) may be used for a variety of purposes, but a
common use is to hold a set of instructions that are needed frequently, for
executing small, extremely basic operations, which are not otherwise
available in computer circuitry. ROM can be classified into 2 types:
programmable ROM, and erasable Programmable ROM.
o PROM is that memory in which the user can insert the contents of choice only
once. Once the PROM is written, it can only be read and never be re-written.
o As the name suggests, it can be written many times by a special process.
These are very useful for design and development.
o Virtual memory is a technique that allows the execution of processes that may
not be complete in memory. One major advantage of this scheme is that
programs can be larger than physical memory.

4.4 KEY WORDS:

Computer Memory: A computer primarily uses a built in memory system to store
data, etc. Additionally, secondary storage devices are also used. The primary
storage section of a computer, also called as main memory, is that portion of the
computer where data and instructions get stored when a program is being executed.
Main Memory: The main memory in a computer is used to: hold data received from
input devices and keep them ready for processing, hold data being processed and
intermediate results being generated therein, hold the finished results of processing
until released to the output devices, and hold the system software and application
software in use.
Types of Memories: Memory is broadly classified into two types: Random Access
Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). A third type of computer memory is
virtual memory. In this lesson we shall discus about the various types of memory
systems in computers.
Static RAM: Static RAM elements, once set to their values, do not lose them if the
power supply goes off. Once some value is stored, it will remain in the main memory
till the power is on. These elements are costly and have a fast access.
Dynamic RAM: In dynamic RAM the memory elements have less retention period
and loose its value unless it is refreshed. Refreshing is a process where the RAM is
read and rewritten. This kind of RAM requires extra circuits for refreshing. These are
relatively slow but less costly compared to the Static RAMs. This kind of memory is
therefore used in mass scale. Both of these are volatile i.e., the moment power goes
off all contents of RAM are lost.
Read Only Memory: Read Only Memory (ROM) may be used for a variety of
purposes, but a common use is to hold a set of instructions that are needed
frequently, for executing small, extremely basic operations, which are not otherwise
available in computer circuitry. ROM can be classified into 2 types: programmable
ROM, and erasable Programmable ROM.
PROGRAMMABLE ROM OR PROM: PROM is that memory in which the user can insert
the contents of choice only once. Once the PROM is written, it can only be read and
never be re-written.
ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE ROM OR EPROM: As the name suggests, it can be
written many times by a special process. These are very useful for design and
development.
Virtual Memory: Virtual memory is a technique that allows the execution of
processes that may not be complete in memory. One major advantage of this
scheme is that programs can be larger than physical memory.
4.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):
5. Discuss the concept of computer memory in detail.
6. What is random access memory? Discuss in detail.
7. What is read only memory? Discuss in detail.
8. Discuss the concept of virtual memory in detail.
9. Discuss the secondary storage devices in detail.

4.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: C Unit: I Lesson: 5

MS-WORD

Writer: Ms. Neha

Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various introductory aspects of word
processing. First, we shall focus on Word Processor. We shall also discuss how to
work with MS-Word in detail. The lesson structure shall be as follows:
5.0 Objectives
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Presentation of Content
5.2.1 Word Processor- An Introduction
5.2.2 MS-Word-An Introduction
5.2.3 Working With MS-Word
5.3 Summary
5.4 Key Words
5.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
5.6 References/Suggested Reading

5.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Get an Introduction to Word Processor
o To Get an Introduction to MS-Word
o To Understand how to Work with MS-Word

5.1 INTRODUCTION:
Writers write. What writers write is then edited. Editing often involves correcting and
improving write-ups grammatically, factually, and many related ways. The next step
is composing the text. Proofreading follows it. All these steps form part of what is
generally known as word processing.
In this lesson, we shall try to cover some aspects of MS-Word, a major word
processing application package.

5.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Word Processing- An Introduction
o MS-Word-An Introduction
o Working With MS-Word

5.2.1 WORD PROCESSOR- AN INTRODUCTION:

A Word Processor is an application or programme for manipulating text-based
documents. A Word Processor is the electronic equivalent of paper, pen, typewriter,
eraser, dictionary, and thesaurus. Word processors range from simple through to
complex. But word processors make the tasks associated with editing documents
(deleting, inserting, rewording, and so on) very easy.
Depending on the programme and the equipment in use, word processors can
display documents in different modes. The display could be in the text mode, using
highlighting, underlining, or colour to represent italics, boldfacing, and other such
formatting. Or the display could be in the WYSIWYG mode, where formatting and a
variety of fonts appear on the screen, as they will on the printed page.
All word processors offer facilities for document formatting, such as font
changes, page layout, paragraph indention, and the like. Many word processors can
also check spelling, find synonyms, incorporate graphics created with another
programmme, correctly align mathematical formulas, create and print standard
letters, perform calculations, display documents in multiple on-screen windows, etc.

5.2.2 MS - WORD- AN INTRODUCTION:

Microsoft Word (MS Word) is a word processor developed by Microsoft Corporation.
In this software the user can create, edit and print the documents according to one’s
requirements. Auto correct, spelling and grammar checking text formatting, mail
merge, graphics, table etc. are some of the features of MS Word.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
o Any IBM compatible computer with 80486 or higher processor
o 1 Floppy Disk Drive 1.44 MB (3.5 inch)
o 1 Hard Disk Drive with minimum of 100 MB
o Operating system Windows XP or Windows 2000
o Minimum 16 MB RAM
o VGA Monitor
o Pointing device—Mouse or track ball

5.2.3 WORKING WITH MS-WORD:

To start Word, first boot the computer with Windows 95 and select, Select
Programs\Microsoft Word. Word opens an empty document after displaying the
logo.
ICONS ON THE MONITOR:
Title Bar: The first line at the top of the screen. It displays the active application and
the name of the document. It can be used to move the Word window on the screen.
Minimize Button: It is used to minimize the Word window.
Restore Button: It is used to store the window to its previous size, if the window is
maximized.
Maximize Button: It is used to maximize the window. It is on top right corner of
screen.
Close Button: It is used to close (exit) MS-Word.
Menu Bar: It is displayed below the Title Bar. It contains the menu options.
Toolbar: A set of icons to perform different tasks and displayed as a set is called a
toolbar. Standard toolbar and formatting toolbars are displayed at the top of the
screen below the menu bar. In Word 97, drawing toolbar is displayed at the bottom
of the screen.
Ruler Line: It displays the margins, indents; tap positions on a numbers scale.
Horizontal ruler line will be on the top and vertical ruler line is to the left of the
screen.
View Bar: View Bar is displayed below the workspace containing 4 icons in it. It can
be used to display the document in Normal View, Online Layout View, Page Layout
View or Outline View.
Status Bar: The Status Bar is displayed at the bottom of MS-Word window (above
the taskbar). It displays the information about the active document such as page
number, section number, number of pages, insertion point position etc.
CREATING A DOCUMENT:
When MS Word is loaded, a blank window will be displayed with the name
Document1. To create a document, start typing the text in the window.
TYPING TIPS:
1. While typing the text, when the right margin is encountered, the insertion point
will automatically return to the next line. This feature is called Word Wrap.
Therefore, do not press Enter at the end of every line unless you require a
paragraph break.
2. To change the paragraphs, press Enter.
3. To start a new line without considering it as a new paragraph, press Shift +
Enter.
4. In case of mistakes, to delete backwards, press backspace. To delete the
character at the cursor (Insertion point) position, press Delete Key.
ADDITIONAL TYPING TIPS:
o The text can be typed or deleted at the position of insertion pointer.
o Therefore, to type a word in the middle of a sentence, to edit (delete or
correct) a word, the insertion point must be moved to the word. Clicking on the
left mouse button in appropriate position of the word can move the insertion
pointer to that place.
o You can press appropriate keys in the keyboard to move the insertion pointer.
The sequence is given in the following table.
KEY SEQUENCE INSERTION POINT MOVEMENT:
o Arrow Keys: Up, down, left or right by one line or one character.
o Page Up/Page Down: Up or down by one screen
o Ctrl right /Ctrl left: Right or left by one word
o Ctrl Up/ Ctrl Down key: Up or down by one paragraph
o Home Beginning of line
o End: End of line
o Ctrl Home: Beginning of document
o Ctrl End: End of document
o Ctrl Alt Page Up: Previous page
 o Ctrl Alt Page Down: Next page
FILE OPERATIONS:
In this screen, file operations like opening a file, saving a file and creating a new file
are discussed.
Saving the File:
After typing the text it has to be saved for future use. To save the file, you can follow
any one of the following three methods.
o Select File\Save
o Press Ctrl\S
o Click on Save icon in the standard toolbar.
The Save As dialog will be displayed on your screen. Here you can type any name
that you wish to give to your file and click on Save. If the file is to be saved in a
different folder (directory), select the folder name after typing the file name and then
click on Save The file will be saved with the extension.
Creating a New File:
To create a new file, save the current file and use any one of the following methods.
o Select File\New and Select Blank Document in General category and click on
OK.
o Press Ctrl + N
o Press on New icon In the standard toolbar. The screen will be cleared and a
new file will be created.
Opening A File:
To open the file, which is already created, use any one of the following four methods.
o Select File\Open
o Press Ctrl + O
o Click on Open icon in the standard toolbar.
o Click on the name at the end of the File menu, if the file name is visible there.
o Closing a File
o To close the open file, choose File\Close
EDITING TEXT:
The process of changing the appearance of the text, deleting a portion of the text,
duplicating or moving a part of the text, is called editing. To make these changes you
must first select the portion of text, which needs the change.
 To select portion of the text is called a Block. When the text is blocked, it will be
highlighted.
You will find below some of the methods to block or select a portion of the
text.
o Click and Drag: Click in the place from where the text is to be selected and
drag to the place at the end of selection and release the mouse button
o Click and Shift + Click: Click in the place from where the text is to be
selected and Shift + click in the place where the selection has to end
o Double Click on the word to block a word
o Click on the selection area (space at the left side of the screen — after the
ruler but before the text) of line to block a line
o Ctrl + Click anywhere on the sentence to block a sentence
o Double Click in the selection area of any line to block a paragraph
o Ctrl + Click in the selection area of any line to block entire document
o Keeping Alt key pressed, click and drag to lock the text column wise
FORMATTING TEXT:
The text-formatting feature includes — font, font size, bold, italic, underline, text
color, and background and text border.
To format the text you have to block the text (select the text), and click on the
appropriate icon in the formatting toolbar. For e.g. to change the font size, block the
text to be formatted, click on the drop down list box displayed after the font size and
click on the desired font size number (8 to 72). If you want to remove boldface,
underline from your document, block the text again and click on the appropriate icon
in the formatting toolbar.
Text Color:
In Word 97, to color a portion of your text, or to highlight a portion of your text, first
block the text and click on the arrow mark pointing downwards, in formatting toolbar
and click on the desired color.
Text Border:
Text Border is used to put a border to the selected portion of the text Microsoft
Word. For example to put the text border, you can block the text and click on the
Border list box and select the border.
Advanced Formatting:
The text advanced formatting features include — different types of underlines,
subscript, superscript, spacing between characters and animation:
To use the advanced text formatting features,
o Block the text.
o Select Format Font. Font dialog will be displayed on the screen.
o Select the desired font type, font size, font style, type of underline (single,
double, dashed, thick, dot, thick, dot dash, wave etc.), font effects (subscript,
superscript) etc. and click on OK.
Subscript: The text that is written below the original line is a subscript.
E.g., H2O, here is 2 is the subscript. To create a subscript, block the text, which is to
be printed below the original line (in the above case 2), select Format Font, select
Subscript check box and click on OK.
Superscript: The text that is written above the original line is called superscript. For
example, H3 + B3. Here 3 is the superscript. To create a superscript, block the text,
which is to be printed above the original line (in the above case 3), select Format
Font, select Superscript check box and click on OK.
Adjusting spacing between characters:
The character Spacing tab of the Font dialog box provides options for changing the
distance between characters (Normal, Expanded or condensed), the position of
characters (Raised or Lowered) and Kerning (the precise amount of space between
characters).
Scaling is used to specify the character size. But it is better to change the
character size using formatting toolbar. Spacing is used to control the distance that
appears between the characters. Word allows you to increase or reduce the gap
between the characters. To increase the space between characters, block the text,
select/ block the word Expanded and specify the measurement in points. Similarly, to
reduce the space between characters, select/block the Word Condensed.
Positioning the characters:
By default, the characters are positioned normally (on the line). If the text is to be
printed slightly above or below the line, use the features Raised and Lowered
respectively. Here the text is Raised by 4pt.
Changing Case:
This feature is used to convert the text, which is already written in upper case, lower
case, toggle case etc. To change the case, block the text, select Format Change
Case, select the appropriate option and clik on OK.
Moving the Text:
Steps to move the text (generally the paragraphs)
o Block the text to be moved.
o Select Edit\Cut or (press Ctrl + X)
Copying Text:
Steps to copy or duplicate the text,
o Block the text to be copied.
o Select Edit\Copy (or press Ctrl +C)
o Click in a new place where the blocked text should be copied.
o Select Edit\Paste (or press Ctrl +V)
UNDO AND REDO:
o To undo the previous work select Edit\Undo or press Ctrl + Z
o To redo the previous action, select Edit\Repeat or press Ctrl + Y
PARAGRAPH OPTIONS:
In Word, a paragraph is text, graphics or other items that is followed by a paragraph
mark. Paragraph mark is not displayed unless the show/hide icon in standard tool
bar is selected. This paragraph mark is inserted every time the Enter key is pressed.
To make changes to a selected paragraph, use Format Paragraph option. From
paragraph dialog you can align paragraphs, create line spacing, indent the
paragraphs and specify line and page breaks.
Paragraph Alignment:
The text in the paragraph is by default Aligned, i.e. the text written will be properly
adjusted in the left side. The text can be centered, right aligned or justified.
To change the paragraph alignment:
o Click anywhere on the paragraph that has to be aligned
o Click on appropriate icon in the Formatting Toolbar
The available icons are:
o Center Icon To centre align selected paragraphs
o Align left icon To left align selected paragraphs
o Align right icon To right align selected paragraphs
o Justify icon To justify the paragraph at both left and right side
Line Spacing:
Line spacing is the amount of gap in between the lines in the paragraph.
The different line spacing available are; Single, 1.5 lines, Double, At Least, Exactly
and multiple.
To select the line spacing:
o Click on the paragraph that needs the change.
o Select Format Paragraph
o Select the desired line spacing from the Line Spacing drop down box and click
on OK.
Paragraph Indents:
When you type a letter or circular and you would like to draw the attention of the
reader to a particular paragraph, you may wish to keep some space to the left or to
the right. Or you may just want the first line of the paragraph to start after some
space. These extra spaces are called Indents.
There are four types of indents.
Left: Leaves a gap at the left side of a paragraph.
Right: Leaves a gap at the right side of a paragraph.
First Line: Leaves a gap at the beginning of first line of a paragraph.
Hanging: Leaves a gap at the left side of paragraph except for the first line in the
paragraph.
BORDERS AND SHADINGS:
You can specify the borders for paragraphs and pages. You can also specify
shading for paragraphs to emphasize the text.
Paragraph Borders:
o Paragraph borders are used to emphasize a particular portion of the text.
o Various borders can be applied to a single paragraph or a group of
paragraphs.
o Different styles of borders, like - thin or thick line, double or dotted line borders
can be applied in different colors. Shadow can also be selected for right side
or left side of the paragraph.
To apply borders to a paragraph:
1. Click on the paragraph,
2. Select Format\Borders and Shading.
3. In borders tab, from Setting select Box, Shadow, 3-D or Custom.
4. Select the line style of border.
5. Select the line color of border.
6. Select the width of line and click on OK.
This sentence is an example for single line border.

This line is an example for double line border with shadow.

Page Border:
You have seen in previous sessions that borders are applicable to paragraphs, the
border can be set to pages also. In case of page border, the selected type of border
will be applied to the full page.
Paragraph Shading:
Paragraph shading is also used to emphasize the text written in the paragraph. The
shading can be done for one paragraph or selected paragraphs using different
colors.
BULLETS AND NUMBERING:
This feature is used to create a bulleted or numbered list from a selected list of items
by including some symbol or serial numbers to the left side of the text. The icons for
bullets and numbering available in Formatting toolbar are:
To apply bullets and numbering:
o Block the text,
o Select Format Bullets and Numbering
o Select the style of bullet from bulleted tab or the type of numbers from
Numbered tab and click on OK.
To change the type of bullet symbol, click on any one bullet, click on Customize...
button, and click on Bullet, select the required symbol by choosing the appropriate
font.
To remove bullets and numbering, block the text, select Format Bullets and
Numbering and select the bullet type None and click on OK.

TAB STOP:
Tabs are used to type the text in columns. MS Word has tab stops set to every 0.5
inch by default. These tab stops can be identified by the gray thick marks that appear
at the bottom of the ruler. To type the text in different columns, tab stops can be set.
There are five types of tabs. They are left, center, right, decimal and bar (thin vertical
bar will appear to separate the columns). The text that is typed will be aligned on the
basis of the type of the tab set at that position.
To set the tab stops:
1. Select Format Tabs to open the tabs dialog box.
2. Type the tab stop position number in inches.
3. Select how the text must be aligned from the available alignments.
4. Select the type of leader, if required.
5. Click on Set.
6. Repeat the steps 2 to 5 to set other tab positions.
7. To remove a tab position, click on the tab stop number, which is already set
(appearing inside the box) and click on Clear. To clear the entire tab stops that are
set click on Clear All.
8. Click on OK to come out.

FIND, REPLACE, GO TO:

You can find a particular word or phrase in the document, replace some words,
which are already typed or go to a specific page, section, or line in the document.
This is very useful when you want to change only certain names in a lengthy
document (e.g. a Lawyers notice, in which all the legal terms are the same but the
names of the parties are different).
Find:
o Select Edit\Find.... or press Ctrl + F. The following Find and Replace dialog
will be displayed.
To find a particular word or phrase in the entire document or selected text,
o Type the word to be found in Find what box.
o Select the options like Match case to have the search to be case sensitive,
i.e., exact combination of uppercase and lowercase letters specified in the find
what box.
o Find the whole words only - to find the words, which are not a part of other
words.
o Use wildcards - the use of ? to represent a character or * to represent any
number of character as wildcards in the text to be found.
 o Sounds like - to find the word that sounds like the word entered but spelled
differently.
o Find all words - to search for the words in the entire document.
o Click on Find Next to find the text. To continue finding the same text, continue
to click on Find Next. To find another word, change the word in the find what
box. To come out of Find and Replace dialog, click on Cancel.

SPELLING AND GRAMMAR:

You can check the spelling of the words in the document and also check for possible
grammar and style errors.
Spelling:
While typing the text, if any spelling mistake is made, a red wavy underline will be
included for such words and if there is a suspected grammar mistake in the
sentence, a green wavy underline will be included.
Change: Changes the wrongly spelt words with words present in change to box.
Change All: Changes every occurrence of a particular wrongly spelt word with the
word in the change to box.
Ignore: Ignores the word that is not correct but which the user wants to keep as it is.
(E.g. Name of a person will be showed as wrongly spelt word).
Add: Stores a specified word in the dictionary.
Auto Correct: Adds the wrongly spelt word and its correction to Auto Correct list so
that MS-Word will correct it automatically in future.
CANCEL (or CLOSE): Stops the spell checking.

AUTO TEXT:
The text entries, which are stored and can be inserted by a few shortcut keys, are
Auto Text entries. Frequently used words can be stored as Auto Text entries, like
Yours Sincerely, Yours Faithfully, and Thanking You, etc. You will find that it is an
easy way to include the text into the document without typing it in full, i.e. the Auto
Text entry will be stored in some shortcut name.
To store an Auto Text entry, type the text and block it, then select Insert Auto
Text New. A dialog will be displayed to enter a name to the Auto Text entry. Type a
shortcut name to the text blocked (for example, AT for paragraph on Auto Text, YF
for Yours faithfully) and click on OK. To insert the Auto Text into the document, type
the shortcut name given and press the function key F3. Automatically, the shortcut
name will be converted to the original text.
Auto Text can also be inserted into the document by selecting Insert Auto
Text, click on the required shortcut name and click on Insert. To delete the Auto
Text entry, select Insert Auto Text\Auto Text, click on the Auto Text shortcut name
to be deleted and click on Delete. To come out of the dialog, click on Close.

AUTO CORRECT:
Auto Correct is used to get the text that is required immediately after typing the
shortcut name without having a need to press any other keys. It is a method to
correct the text as the user types it. Common mistakes and its corrections will be
stored as Auto Correct entries. E.g., on Typing MAHE it should automatically change
the text to GJU Academy of Higher Education. For example, if we type gJU, it must
be changed to GJU. To create an Auto Correct entry, select Tools\Auto Correct.
Type the spelling of the word that we generally type e.g. GJU in Replace box. In
With box, type the correct spelling of the word and click on Add and click on OK.
Now onwards, if GJU is typed, it will automatically convert to Guru Jambheshwar
University. To delete the Auto Correct entry, select Tools\Auto Correct, click on the
name of Auto Correct to be deleted and click on Delete.
WORD COUNT:
This feature of word allows you to count the number of pages, words, characters,
paragraphs, and lines in the document. To count the words, lines, paragraphs etc., in
the document, select Tools\Word Count. The result will be displayed in a dialog
box.
BREAKS:
There are three types of breaks available in MS-Word. They are, Page Break,
Column Break, Section Breaks. To insert any one of the above breaks, select Insert
Break. The Break dialog will be displayed on the screen. Select the kind of break
required and clicks on OK.
Page Break inserts a page break at the cursor position and shifts the remaining text,
to the next page. Manual page break can also be inserted by pressing Ctrl+Enter.
Column Break inserts a column break at the cursor position and shifts the remaining
text if any, to the next column. It allows the user to type the text in next column by
ending the current column.
Section Break is used to end the current section and to start a new section type
changing the section number. It is generally used to apply different type of formatting
to different types of the document. Section-breaks are of four types.
o Next Page: Inserts a section-break and breaks the page so that the next
section starts at the beginning of next page.
o Even Page: Inserts a section-break and starts the next section on the next
even numbered page. If the section break is included in an even numbered
page, the next page (odd numbered page) will be blank.
o Continuous: Inserts a section-break and starts the next section immediately,
without inserting a page break.
o Odd Page: Inserts a section-break and starts the next section on the next odd
numbered page. If this section break is included in the odd numbered page,
the next page (even numbered page) will be blank.
COLUMNS:
Columns are used to type the text in different columns. Text can be typed into the
columns after defining the columns or the existing text can be converted into
columns.
Typing the text by defining the columns
To type the text inside the columns by defining the columns,
1. Click on the place from where the text has to be in columns.
2. Select Insert\Break\Continuous, click on OK.
Select Format Columns. The columns dialog will be displayed.
o Specify the number of columns required (two, three etc.)
o Specify whether a separator line is required in between the columns. If
a line is needed between the paragraphs, select the check box Line
Between.
o By default, the width of each column will be equal. If you need to have
columns with different widths, change the width and spacing between
the columns after de-selecting Equal Column Width and click on OK.
o Type the text in the first column. When you have finished typing in the
first column and want to go to the next column, Insert\Break\Column
Break. Type the text in the other columns.
o At the end of the last column, select Insert\Break\Continuous.
 o To end the columns and start typing the text as regular paragraphs,
select Format\Columns and from Presets, select the number of
columns as One.
TABLES:
A table is any information grouped together, arranged in rows and columns. A Table
will have two or more columns and one or more rows. Each intersection of a row and
a column is a cell of the table.
A Table can be useful for enhancing the presentation of data in your document; it
can be used for creating side-by-side paragraphs, and for organizing information.
Any data, especially numbers, is more presentable and easier to type in the tabulator
form. Even though the text can be typed in different columns using the tabs, setting
the tabs and typing the text by pressing the Tab key will be a slow and tricky
process. The table feature of Word allows the user to create the table faster and also
to type the text easily.
INSERTING OBJECTS:
You can insert date and time, symbol, pictures and word art.
Insert Date and Time:
o Date and Time is used to insert current date or time into the document.
o To insert date or time, click on the place where the system date or time is to
be inserted and select Insert Date and Time.
o Different date and time formats will be displayed. Click on the required format.
If the date or time inserted into the document must be modified each time the
file is opened, select the check box Insert as Field and click on OK.
o If the date inserted into the file has to be changed automatically, every time
the file is opened, select the check box Update automatically.
Insert Symbol:
Different symbols from different fonts or special characters can be inserted into the
document by selecting Insert Symbol. Select the Font (generally Wingdings) Click
on the desired symbol, click on Insert and click on Close.
To Insert a Special Character like Trade MardTM, Registered, Copyright etc., into
the document, click on the place where the special character to be inserted and
select Insert Symbol, select the tab Special Characters, click on the desired
character to be inserted into the file and click on Close.
Insert Picture:
A number of pictures are available in MS Word that can be inserted into any
document.
o To insert a picture into a Word Document:
o Click on the place, where the picture is to be inserted.
o Select Insert Picture Clipart.
o Select the required category and click on the required picture from the
selected category.
o Select Insert and click on Close.

HEADER AND FOOTER:

Header is the text that will be printed at the top of the page and footer is the text that
will be printed at the bottom of the page, The header and footer can include text or
graphics such as page numbers, date, the company logo, file name, authors name
etc. To add a Header or Footer to a document, select view Header and Footer.
A box will be displayed to type the header text along with the header and
Footer tool bar displayed below the box. Any text can be typed inside the box
directly. The text typed in the Header box will appear at the top of every page. If any
special information is to be inserted, like-page number, date and time, file name etc.
in the header or footer, click on appropriate icon in the toolbar. The icons in the
toolbar and insert Auto Text, Page number, Number of pages, Format Page Number,
Insert Date, Insert Time, Page Setup, Show/Hide Document Text, Same as
Previous, Switch between Header and Footer, Show Previous, Show Next and
Close.
To insert the page number, date, file name etc. in header or footer, select
from the Insert AutoText list.
The page number, date, time, etc. can also be inserted into the file by clicking
on appropriate icon in the header and Footer toolbar. The header or footer text can
be written in 3 alignments, i.e. Left, Centered And Right. To change the alignment,
press Tab key.
By default, header text can be typed directly. To type the footer text, click on
Switch between header and footer icon from the toolbar. At the end, click on the
close icon to return to document. Header/Footer cannot be seen in the normal view
of the document. But it is visible in the page layout view and print preview.
FOOTNOTES AND END NOTES:
Footnote and Endnote is the reference note written at the end of the same page or at
the end of the document. Footnotes will be printed at the end of same page and
Endnote will be printed at the end of document. To type the footnote or endnote text,
place the insertion point at the position, where the note mark has to appear and
select Insert\Footnote. The following dialog will be displayed. Select whether
Footnote or Endnote has to be written and the style of numbering. Instead of
number, if any symbol is to be inserted in that place. Select Symbol and select the
desired symbol by selecting appropriate font. To start typing the footnote or endnote
text, click or OK.
If Footnote is selected the insertion point will appear at the bottom of the page
by displaying the footnote number or symbol where the footnote text can be typed. (if
Endnote is selected, insertion point will appear at the end of document.) To return to
the text click outside the footnote area.

VIEWS:
A document can be edited by displaying it in different ways on the screen called
views. Word has six different views. The Normal View, Online Layout View, Page
Layout View, Print Preview, Outline View, and Master Document. These different
views (except Print Preview) can be selected from View Menu. Normal View is the
default view in Word. It is an all-purpose view for typing, editing and formatting the
text. Normal view shows text formatting but simple files the layout of the page so the
typing and editing can be done faster. To return to Normal View from any other view,
select View Normal.
It will be display side-by-side column positioning, footers, headers or the
printing position of framed objects. Page breaks are shown as dotted lines. Manual
page breaks are shown with dotted line containing the word Page break. Online
Layout View optimizes the layout to make online reading easier. Text appears larger
and wraps to fit the window. It will not display the text the way in which it is actually
printed. By default, online layout view includes a resizable navigation pane called
Document Map, which shows the outline view of the document’s structure. By
clicking on outline topic of the document, the cursor can be moved to that part of the
document. Background pictures can be included only in the online layout view. To
switch to Online Layout view, select View Online Layout.
 Page layout View displays the text and graphic objects, as it will appear
when printed. This view is useful for editing headers and footers, for adjusting
margins and working with columns, drawing objects, inserting pictures etc. Both
horizontal and vertical margins will be displayed allowing the user to set the tabs and
margins easily. To return to page layout View, Select View Page Layout.
Print Preview displays one or multiple pages of a document in a reduced size
to display the document, as it will be on a printed page. One or more page will be
displayed. This view is useful to check the layout of the document by displaying the
header, footer, and margins and allows the user to edit or format before printing the
document. To return to Print Preview, select File Print Preview
To return to document from Print Preview, select close from the tool bar
displayed at the top of print preview window.
Outline View makes it easy to look at the structure of a document and to
move, copy and reorganize text. In the outline view, there is a provision to collapse
the document to see only the main headings or the document can be expanded to
see the entire document. To return to Outline View, select View Out line.
Master Document view makes it easier to organize and maintain a long
document, such as a book with chapters. Use master document view to group
several word documents into one master document. After this, an index, table of
contents or cross-reference can be included without opening each of the individual
documents. To switch to Master Document view, select View Master Document.

5.3 SUMMARY:
o A Word Processor is an application or programme for manipulating text-based
documents. A Word Processor is the electronic equivalent of paper, pen,
typewriter, eraser, dictionary, and thesaurus. Word processors range from
simple through to complex. But word processors make the tasks associated
with editing documents (deleting, inserting, rewording, and so on) very easy.
o All word processors offer facilities for document formatting, such as font
changes, page layout, paragraph indention, and the like.
o Many word processors can also check spelling, find synonyms, incorporate
graphics created with another program, correctly align mathematical formulas,
create and print standard letters, perform calculations, display documents in
 multiple on-screen windows, and enable users to record macros that simplify
difficult or repetitive operations.
o Microsoft Word (MS Word) is a word processor developed by Microsoft
Corporation. In this software the user can create, edit and print the documents
according to one’s requirements. Auto correct, spelling and grammar checking
text formatting, mail merge, graphics, table etc. are some of the features of
MS Word.

5.4 KEY WORDS:

Word Processor: A Word Processor is an application or programme for
manipulating text-based documents. A Word Processor is the electronic equivalent
of paper, pen, typewriter, eraser, dictionary, and thesaurus. Word processors range
from simple through to complex. But word processors make the tasks associated
with editing documents (deleting, inserting, rewording, and so on) very easy.
Facilities In Word Processors: All word processors offer facilities for document
formatting, such as font changes, page layout, paragraph indention, and the like.
Many word processors can also check spelling, find synonyms, incorporate graphics
created with another program, correctly align mathematical formulas, create and
print standard letters, perform calculations, display documents in multiple on-screen
windows, etc.
Microsoft Word: Microsoft Word (MS Word) is a word processor developed by
Microsoft Corporation. In this software the user can create, edit and print the
documents according to one’s requirements. Auto correct, spelling and grammar
checking text formatting, mail merge, graphics, table etc. are some of the features of
MS Word.

5.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

10. Write a detailed note on word processing.
11. Write a detailed note on any word processing programme.
12. Write a detailed note on MS-Word.
13. What are the facilities available with MS-Word?

5.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: C Unit: II Lesson: 6

POWERPOINT
(PRESENTATION MANAGER)

Writer: Ms. Neha

Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various introductory aspects of presentation
software package PowerPoint. First, we shall focus on the. We shall also briefly
discuss the. The lesson structure shall be as follows:
6.0 Objectives
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Presentation of Content
6.2.1 Components of Computers
6.2.2 Evolution of Computers
6.2.3 Generations of Computers
6.3 Summary
6.4 Key Words
2.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
6.6 References/Suggested Reading

6.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Know About the Components of Computers
o To Understand the Evolution of Computers
o To Know About the various Generations of Computers

6.1 INTRODUCTION:
Multimedia is the combination of sound, graphics, animation, and video with
traditional media such as text. In the world of computers, multimedia is a subset of
hypermedia that combines the elements of multimedia with hypertext, which links the
information.
A multimedia application is one that uses a collection of media sources. Some
of the better-known examples of such applications are PowerPoint, the presentation
package from Microsoft, and Acrobat, the document presentation product from
Adobe Systems.
In this lesson, we shall discuss about PowerPoint, the presentation package
from Microsoft.

6.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Components of Computers
o Evolution of Computers
o Generations of Computers

6.2.1 POWER POINT- AN INTRODUCTION:

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation programme developed by Microsoft for its
Microsoft Office system. Microsoft PowerPoint runs on Microsoft Windows and the
Mac OS computer operating systems, although it originally ran under Xenix systems.
It is widely used by business people, educators, students, and trainers and is
among the most prevalent forms of persuasion technology. Beginning with Microsoft
Office 2003, Microsoft revised branding to emphasize PowerPoint's identity as a
component within the Office suite: Microsoft began calling it Microsoft Office
PowerPoint instead of merely Microsoft PowerPoint. The current version of Microsoft
Office PowerPoint is Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007. As a part of Microsoft Office,
Microsoft Office PowerPoint has become the world's most widely used presentation
programme.
Bob Gaskins and software developer Dennis Austin developed the original
Microsoft Office PowerPoint as Presenter for Forethought, Inc, which they later
renamed PowerPoint.
PowerPoint 1.0 was released in 1987 for the Apple Macintosh. It ran in black
and white, generating text-and-graphics pages for overhead transparencies. A new
full color version of PowerPoint shipped a year later after the first color Macintosh
came to market.
Microsoft Corporation purchased Forethought and its PowerPoint software
product for $14 million on July 31, 1987. In 1990 the first Windows versions were
produced. Since 1990, PowerPoint has been a standard part of the Microsoft Office
suite of applications (except for the Basic Edition).
The 2002 version, part of the Microsoft Office XP Professional suite and also
available as a stand-alone product, provided features such as comparing and
merging changes in presentations, the ability to define animation paths for individual
shapes, pyramid/radial/target and Venn diagrams, multiple slide masters, a "task
pane" to view and select text and objects on the clipboard, password protection for
presentations, automatic "photo album" generation, and the use of "smart tags"
allowing people to quickly select the format of text copied into the presentation.
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003 did not differ much from the 2002/XP
version. It enhanced collaboration between co-workers and featured "Package for
CD", which makes it easy to burn presentations with multimedia content and the
viewer on CD-ROM for distribution. It also improved support for graphics and
multimedia.
The current version, Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007, released in November
2006, brought major changes of the user interface and enhanced graphic
capabilities.

6.2.2 POWER POINT OPERATIONS:

In PowerPoint, as in most other presentation software, text, graphics, movies, and
other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is a
reference to the slide projector, a device that has become somewhat obsolete due to
the use of PowerPoint and other presentation software. Slides can be printed, or
(more often) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the
presenter. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts.
PowerPoint provides many types of movements. Entrance, emphasis, and exit
of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls Custom
Animations. Transitions, on the other hand are movements between slides. These
can be animated in a variety of ways. The overall design of a presentation can be
controlled with a master slide; and the overall structure, extending to the text on each
slide, can be edited using a primitive outliner. Presentations can be saved and run in
any of the file formats: the default .ppt (presentation), .pps (PowerPoint Show) or .pot
(template). In PowerPoint 2007 the XML-based file formats. pptx, .ppsx and .potx
have been introduced.

6.2.3 CRITICISMS OF POWER POINT:

One major source of criticism of PowerPoint comes from Yale professor of statistics
and graphic design Edward Tufte, who criticizes many emergent properties of the
software:
o It is used to guide and reassure a presenter, rather than to enlighten the
audience;
o Unhelpfully simplistic tables and charts, resulting from the low resolution of
computer displays;
o The outliner causing ideas to be arranged in an unnecessarily deep hierarchy,
itself subverted by the need to restate the hierarchy on each slide;
o Enforcement of the audience's linear progression through that hierarchy
(whereas with handouts, readers could browse and relate items at their
leisure);
o Poor typography and chart layout, from presenters who are poor designers
and who use poorly designed templates and default settings;
o Simplistic thinking, from ideas being squashed into bulleted lists, and stories
with beginning, middle, and end being turned into a collection of disparate,
loosely disguised points. This may present a kind of image of objectivity and
neutrality that people associate with science, technology, and "bullet points".
o Tufte's criticism of the use of PowerPoint has extended to its use by NASA
engineers in the events leading to the Columbia disaster. Tufte's analysis of a
representative NASA PowerPoint slide is included in a full page sidebar
entitled "Engineering by Viewgraphs" in Volume 1 of the Columbia Accident
Investigation Board's report.

6.2.4 VERSIONS OF POWER POINT:

Here are the major versions of Power Point presentation programme:
o 1987 PowerPoint 1.0 for Mac OS classic
o 1988 PowerPoint 2.0 for Mac OS classic
 o 1992 PowerPoint 3.0 for Mac OS classic
o 1994 PowerPoint 4.0 for Mac OS classic
o 1998 PowerPoint 98 (8.0) for Mac OS classic (Office 1998 for mac)
o 2000 PowerPoint 2001 (9.0) for Mac OS X (Office 2001 for mac)
o 2002 PowerPoint v. X (10.0) for Mac OS X (Office:mac v. X)
o 2003 PowerPoint 2003 (version 11) — (Office 2003)
o 2004 PowerPoint 2004 (11.0) for Mac OS X (Office:mac 2004)
o 2006-2007 PowerPoint 2007 (version 12) — (Office 2007)
o 2008 PowerPoint 2008 (12.0) for Mac OS X (Office:mac 2008)

6.2.5 SLIDE LAYOUTS:

One of the most important things in the Power Point presentation programme are the
slide layouts.
Each presentation would have one or more than one slides. Each Power Point
slide has a specific page layout associated to it. The page layout of a slide decides
the position of various objects you can have in Power Point. It also specifies the
default text attributes and style like the font face, font size, font color, font style,
alignment etc., the line thickness, it’s style, color etc.
Power Point provides 24 different types of page layouts along with a blank
page layout. To have customized objects and object appearance use the blank page
layout. Page layouts basically ease out the creation of slides with template for most
commonly used object combinations.
The defaults objects present in any of the 24 default page layouts provide by
Power Point are called as “Click here” objects. At the start each such box would
have the explanation of what is the functionality of that box. All the user needs to do
is position the mouse pointer on the object and click once. This automatically triggers
off the corresponding operation.

Select Slide Layouts:

When you select to create a new presentation or select to add a new dialog box
appears asking you to select the desired page layout from the available list, select
the page layout and choose OK. Your first slide or the new slide would be inserted
with the new page layout.
Change Slide Layout:
You can also change the page layout after you have completed the slide. This would
be advantageous when you want to give specific slide backgrounds.
o Select Slide Layout from the Format Menu
o Select the desired page layout or select blank

6.2.6 GETTING MORE FAMILIAR WITH POWERPOINT:

The text, organization chart, graph or the picture present on a Power Point slide is
called an object. If you need to make any kind of changes you have to first select the
object. Any operation performed is specific to the selection. Let us look at some of
the terms and selection methods followed in PowerPoint the object or objects
selected would get eight small squares around it.

Making Selections:
Selecting a Single Object: Take the mouse pointer to the specific object and click on
the object.
Selecting Multiple Objects: Position the cursor on the object obtaining the text and
click. Now, hold down the Shift key and position the mouse pointer on the second
object and click, then release the Shift key, both the objects now remain select. To
select more objects repeat the same procedure.
Selecting a Text Object: Position the cursor on the object containing the text and
click once. Now the text object is selected. Clicking on it again will take you to the
text entry mode or modify mode.
Selecting all the Objects: Choose Select All from the Edit Menu.

Increase or Decrease an Object Size:

The method to follow either to increase or decrease the size of the object is similar to
the method used to increase or decrease the size of a window under your desktop.
o Select the object.
o Position the tip of the mouse pointer to touch the corresponding box to which
you need to increase or decrease the size of the object.
o Hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse to the left, right, top or
bottom.
o A ghost outline appears indicating the new size of the object.
 o Decide upon the size and release the left mouse button.

Moving an Object:
o Select the object or objects to be moved.
o Position the mouse pointer within the object frame.
o Hold down the left mouse button and drag your mouse.
o A ghost outline appears indicating the new location of the object.
o Release the left mouse button to move the object to the selected location.

Deleting an Object:
o Select the object or objects.
o Press the Del key on the keyboard or Select clear from the Edit menu.

Change the Object Color:

o Select Toolbars from the View menu.
o Select Drawing.
To change the Area Color:
Select the new color for the area of the object by clicking on the Fill Color Tool.
To change the Line Color:
o Select Toolbars from the View menu.
o Select Drawing
To change the Area Color:
Select the new color for the area of the object by clicking on the Fill Color Tool.
To change the Line Color:
Select the new color for the area of the object by clicking on the Line Color Tool.
To change the Line Thickness:
Select the new color for the area of the object by clicking on the Line Thickness Tool.

EDITING A SLIDE:
By now, after using Windows and Word you are familiar with the Cut/Copy/Paste
operation. The same can be performed in Power Point. Select the objects to be
moved or copied, select the corresponding option or tool. You can also find a string
to replace the same. Select Find from the Edit menu to search for a string:
 o To replace a string with another string select Replace from the Edit Menu to
search for and replace the string.
o To store the previous state of an operation select Undo from the Edit Menu.

WORKING WITH SLIDES:

To Insert a New Slide:
o Select New Slide from the Insert Menu or click on the new slide tool in the
standard toolbar.
o Select the Page layout.
To Duplicate a Slide:
o Duplicating a slide is possible only through the Slide sorter view.
o Select the slide to duplicate by clicking on the same. This selected slide will
be highlighted.
o Select Duplicate from the Edit Menu.
To Delete a Slide:
o Highlight the slide through Slide Sorter View.
o Select Delete Slide from the Edit Menu.
The slide background remains the same for the entire slide, if any of the 24 default
page layouts of Power Point is used. If you desire individual backgrounds for slides
then you would have to change each page layout to Blank. To do this:
o Select Background from the Format Menu.
o Select the color for the slide background.
o Select Apply to apply the background to the active or selected slide.
o Select Apply to All to apply the selected background to all the slides.
o Select Fills Effects from Background dialog box to change the effect and
pattern.

APPLYING TEMPLATES:
Use this selection to pick a slide design from a list of different sections:
o Selection Format > Apply Design
o Select any one of the templates on the left-hand side.
o Click on the apply button.
o All the slides/charts will be updated.
POWER POINT VIEWS:
Slide View:
The slide view is the default view used to create and edit your slides. In this views all
the menus and toolbars are available.
Outline View:
The outline view is used to display the outline format of your slide show. The slide
number and text contents are displayed in this view. Switching to outline view takes
the data from your slides and redisplays it in the form of an outline. Any change you
make to the presentation while in outline view is automatically reflected in the
representation when you return to the slide view.
The following list highlights a few important points about outline view.
o The outline is made up of titles and body text of each slide.
o Any other objects you have added to a slide such as picture charts and so on
are not included in outline.
o Also if you add any text object to the slide in addition basic title and body text
objects are automatically included when you create a new slide, the additional
text objects are not included in the outline.
o A high level heading in the outline the text of this heading is drawn from the
slide’s title represents each slide, and a button that represents the entire slide
appears next to the headings.
o Also the slide number appears to the left of the slide button.
o Each text line from a slide’s body text appears as an indented heading
subordinates to the slide’s main title heading.
o Power Point enables you to create as many as five heading levels on each
heading slide.

Promoting and Demoting Paragraphs:

o To promote paragraphs means to move it up one level in outline.
o To promote a paragraph, place the cursor anywhere in the paragraph and
then click on the promote button.
o To demote a paragraph is just the opposite the paragraph moves down on
level in the outline. To demote a paragraph place the cursor anywhere in the
paragraph and press the demote button.
If you demote a slide title, the entire slide is included into the preceding slide. In
other words, the slide title becomes a main point in the preceding slide.

Moving Text Up and Down:

Outline view is also handy for rearranging your presentation. You can easily change
the order of individual points on the slide, or you can rearrange the order of the
slides.
o To move the select text up
o To move the selected text down

Expanding and Collapse\point the Outline:

Power Point enables you to collapse outline so that only the slide titles are shown.
Collapsing the outline doesn’t delete the body text; it merely hides it so that you can
focus on the order of the slides in your representation. Expanding a presentation
restores the collapse body text to the outline so that you can once again focus on
details.
o To collapse an entire presentation
o To expand an entire presentation

Slide Sorter View:

The slide sorter view gives you a miniature picture of each slide. You can use this
view to select and drag slides from one position to another within your slide show.
This sorts, or rearrangements the order in which your slides are presented.

Notes View:
The notes view is used to enter notes or script for the slide within a presentation.
Once the notes are added, you can print the slide show and use the printed output
as a script. You can also give the copies of printed materials to your audience as in-
depth handouts.

Slide Show:
This view displays the slides in full screen. It is used to either actually show or simply
review your slide presentation. Use this view to check final sizes, color, animation,
and transitions between slides, sounds and other controls. To check the timing of
self-running presentation, use the view > Slide show menu selection. You can also
distribute your presentation with the Power Point viewer program, used to run
presentations without the actual Power Point program.

The Slide Master:

The slide master is the master organizer. All the slides follow the pattern of the slide
master. The slide master will automatically be active in the background whenever
slides are prepared or opened.

BUILT-UP WIZARDS:
Now that you familiar with some Power Point basics, it’s time to take a look at Power
Point’s built-in design aids, called wizards. You encounter a wizard each time you
launch the Power Point program. Look at the first dialog. In previous activities you
closed this dialog and used File > New or File > Open. However, both these
operations are easily achieved with this dialog. The four choices presented by the
dialog are summarized. Then, the Auto Content Wizard selection is explored in more
detail.
Auto content wizard: This selection launches a series of wizard dialogs that guide
you through the creation of a few presentations.
Template: This selection allows you to pick a slide design template from a large list
of background patterns and colors.
Blank Presentation: This selection opens the New Slide dialog from which you
choose the layout of the first slide in a new presentation.
Open an Existing Presentation: This selection uses the File > Open Dialog from
which you can pick an existing slide presentation file.

Using the Auto Content Wizard:

Use the procedure to familiarize yourself with the Auto Content wizards.
1. Click on the Auto Content Wizard button. Then click on OK to view the opening
dialog.
2. Click on Next do display the first working dialog. Select the type of presentation
you want.
3. Click on Next and select the type of presentation.
4. Click on Next and check the selections one this dialog as shown in the 4th step.
We consider this an On-Screen presentation. And choose NO at “Will you print
handouts?” option. You can change your mind later if you decide to print paper
copies of your slides. Notice that PowerPoint can create pages for use as overhead
projections transparencies, in either color or black and white. PowerPoint can also
produce files that are compatible with 35mm slide making equipment from Genicom.
If you want use this service, you should select this add-in using Setup.
5. Click on Next and click on Finish to let Power Point build the presentation for you.
6. The slides already have key sales points and list suggested information for
inclusion in your presentation, At this point, you are ready to begin customising the
information to suit your needs.

EXAMPLE OF CREATING A PRESENTATION SLIDE:

1. Execute PowerPoint and select blank presentation.
2. Select the slide layout according to the requirement and click on OK.
3. Now create title slide by tying the information.
4. Click on Apply Design Template from common task taskbar. Notice the
following dialog.
5. Select the design from the list of design templates and click on Apply.
6. Click on New Slide and pick second slide on the top row. Click on OK.
7. Type the information for the second slide.
8. Click on New Slide, pick the Text & Clip Art layout and click on OK.
9. Type the title and bulleted text as shown below.
o Double click on the picture. It will take you to Clip Art and select the
picture click on Insert.
o Click on New Slide and double-click on the bulleted list side.
10. Now use File > Save to save your presentation. Type the file name and
click on Save. Notice that it is saved as a presentation (*.ppt) file type.
11. Press the Ctrl + Home to move back to the first slide. Then click on Slide
Show view button.

INSERTING CLIP-ART PICTURES INTO SLIDES:

These steps show you how to insert clipart pictures into your presentation:
o Move to the slide on which you want to paste the clipart.
 o Choose the Insert > Picture > Clip Art command.
o Choose the Clip Art picture you want.
o Clip on Insert to insert the picture.

Moving, Sizing and Stretching Pictures:

Follow these steps to force your inserted Clip Art into full compliance:
· Click on the picture and drag wherever you want.
· Notice the eight handles. Drag one of them to resize the picture.

Editing a Clip Art Picture:

Sometimes one of the clipart pictures supplied with PowerPoint is close but not
exactly what you want. In that case you can insert the picture and then edit it. These
steps tell you how to edit a clipart picture.
1. Choose the picture you want to edit.
2. Use the Draw > Ungroup command to convert the picture to PowerPoint
shapes that you can edit.
3. Now edit the picture.
To beautify your presentation you can add pictures onto your slide. You can either
insert a picture created using another drawing utility or insert the pictures available
through Microsoft Office’s Clipart Gallery.

SLIDE SHOW:
Once your slides are ready, you are ready for the presentation. Before you start the
slide show you can apply various effect onto the slide show. The change over of
slide can have various transition effects or the data present in a Bulleted List box of
the Bulleted List Page Layout can have a move-in effect with various builds. The
best view to apply transition and to build slides for presentation is the slide sorter
view, which allows easy access to select slides.

USING SLIDE TRANSITIONS:

A transition is how PowerPoint gets from one slide to the next during an on screen
slide show. The normal way to jump from slide to slide is simply to cut to the new
slide. Effective, PowerPoint enables you to assign any of 45 different special effects
to each slide transition.
 For example, you can have slide scoot over the toop of the current slide from
any direction or you can have the current slide scoot off the screen in any direction to
reveal the next slide.

6.3 SUMMARY:
o Multimedia is the combination of sound, graphics, animation, and video with
traditional media such as text. In the world of computers, multimedia is a
subset of hypermedia that combines the elements of multimedia with
hypertext, which links the information.
o Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation programme developed by Microsoft for
its Microsoft Office system. Microsoft PowerPoint runs on Microsoft Windows
and the Mac OS computer operating systems.
o Bob Gaskins and software developer Dennis Austin developed the original
Microsoft Office PowerPoint as Presenter for Forethought, Inc, which they
later renamed PowerPoint.

6.4 KEY WORDS:

Multimedia Application Programmes: A multimedia application is one that uses a
collection of media sources. Some of the better-known examples of such
applications are PowerPoint, the presentation package from Microsoft, and Acrobat,
the document presentation product from Adobe Systems.
Power Point: Microsoft’s PowerPoint is a presentation programme developed by
Microsoft for its Microsoft Office system. Microsoft PowerPoint runs on Microsoft
Windows and the Mac OS computer operating systems.
Slide Show: Once your slides are ready, you are ready for the presentation. Before
you start the slide show you can apply various effect onto the slide show. The
change over of slide can have various transition effects or the data present in a
Bulleted List box of the Bulleted List Page Layout can have a move-in effect with
various builds.
Using Slide Transitions: A transition is how PowerPoint gets from one slide to the
next during an on screen slide show. The normal way to jump from slide to slide is
simply to cut to the new slide. Effective, PowerPoint enables you to assign any of 45
different special effects to each slide transition.
6.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):
14. Write a detailed note on the Power Point Presentation programme.
15. Discuss the major facilities available in the Power Point Presentation programme.
16. Write a detailed note on slide preparation in Power Point.

6.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: C Unit: II Lesson: 7

MS-EXCEL
Writer: Ms. Neha
Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various aspects of the MS Excel software
programme. First, we shall focus on the basics of Excel. We shall also briefly discuss
the Excel styles. The lesson structure shall be as follows:
7.0 Objectives
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Presentation of Content
7.2.1 MS Excel- An Introduction
7.2.2 Versions of MS Excel
7.2.3 Basics of MS Excel
7.2.4 Excel Styles
7.3 Summary
7.4 Key Words
7.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
7.6 References/Suggested Reading

7.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Get an Introduction to MS Excel
o To Understand the Various Versions of MS Excel
o To Know About the Basics of MS Excel
o To Understand the Various Excel Styles

7.1 INTRODUCTION:
Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) is a spreadsheet application
written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features
calculation and graphing tools, which, along with aggressive marketing, have made
Excel one of the most popular microcomputer applications to date. It is
overwhelmingly the dominant spreadsheet application available for these platforms
and has been so since version 5 in 1993 and its bundling as part of Microsoft Office.
Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982,
which was very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity
to Lotus 1-2-3. This promoted development of a new spreadsheet called Excel,
which started with the intention to, in the words of Doug Klunder, 'do everything 1-2-3
does and do it better’.
The first version of Excel was released for the Mac in 1985 and the first
Windows version (numbered 2.0 to line-up with the Mac and bundled with a run-time
Windows environment) was released in November 1987. Lotus was slow to bring 1-
2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft
achieve the position of leading PC software developer.
This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified
Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing graphical
software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years
or so. The current version for the Windows platform is Excel 12, also called Microsoft
Office Excel 2007. The current version for the Mac OS X platform is Microsoft Excel
2004.
Microsoft Excel 2.1 included a run-time version of Windows 2.1. Early in its life
Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company already selling
a software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the result of the
dispute Microsoft was required to refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its
formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time this practice has
been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently when they purchased
the trademark to the other program.
Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters XL as shorthand for the
program; while this is no longer common, the program's icon on Windows still
consists of a stylized combination of the two letters, and the file extension of the
default Excel format is .xls. Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest
electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original
spreadsheet, VisiCalc: the cells are organized in rows and columns, and contain
data or formulas with relative or absolute references to other cells.
In this lesson we shall discus about the various aspects of MS Excell.

7.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o MS Excell- An Introduction
o Versions of MS Excel
o Basics of MS Excel
o Excel Styles

7.2.1 MS EXCELL- AN INTRODUCTION:

MS Excel is a Windows based spreadsheet (worksheet) package. When calculations
are made on paper and certain data must be changed, then the entire work must be
recalculated and re-written. If a spreadsheet package is used then the re-calculation
is automatic. The details of bank passbook, tax, inventory, purchase and sales can
also be maintained using a spreadsheet package. Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro,
Symphony, MS Excel etc. are spreadsheet packages.
Excel was the first spreadsheet that allowed the user to define the
appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also
introduced intelligent cell re-computation, where only cells dependent on the cell
being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything
all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel has extensive graphing
capabilities.
When first bundled into Microsoft Office in 1993, Microsoft Word and Microsoft
PowerPoint had their GUIs redesigned for consistency with Excel, the killer app on
the PC at the time.
Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming
language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel
and to provide user defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful
addition to the application, which, in later versions, includes a fully featured
integrated development environment (IDE).
Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing
simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in-
worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but
not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules
allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques.
The automation functionality provided by VBA has caused Excel to become a
target for macro viruses. This was a serious problem in the corporate world until anti-
virus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to
prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable
macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted
certificate.

7.2.2 VERSIONS OF MS-EXCEL:

Versions of Microsoft Excel for Windows:
1987 Excel 2.0 for Windows
1990 Excel 3.0
1992 Excel 4.0
1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 & 4.3, also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only on the
Power Pc, DEC Alpha, and MIPS)
1995 Excel for Windows 95 (version 7.0) - included in Office 95
1997 Excel 97 - (version 8.0) included in Office 97 (x86 and also a DEC Alpha
version)
1999 Excel 2000 (version 9.0) included in Office 2000
2001 Excel 2002 (version 10) included in Office XP
2003 Excel 2003 (version 11) included in Office 2003
2007 Excel 2007 (version 12) included in Office 2007

Versions for the Apple Macintosh include:

1985 Excel 1.0
1988 Excel 1.5
1989 Excel 2.2
1990 Excel 3.0
1992 Excel 4.0
1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.X -- Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version)
1998 Excel 8.0 (Office '98)
2000 Excel 9.0 (Office 2001)
2001 Excel 10.0 (Office v. X)
2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004 for Mac)
2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008 for Mac)

CRITICISM:
Due to Excel's foundation on floating point calculations, the statistical accuracy of
Excel has been criticized, as has the lack of certain statistical tools. Excel
proponents have responded that some of these errors represent edge cases and
that the relatively few users who would be affected by these know of them and have
workarounds and alternatives.
Excel incorrectly assumes that 1900 is a leap year. The bug originated from
Lotus 1-2-3, and was implemented in Excel for the purpose of backward
compatibility. This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file
format. Excel also supports the second date format based on year 1904 epoch.

7.2.3 EXCEL BASICS:

Before working with MS-Excel, different parts of Excel spreadsheet must be
identified.
Parts of MS-Excel Spreadsheet:
When MS-Excel is loaded, the Excel window will appear on the screen.
Excel window appearance with its parts as given below.
Title bar — Displays the application name, file name and various window controls
like minimize button, maximize button and close button.
Menu bar — Different options for selection
Standard Toolbar — Displayed by default, allows giving common commands like
saving the file, opening a file, printing etc.
Formatting Toolbar — Allows the user to give commands related to formatting cells
and cell contents like Bold, Underline, Font style, Font size, Color etc.
Name Box — Displays the address of the current cell.
Formula Bar — Displays the cell content
Current Cell — Current cell will be the active cell.
Row Headers — There are 65536 rows (lines) numbered 1,2,3.....65536. First row
number is 1 and the last row number is 65536. To go to cell in last row, press End
and Down arrow key, to return to cell in first row, press End and Up arrow key.
Column Headers — There are 256 columns as A, B, C .... Z, AA, AB....AZ, BA,
BB...IV. First column name is A and last column name is IV. To go to the cell in last
column header press End and Right arrow key, to return to the cell in first column,
press End and Left arrow key.
Scroll Bars — Used to scroll through different parts of current sheet.
Split Boxes — Used to split the window into 2 or 4 parts or to remove the split.
Tab Split Box — Used to adjust the space occupied by the sheet tabs and
horizontal scroll bar.
Sheet Tabs — Displays the sheet names. Each worksheet is named as Sheet 1,
Sheet 2 and Sheet 3.
Status Bar — Displays on the left side various modes like Ready or Edit mode. The
status on num lock, caps lock and scroll lock keys on the keyboard on the right side.

WORKSHEETS WITH IN WORKBOOK:

Excel documents (files) are known as workbooks. Each Workbook contains 3
worksheets by default. Adding or deleting the sheets can change the number of
sheets. Each sheet is named uniquely like Sheet 1, Sheet 2 etc. which is displayed
in the sheet tab. A workbook can also contain chart sheets, which are named as
Chart 1, Chart 2 etc., by default. When Excel is loaded, it automatically opens a new
workbook, named BOOK1. (With extension. XLS.) This name is displayed on the title
bar. The main part of the Excel screen is the worksheet area — a grid of rows and
columns. The worksheet contains 65536 rows and 256 columns.
CELL:
The intersection of a column and a row is called as a cell. Each cell has a name or a
cell address. The cell address consists of the column letter and a row number. For
instance, the first cell is in first column and first row. First column name is A and first
row number is 1. Therefore, the first cell name address is A1. First cell is also called
as Home Cell. Similarly, the last cell address is IV65536 (column IV and row 65536).
Total cells in a worksheet are 256 * 65536 (total number of columns x rows). At any
time one cell can be active and the address of the active cell is displayed in the
name box. A thick black border indicates the active cell. Any cell can be made active
by clicking on that cell. Using key combinations also it is possible to move quickly to
the desired cell.
NAVIGATING WORKSHEET:
To move to any cell of any worksheet of an open workbook, the mouse can be used.
· To scroll through different parts of the worksheet, drag the scroll box in the scroll
bars or click on the arrow marks in the scroll bars. · To go to different sheets in the
workbook, click on the desired sheet name in the sheet tab.
· To go to a desired cell, cell inside the cell, or select Edit > Go To type the desired
cell address in the Reference box (for example, D7) and click on OK. Or
· Click on the name box, type the desired cell address and press Enter.
ENTERING AND EDITING DATA:
Any entry can be made in the active cell. Entries can be of 4 different types.
They are:
· Text — Text in a cell include any combination of letters, numbers, and keyboard
symbols. A cell can contain 32000 characters. If column width prevents a text string
fitting visually in a cell, the display extends over neighboring cells. However, if the
neighboring cells are occupied, the display is truncated. To store a number as a text
entry, use apostrophe (‘) as the first character.
· Numbers — Numbers include digits from 0 to 9 and some special characters like $
% + - / (), etc. Date and time are stored as numbers. If 8-15 is entered in a cell, excel
will display it as 15-Aug. When an unformatted number does not fit in a cell, it is
displayed in scientific notation. When a formatted number does not fit in a cell ####
is displayed.
· Logical Values — Logical entries, TRUE and FALSE (uppercase only) can be
entered in the cells.
· Formulas — Formulas are entered into the cell to perform calculations. A formula
begins with an equal sign (=). After completing the formula entry, the result of
formula will be displayed in the cell and the formula will be displayed in the formula
bar. If the formula entered is wrong, error values are stored in the cell. Built-in-
functions, which are used to perform some calculations, are also treated as a
formula entry.
To Make Any Entry in the Cell
· Make the cell active (select the cell) by click on the cell or by pressing arrow keys.
· Type the content of cell. · Press Enter or press the arrow keys or click on any other
cell to complete the entry.
To Edit the Cell Content
Make the cell active (select the cell) and use any one of the following methods.
· Press F2 function key or double click on the cell, make the correction in the cell
content and press Enter.
· Click on the formula bar (which displays the active cell content), make the
correction and press Enter.
· To delete the cell content, click on the cell and press Delete.
COPYING AND MOVING CELL CONTENTS:
Copying the cell content
To copy the cell contents to other cells,
· Select the range of cell, Choose Edit > Copy or Ctrl + C, go to the new position and
press Enter. Or
· Select the range of cells, point at the outside border of the selected range using
mouse, the mouse pointer will turn into an arrow, hold down the ctrl key and drag the
selection to a new location.
Moving the cell content:
To move the cell content to another location,
· Select a range of cells, Choose Edit >Cut or Ctrl + X, go to the new position, and
press Enter.
Or
· Select the range of cells, point at the outside border of the selected range using
mouse, the mouse pointer will turn into an arrow, drag the selection to a new
location.
INSERTING CELLS, COLUMNS, AND ROWS:
To insert cells, columns and rows select Insert > Cells.... Insert dialog box will be
displayed with the following options,
· Shift cells right insert a new cell and existing cells will be shifted to the right.
· Shift cells down insert a new cell and existing cells will shifted down.
· Entire row will insert one row.
· Entire column will insert one column.
Choose Insert > Columns option to insert one or more columns. To insert more than
column, block the number of columns to be inserted and choose insert > Columns.
Insert > Rows option will insert one row in current position. To insert many rows
block the number of rows to be inserted and choose insert > Row.
OPERATOR:
Operator is a symbol used to specify the type of calculation that is to be performed
on the elements of a formula. Microsoft Excel includes four different types of
calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text and reference.
Arithmetic Operators:
Arithmetic operators perform basic mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication; combine numbers; and produce numeric results.
+ (plus sign) Addition 3+3
- (minus sign) Subtraction Negation 3-1-1
* (asterisk) Multiplication 3*3
/ (forward slash) Division 3/3
% (percent sign) Percent 20%
^ (caret) Exponentiation 3 ^ 2
Comparison Operators:
These operators compare two values and then produce the logical value TRUE or
FALSE.
= (equal sign) Equal to A1 = B1
> (greater than sign) Greater than A1 > B1
< (less than sign) Less than A1 < B1
>=(greater than or equal Greater than or equal to A1 > = B1 to sign)
<= (less than or equal to sign) Less than or equal to A1 <= B1
<> (not equal to sign) Not equal to A1<> B1
Text Operator:
The text operator “&” combines one or more text values to produce a single piece of
text. & (ampersand) Connects, or concatenates, two value of produce one continues
text value “North” & “wind” produce “North wind”
Reference Operators:
Reference operators combine a range of cells for calculations.
: (colon) Range operator, which produces one B5 : B15
reference to all the cells between two references, including the two references.
, (comma) Union operator, which combines SUM (B5:B15, D5:D15) multiple
references into one reference (single Intersection operator, which produces space)
SUM (B5:B15 A7 : D7) one reference to cells common to two in this example, cell B7
references. is common to both ranges.
FUNCTION WIZARD f*:
The function can also be entered using the Function Wizard, instead of typing them
.To use the function wizard.
· Click on the cells where the function is to be included
· Click on the function wizard icon named paste Function available in the Standard
Toolbar (or select Insert >function...)
· Select a function category in the left side. Available in that category will be
displayed on the right side. Select the required functions and click on OK.
· Now, give the range in the place of number1, number2 etc. either by typing the
range manually or by blocking the range. The result will be displayed inside the
dialog for confirmation. To end it, click on OK.
CELL FORMATTING:
There are different categories of formats available like General, Number, Currency,
Date, and Text etc. To select a format,
1. Click on the cell or select a range of cells that are to be formatted.
2. Select Format > Cells: The Format Cells dialog box will be displayed, here, you
may choose the desired format. General will be the default format.
· Number format is used to specify number of decimals; thousand-separator symbol
and how negative numbers are to be displayed.
· Currency format is used to specify the number of decimals, the currency symbol,
and how the negative numbers are to be displayed.
· Accounting format can be used to specify the number of decimals and a currency
symbol.
· Date format can be used to specify, how the date must be displayed in a cell i.e.
month in words etc.,
· Time format is used to specify 24 hour or 12 hour format, display seconds or not.
· Percentages format multiply the cell value by 100 and display the result with a
percent % symbol. Number of decimals can be specified.
· Text format can be used to represent a number entered in a cell as a text entry.

7.2.4 EXCEL STYLES:

Excel allows the user to a whole lot of different kinds of formatting, i.e. number
format, font, alignment, borders, patterns, and protection status in one dialog box.
Instead of using all the above individually to a certain cell the style feature provides
the user to set a specific formatting to certain cells. The same style can be used
format any other cell. It is very useful for the user to use styles as it saves time and
also establishes formatting standard.
Excel includes six built-in styles like Comma, Comma, Currency, Currency,
normal, and Percent of which Normal style is commonly used. The user can also
create other styles with specific formatting. When the workbook is saved along with it
the styles are also saved.

Creating Styles:
To create styles, select Format > Style. A list of style names will be displayed. A new
style name can be specified for the style already created by the user. To do this, type
any name in the style name box and choose add. The style name that has been
created can be later applied to format cells simultaneously.
Note: Row height and column width is not part of the style definition.

Custom List:
A custom list is a collection of some commonly used words, which can be
reproduced by dragging the fill handle. For example, a company operates in for
different regions (North, South, East and West), and the region has to be typed
constantly onto the worksheet. A custom list can be used to save data entry time.

Defining Custom List (When list is already existing on the worksheet):

· Enter the list into a (contiguous) range of cells, in a row or column.
· Select the range of cells containing the list.
· Choose Tools > Options, then select the Custom Lists tab.
· Click on the Import button (the list will be displayed in the Custom List box and List
Entries box)
· Click on OK

Defining Custom List (By typing the list in the List Entries Box):
· Choose Tools > Options, then select the Custom Lists tab.
· Click on the New List Option from Custom List or click in the List Entries Box.
· Type the entries in the List Entries box, beginning with the first entry. Press ENTER
after each entry. Click on OK after completing the List entries.
CHARTS:
Charts are graphical representation of numerical data. A set of numeric data, which
is actually plotted, is called data series. Each value in the data series is a data point.
Data series can be in rows or columns.
Types of Charts:
Depending on the appearance of chart, chart can be Embedded Chart and Chart
Sheet. Embedded chart is drawn on the worksheet where the data exists. Chart
sheet is a separate sheet containing only the chart in it.
Creating a Quick Chart Sheet:
To create a chart in a separate sheet, select the data with column headings and one
text column.
E.g. select A2: D6 and press F11. A default chart (generally a column chart) will be
created in a separate sheet named Chart1, before the sheet, which contains the
data. The chart created will not have any titles, legends, or data labels. The chart will
be drawn with series column-wise.
Steps to Create a Regular Chart:
Select the data range with the column headings and one text column entry, e.g.,
A2:D6.
Click on the Chart Wizard icon in the Standard Toolbar or select Insert> Chart. Chart
wizard step 1 of 4 dialog will be displayed.
Step 1, displays the available type of charts under the groups Standard Type and
Custom Type. Default is the Column Chart available in the group Standard Types.
Select a type of chart. On the right side, the selected chart’s sub-types will be
displayed. Select a sub-type. To see the Sample chart click and hold down the
Press and hold to view example Button. Click on Next to go to second step.
Step 2, allows the user to specify the data range, series in rows or columns, and
specify the range of each series including the range of xalis labels. In the Data
Range tab, we can specify the data range (range of data series to be plotted and x-
axis labels) and whether the series in Rows or Columns.
Default is series in Columns: The sample chart will be displayed on the screen and if
information is changed it will be modified automatically. For example, select series in
Rows, the chart will be modified to show the series in rows. If the data range is not
displayed, then it can be specified by typing the range or clicking in the data range
box and by blocking the data range in the worksheet. The range will be displayed in
the data range box and the chart sample will be displayed accordingly. The data
range displayed there can also be edited.
The second tab Series, is used to specify the range for each data series with
the cell, which contains the name of series, adding or removing a series and
specifying the x-ails labels. After specifying these things, click on Next to move to the
third step.
In Step 3, titles, axes, grid lines, legend position, data labels, and data tables for the
chart can be specified.

Titles: Allows you go give different titles for the chart.

Chart Title: Main title for the chart.
Category (X) axis: Title for X-axis, will be displayed below the X-axis labels.
Value (y) axis: Title for the Y-axis, will be displayed at the left side of Y-axis
numbers.
Second category (X) axis: Title for the Second X-axis.
Second Value (Y) axis: Title for the secondary Y-axis, will be displayed at the right
side of numbers. Second Y-axis will appear on the right side of column chart.
For the chart, given the chart title - Sale of Soaps in Oct., Nov. and Dec., category
(X) axis title — Soaps, value (Y) axis title — Quantity.
Axis: It can be used to specify whether the primary X-axis and Y-axis must be
displayed in the chart or not.
Category (X) axis: If deselected, X-axis labels will not be displayed. If selected, X-
axis labels can be displayed in date format or with the content of X-axis label range.
Value Y-axis: If deselected, Y-axis numbers are not displayed. To display Y-axis
numbers, this option must be selected.
Gridlines: It is used to specify whether major and minor X-axis and Y-axis gridlines
are to be displayed in the chart or not. By default, only value Y-axis Major gridlines
will be displayed.
Legend: It is used to specify, whether the legend for the chart is to be displayed or
not. A legend is an index displaying the color of series and the name of series. If it to
be displayed, specify the placement of legend in the chart (bottom, corner, top, right,
or left). By default, the legend will be displayed at the right side of the chart.
Data labels: It is used to specify whether the chart by default, it is not display inside
the chart or not. Number or text displayed above each data point is called data
labels. If the data labels must be displayed, either the value (number) or label (text)
must be displayed as the data labels. We can also specify, whether the legend key is
to be displayed next to the label or not. By default, the data labels are not displayed.
Data Table: It is used to display the data below the chart. By default, it is not
displayed. To display the data table, select Show data table check box. We can also
specify, whether legend key must be displayed along with the data table or not. If
data labels are displayed, data table need not be displayed in the chart. After
specifying the required options, select Next to go to last step.
Step 4, allows you to specify the placement of chart. The chart can be placed in a
new chart sheet named Chart1 by selecting the option As new sheet, or it can be
placed as an object in any one of the existing worksheets by selecting As object in.
Click on the Finish button to complete the creation of the chart.

3-D CHARTS:
3-D charts can represent complex data better than 2-D charts. Elevation box is used
to view the chart from specified height. The elevation ranges from-90 degrees to 90
degrees. -90 degree is a view from directly below the plot area and 90 degree is a
view from directly above plot area. Rotation box is used to control the rotation of the
plot area around the z-axis -vertical axis. Rotation is measured in degrees from 0 to
360.
3-D charts rotation ranges from 0-44. Perspective box controls the view of the chart
depth. The perspective value specifies the ratio of the front of the chart to the back of
the chart. Value ranges from 0 to 100 degrees.

DATA SERIES WITH DRAWING OBJECTS:

Draw the drawing object, for example, a launching face from the auto shapes basic
shapes. Select it by click on it, press Ctrl + C to copy it to clipboard, select the series
and press Ctrl+V to paste it on the series. The smiling face can be copied to Dec.
series and one face will be present for one data point. To have multiple smiling
faces, right click on the data series, select Format Data Series, select Fill Effects
available in Patterns tab, select Stack in the format for select Stack and Scale to and
specify a measurement. The smiling face will be repeated to fill the data points.
Stretch to have one picture to represent one data point.
To remove the drawing objects included in the series, select the data series, select
Edit > Clear > Formats.

COMBINATION CHARTS:
A combination chart will have 2 types of charts in one, one to represent some data
series and another to represent some other data series. To create a combination
chart, right click on the data series, select Chart Type from the shortcut menu and
select a type of chart. The series will be converted to that chart type, by keeping the
other series as it is. Also selecting the appropriate chart type can also create
Combination chart.

7.3 SUMMARY:
o Microsoft Excel (full name Microsoft Office Excel) is a spreadsheet application
written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It
features calculation and graphing tools, which, along with aggressive
marketing, have made Excel one of the most popular microcomputer
applications to date.
o The first version of Excel was released for the Mac in 1985 and the first
Windows version (numbered 2.0 to line-up with the Mac and bundled with a
run-time Windows environment) was released in November 1987. Lotus was
slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3
and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer.
o Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming
language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in
Excel and to provide user defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA
is a powerful addition to the application, which, in later versions, includes a
fully featured integrated development environment (IDE).
o The statistical accuracy of Excel has been criticized, as has the lack of certain
statistical tools. Excel proponents have responded that some of these errors
represent edge cases and that the relatively few users who would be affected
by these know of them and have workarounds and alternatives.
 o Excel documents (files) are known as workbooks. Each Workbook contains 3
worksheets by default. Adding or deleting the sheets can change the number
of sheets. Each sheet is named uniquely like Sheet 1, Sheet 2 etc. which is
displayed in the sheet tab. A workbook can also contain chart sheets, which
are named as Chart 1, Chart 2 etc., by default.

7.4 KEY WORDS:

Microsoft Excel: Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application written and distributed
by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. It features calculation and graphing
tools, which, along with aggressive marketing, have made Excel one of the most
popular microcomputer applications to date.
Criticism of Excel: The statistical accuracy of Excel has been criticized, as has the
lack of certain statistical tools. Excel proponents have responded that some of these
errors represent edge cases and that the relatively few users who would be affected
by these know of them and have workarounds and alternatives.
Worksheets in Excel: Excel documents (files) are known as workbooks. Each
Workbook contains 3 worksheets by default. Adding or deleting the sheets can
change the number of sheets. Each sheet is named uniquely like Sheet 1, Sheet 2
etc. which is displayed in the sheet tab. A workbook can also contain chart sheets,
which are named as Chart 1, Chart 2 etc., by default.

7.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

17. Write a detailed note on the MS Excel Spreadsheet programme.
18. Discuss the major facilities available in the MS Excel Spreadsheet programme.
19. Write a detailed note on the functioning of the MS Excel Spreadsheet
programme.

7.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: C Unit: II Lesson: 8

MS-ACCESS

Writer: Ms. Neha

Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various introductory aspects of MS-Access.
First, we shall focus on database management. We shall also briefly discuss the
elements, field types, and table creation in MS Excel. The lesson structure shall be
as follows:
8.0 Objectives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Presentation of Content
8.2.1 Microsoft Access- An Introduction
8.2.2 Microsoft Access and Database Management
8.2.3 Elements of Microsoft Access
8.2.4 Field Types in Microsoft Access
8.2.5 Creating Tables in Microsoft Access
8.3 Summary
8.4 Key Words
8.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
8.6 References/Suggested Reading

8.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Get an Introduction to Microsoft Access
o To Know About Microsoft Access and Database Management
o To Understand the Elements of Microsoft Access
o To Know About the Field Types in Microsoft Access
 o To Understand How to Create Tables in Microsoft Access

8.1 INTRODUCTION:
As a relational database management system, MS Access can be applied to small
projects. But it performs poorly to larger projects involving multiple concurrent users.
This is because it is a desktop application, not a true client-server database.
When multiple concurrent users share a Microsoft Access database,
processing speed suffers. The effect is dramatic when there are more than a few
users or if the processing demands of any of the users are high. Access includes an
Upsizing Wizard that allows users to upsize their database to Microsoft SQL Server if
they want to move to a true client-server database. It is recommended to use Access
Data Projects for most situations.

8.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Microsoft Access- An Introduction
o Microsoft Access and Database Management
o Elements of Microsoft Access
o Field Types in Microsoft Access
o Creating Tables in Microsoft Access

8.2.1 MICROSOFT ACCESS- AN INTRODUCTION:

Microsoft Access is a relational database management system from Microsoft, which
combines the Relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user
interface. The latest version of MS Access is known as Microsoft Office Access. It is
a member of the 2007 Microsoft Office system.
Access is used by small businesses, within departments of large corporations,
and hobby programmers to create ad hoc customized desktop systems for handling
the creation and manipulation of data. Access can be used as a database for basic
web based applications hosted on Microsoft's Internet Information Services.
Some professional application developers use Access for rapid application
development, especially for the creation of prototypes and standalone applications
that serve as tools for on-the-road salesmen.
 Access allows relatively quick development because all database tables;
queries, forms, and reports are stored in the database. For query development,
Access utilizes the Query Design Grid, a graphical user interface that allows users to
create queries without knowledge of the SQL programming language. In the Query
Design Grid, users can "show" the source tables of the query and select the fields
they want returned by clicking and dragging them into the grid. Clicking and dragging
fields in tables to fields in other tables can create joins. Access allows users to view
and manipulate the SQL code if desired.

DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF MS-ACCESS:

o 1992 Access 1.1 1 Windows
o 1993 Access 2.0 2.0 Windows Office 4.3 Pro
o 1995 Access for Windows 95 7.0 Windows 95 Office 95 Pro
o 1997 Access 97 n/a Windows, others Office 97 Pro
o 1999 Access 2000 9.0 Windows, others Office 2000 Pro and Premium
o 2001 Access 2002 10 Windows, others Office XP
o 2003 Access 2003 11 Windows, others Microsoft Office System 2003
o 2007 Microsoft Office Access 2007 12 Windows, others 2007 Microsoft Office
system

COMPETING VERSIONS OF MS-ACCESS:

o Amiga Datastore
o Alpha Five
o Borland Paradox
o dBase
o FileMaker Pro (formerly Claris Filemaker)
o Kexi
o Lotus Approach
o OpenOffice.org Base
o Sun StarBase
o Sybase PowerBuilder

In this lesson, we shall discuss about various aspects of MM-Access.

8.2.2 MS-ACCESS & DATA BASE MANAGEMENT:
A database is a collection of data related to a particular subject or purpose, such as
tracking customer order or maintaining a music collection. Using MS-Access, you
can manage all your data from a single database will have extension MDB. Within
the database file, divide your data in to separate storage containers called tables. It
is possible to view, add and update the table data using online forms; queries; and
analyze or print data in a specific layout using reports.

MS-ACCESS AS A RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:

MS-Access is a RDBMS or a Relational Database Management System. Now what
do we mean by a Relational Database? In a relational database the tables are
related to common fields known as key fields. This help in accessing data from more
than one table. The relationship may be defined at the time of table creation or at a
latter stage. Usually it is done right in the beginning when planning the database
design. The relational design process provides a structured approach to modeling an
information system’s data and the business rules for that data. The three key
components used in relational database design are Entities, Attributes and
Relationships.
KEY FIELD: We have already seen that in MS-Access data from more than one table
can be related on a common field called key field. The key-field links the data in the
two tables. MS-Access senses this relationship by comparing the key fields and if
they match performs an automatic linking. Such an automatic linking is called AUTO-
JOIN. However user can specifically (manually) link any two tables on required key
fields by creating a relationship.
PRIMARY KEY: Primary key of a rule, which ensures that unique data is entered for a
field and the field, is not left blank (Null). This makes the record unique. For example,
in a Bank Master file there will be one record for one Account Number. Student roll
numbers, Account numbers Customer numbers, receipt numbers are examples for
primary key fields.
LINK\TRANSACTION TABLE: To manage large amount of data, we distribute the data in
many tables. The main table is referred to as the master table and the lower level
table in which the related data stored is the transaction table. The two tables are
related and must be linked based on a field, which is common.
8.2.3 ELEMENTS OF A DATABASE:
The important database objects are:
o Tables,
o Queries,
o Reports,
o Macros, and
o Modules.

TABLES: A Table is a collection of data about a specific topic, such as products,

students or suppliers. Using a separate table for each topic means you store that
data only once, which makes your database more effecient and reduces dataentry
errors. Tables organize data into colums {called fields} and row {called records} M.S-
Access has a table data sheet view, where in you can add, edit, or view the data in a
table. you can also check the spelling and print yours tables data, filter or sort
records, change the data sheets appearance, or change the table structure by
adding or deleting columns. in the MS-Access, table Design view, you can create an
entire table from scratch, or add, delete, or customize an existing tables fields.
QUERIES: You use queries to ask question about your data. Queries are also used to
view, change, and analyze this data in different ways. Queries can be used as the
source of records for forms and reports. The most common type of query is a select
query. A select query retrieves data from one or more table using criteria you
specify, and then display it in the order you want. You can create a query with a
wizard or from scratch in query design view. In design view, you specify the data you
want to work with by adding the tables or queries that contain the data, and then by
filling in the design greed.
FORMS: When a table is opened, it gets presented in a datasheet view. In datasheet
view data is presented in row and columns. Developing a database form from
scratch of a tedious task. MS-Access has a form Wizard with which a form can be
created after answering a number of question about what you want to see. Columnar
auto form creates a form with one record per page and fields arranged in columns.
REPORTS: Reports are another type of object used in MS-Access to view and toprint
data. Reports can present data form a single table as will as more than one table.
MACROS: A macro executes one or more database commands automatically when it
is executed. Macros are meant for automating those takes that you do over and over
again.
MODULES: A Module is another MS-Access Database object. A module is program
you write VBA to automate and customize database functions. VBA is Visual Basic
for Applications, the programming language included in office 97.

8.2.4 FIELD TYPES IN MS-ACCESS:

MS-Access has many field types. Listed here are some or the field types:
Texts: These types of field hold text, letters, numbers and other characters. The
default size is 50.
Memo: This type of field holds an unlimited amount of text. It is used to store
narrative descriptions like remark. It can thus store up to 32000 characters. MS-
Access uses the disk space on the basis of data entered in this type of field.
Number: Numbers formatted in various ways can go in a number field. The data that
can be stored in this type of field depends on the option selected from the field size
list. The options available are:
Byte: Stores number from 0 to 255 without decimals. It occupies one byte.
o Integer: store numbers from -32768 to 32768 without decimals. It occupies 2
bytes.
o Long Integer: Store numbers -2 billion to 2 billion approximately without
decimals. It occupies 4 bytes.
o Single: Store numbers with six digits of precision from -3.402823E38 to
3.402823E38. it occupies 4 bytes.
o Double: This is the default field size for number type of fields. It stores
numbers with 15-digit precision from -1.7976913486232E308 to
1.7976913486232E308. It occupies 8 bytes.
Date /Time: dates, Time or date combinations of the transaction. The date or time
can be stored in different fermatas.
Currency: This type of field is for money values for any number used in calculations.
This data type has a special in built logic that corrects rounding errors.
Auto Number: this type of field cannot be updated or edited. MS Access
automatically assigns a number to this field when a record is added to a table. When
a record is added the value in this field is incremented by one. Type of field is useful,
if the serial number is to be stored in a field.
Yes/No: These types of field can only logical Values that can contain only one of two
values True of False. This type of field cannot be used for indexing.
OLE Object: This type of field is used to store an object such as a MS-Excel
spreadsheet or a Paint Brush picture etc. The size of picture can be unto 1Ggiga
Byte. This type of field cannot be used for indexing.
Hyperlink: These fields hold hyperlink addresses that go to Web sites, database
objects or other files.
Lookup Wizard: A lookup field starts a Wizard that places lookup constraints on a
field; the lookup values can come from a list you enter table or a query Lookup
wizard.

8.2.5 CREATING TABLES IN MS ACCESS:

In order to create a table, we must first of all design the table i.e. the fields that must
be preset in the table and the type of the data that must be stored in those fields. Let
us create a master file of students. A master file is one in which we store the
relatively permanent data of the student. For each student there will be only record in
the table.

Table design for the STDMASTER of the Student Database:

Creating a Table Using the Design View
* Open the database in which the table is to be created-Student. It may already be
open.
* The database window is displayed with tabs to create different database objects.
* Click on the table and click on new.
* Select Design View and click on OK. The table structure is displayed.
Type the table structure. The table structure contains field name, data type of the
field and the description and field properties. The top pane of the window lists the
individual fields its type and description. The bottom pane displays the properties of
the selected in the top pane.
Field name can be up to 64 characters long and can contain letters numbers,
spaces or punctuation marks expect a period (.), accent grave (^), square bracket (0)
and exclamation (!) It should begin with a valid character or number. It is always
better to keep the field name short and clear. For example, for students, it is better to
give the field name as ST ID.

Field properties:
Field properties can be set on the basis of the field type. The field properties are
different for different types of fields. The field properties panel is displayed below the
main panel where the field names are entered.
Caption: All types of fields have a caption property. The caption is used as the
heading of the field’s column in Database view. The size of the caption can be upto
255 Characters. For example the caption for the field ST ID can be student Id, for St
Name, it can be Student Name etc.
Field Size: Field size property applies to text and number fields only, for text field
size can vary from 1 to 255 Defaults is 50. For numbers the size can be a Byte,
Integer, Single or Double. Default is Double.
Format: Format specifies how the data entered in a field must be displayed in the
Database View. The format property will be different for different fields. To specify
the format property for text and memo fields include a specific symbol in the format
box. Following are the symbols available and their meanings:
Symbol Meaning:
< Display contents in lower case
> Display contents in upper case
@” NULL displays “NULL” if empty
@ “ Not entered” display “Not entered “ if field is empty
$ Right aligns text in columns
To specify the formats property Number, Currency, Date/Time, Yes/ No fields, select
appropriate option from the field property list.

Default Value: Default value specifies the value that must be displayed in a
particular field when making the data entry. For example, you can type ‘Karnataka’
as the default value for the state field. This data will appear automatically during data
can be modified if required.
Required: Required property specifies if data must be entered in a field or not.
Hence if required is set yes the user will not be allowed to leave the field blank
during data entry. By default, required property is set to NO for all fields.
Input Mask: In put mask specifies the format in which the data must be entered. For
example if pin code must be displayed having a space in the middle, enter input
mask property as 000000.
Validation Rule: Validation Rule property allows specifying is specified in the
validation must be made for the data entered in the field. If anything is specified in
the validation role property, only the data that satisfies the condition specified can be
entered, all other data is rejected. For example, Total fees must be greater than zero
and to specify this the validation rule property>0.
Validation Text: When the data entered in the field does not conform to the
validation rule that is specified, an error message is displayed on the screen that
informs the user what is wrong. Validation Text is used to display custom error
message instead of default error message. For example for Total fees, Total fees
must be greater that 0"
Description: is the text that will be displayed on the status bar ending the field.
Description provides a kind of help to the user by displaying what kind of values must
be entered in a particular field.

FROM USING AUTO FORM:

We have seen the table Datasheet view. This simple presentation of data in rows
and columns is OK for some tasks. It however falls short when you need to view all
the fields of a record of view a group of related records together for something like
marks sheet. This is when you need to turn to a Form view.
In MS- Access the simplest and easiest way to create a form is to use Auto Form
feature. Using Auto Form you can automatically create columnar, tabular and
datasheet forms based on a table or a query you select. There are three varieties of
auto forms.
o Columnar
o Tabular
o Datasheet

Columnar Form:
A columnar auto form shows 1 record at a time in the form view window. They are
the easiest forms to create. The fields are arranged in columns.
Creating a columnar Auto Form:
In the Database window:
1. Click on the Forms. tab.
2. Click on New.
3. Click on Auto Form: Columnar.
4. Choose the table or query from which data must be used.
Or
In the Database window:
1. Click on the tables tab or queries tab from which you want a form.
2. Select the table or Query.
3. Select Auto Form from New object drop-down button on Database Toolbar.

Tabular Form:
A tabular auto form can show several records in Form View window with the fields
arranged in rows.
Creating a Tabular Auto Form:
In the Database window:
1. Click on the Forms tab.
2. Click on New.
3. Click on the Auto Form: Tabular option.
4. Select the table or query form which data must be must be used.

Datasheet form:
In a datasheet Auto Form records are shown the same way as they appear in the
datasheet Window. In fact you can resize, move hide, and freeze columns as in the
datasheet view. Now you might want to know the difference between datasheet view
window and datasheet Auto Form. One difference is that in a datasheet Auto Form
you can show details of data form more than one table at the same time. The other
difference is in a datasheet Auto Form you can use graphics and command Buttons.

Creating a Datasheet Auto Form:

In the Database window:
1. Click on the Forms tab.
 2. Click on New.
3. Click on the Auto Form: Datasheet option
4. Select the table or query from which data must be retrieved.
Save the form:
1. Click on the save button.
2. Enter a name for your form.
3. Click on OK.

Creating an Auto Form with a Query:

Now that we have the Query that we need, we can create an Auto Formwith it with a
couple of clicks
1. In the Database window, highlight the query we created in the last section.
2. Select the Auto Form from the New Object button on the Database toolbar.
The form will be displayed on the screen.
3. To save the form, close the Form view window. Choose yes and enter a
name.

QUERIES:
Queries are used to retrieve and display specific records in a table. They can also be
used to display specific fields of specific record. Which meet the condition specified.
A query displays a subset of allot specific fields and records in a table. when a
change is made to the data. Which is displayed by the query, this change is reflected
in the table also because of this dynamic relationship between the query and the
tables, the subset of the data displayed by the query is called Dynast.

Create a select query with one Table:

Let us start with a simple example that creates a query to show selected fields and
records from one table.
1. In the database window click on the queries tab.
2. Click on New to open new query dialog box.
3. Double click on Design View or click on OK.
4. Form the Tables list. Select the Student Master Table. Click on add to add the
table to the table list and click on close.
5. You will see a query window. Drag the fields from the field list to the columns in
the bottom half of the window in whichever order that you would want to see them.
You can run the query at this point to time to who the data for the fields you have
dragged for all records in the student Master table.

CREATING AND CUSTOMIZING REPORTS:

Report is a component of the database that is used to organize and present the data
in the tables. MS Access allows us to bases a report on a query as well as on a table
will be retrieved whereas if a report is based on a query only selected rows can
appear in the report.

AUTO REPORTS:
An auto report is the quickest way to create a report for a table or a query. It
generates the report with the table name as the heading and page number as the
footer. Columnar Auto report create a report where each row is presented vertically.
o Tabular Auto report creates a report where data is presented in Table Form
o Label Report creates a mailing list.
o Chart Report creates a chart Report
o Design view helps us to create a report based on user requirement.

The report is divided into many sections:

The Report header: in this section you place a control, which must appear only at
the beginning of the report.
The Page header: In this section you place a control which should appear at the
must appear once for every record.
The page footer: in this section you place a control, which must appear at the
bottom of the report.

Columnar Auto report:

Columnar Auto report shows the records from a table or a query with fields arranged
in columns.
To create a columnar Auto report on Sales table:
1. Click Report tab in the database window.
2. Click New.
 3. Click on Auto Report> Columnar and choose the sales from the drop down list
of tables Queries. Click on OK
4. A preview of the report appears.
5. Close the Report preview window and access prompts you give a name to the
report if you want to save it.

Tabular Auto Report:

A tabular report shows records in regular tabular listing.
1. Click Report tab in Database window
2. Click New.
3. Select table or query for report.
4. Double click Auto reports > tabular.
4. Close the report window and give a name to the report.
Tabular Auto Reports will however have a disadvantage when the tables has
many fields. This is because MS-Access will try to squeeze and fit all the fields of the
records onto a page and hence create a mess. So in such cases it is always better to
design a query with only the relevant fields in view and then create a tabular report
on this query.

REPORT DESIGN VIEW:

As with forms the Design view is a place where forms of reports can be designed
from start. It is however time consuming to design forms the beginning and hence
what you can do is quickly create a report in a Report wizard and then open it in
Design view and make changes.
To open a report in Design view:
Form the database window select the reports tab and select the report you would like
to redesign.
Click on design or click on a preview window and then click on Design view
button on the toolbar.
As in the form Design window, in the report design window also you can,
1. Use tools such as formatting toolbar, toolbox. Field list and the property
sheets.
2. Do basic maneuvers like move, resize, and align objects.
3. Add objects such as fields, text, and graphics to a design.
 4. Use the sub forms/ sub report wizard.
5. Change the record source for design.
6. Create a report template.

8.3 SUMMARY:
o Microsoft Access is a relational database management system from Microsoft,
which combines the Relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical
user interface. The latest version of MS Access is known as Microsoft Office
Access. It is a member of the 2007 Microsoft Office system.
o Access is used by small businesses, within departments of large corporations,
and hobby programmers to create ad hoc customized desktop systems for
handling the creation and manipulation of data. Access can be used as a
database for basic web based applications hosted on Microsoft's Internet
Information Services. Some professional application developers use Access for
rapid application development.
o When multiple concurrent users share a Microsoft Access database, processing
speed suffers. The effect is dramatic when there are more than a few users or if
the processing demands of any of the users are high. Access includes an
Upsizing Wizard that allows users to upsize their database to Microsoft SQL
Server if they want to move to a true client-server database. It is recommended to
use Access Data Projects for most situations.
o A database is a collection of data related to a particular subject or purpose, such
as tracking customer order or maintaining a music collection. Using MS-Access,
you can manage all your data from a single database.
o MS-Access is a RDBMS or a Relational Database Management System. Now
what do we mean by a Relational Database? In a relational database the tables
are related to common fields known as key fields. This help in accessing data
from more than one table.

8.4 KEY WORDS:

Microsoft Access: Microsoft Access is a relational database management system
from Microsoft, which combines the Relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a
graphical user interface. The latest version of MS Access is known as Microsoft
Office Access. It is a member of the 2007 Microsoft Office system.
Uses of Microsoft Access: Access is used by small businesses, within
departments of large corporations, and hobby programmers to create ad hoc
customized desktop systems for handling the creation and manipulation of data.
Access can be used as a database for basic web based applications hosted on
Microsoft's Internet Information Services. Some professional application developers
use Access for rapid application development.
Shortcoming in MS Access: When multiple concurrent users share a Microsoft
Access database, processing speed suffers. The effect is dramatic when there are
more than a few users or if the processing demands of any of the users are high.
Access includes an Upsizing Wizard that allows users to upsize their database to
Microsoft SQL Server if they want to move to a true client-server database. It is
recommended to use Access Data Projects for most situations.
MS-Access as a Relational Database Management System: MS-Access is a
RDBMS or a Relational Database Management System. Now what do we mean by a
Relational Database? In a relational database the tables are related to common
fields known as key fields. This help in accessing data from more than one table.

8.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

20. Write a detailed note on the MS Access programme.
21. Discuss in brief the facilities in RDBMS.
22. Discuss the major facilities available in the MS Excel Spreadsheet programme.
23. Write a detailed note on the functioning of the MS Excel Spreadsheet
programme.

8.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: D Unit: I Lesson: 9

WORKING WITH TEXT

Writer: Ms. Neha

Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various aspects of working with text. First,
we shall try to get an introduction to working with text. We shall also discuss about
characteristics of word processors, uses of word processors, growth and
development of word processors.
The lesson structure shall be as follows:
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Presentation of Content
9.2.1 Working With Text- An Introduction
9.2.2 Introduction to Word Processors
9.2.3 Characteristics of Word Processors
9.2.4 Uses of Word Processors
9.2.5 Growth and Development of Word Processors
9.3 Summary
9.4 Key Words
9.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
9.6 References/Suggested Reading

9.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Get an Introduction to Working With Text
o To Get an Introduction to Word Processors
o To Understand the Characteristics of Word Processors
 o Uses of Word Processors
o Growth and Development of Word Processors

9.1 INTRODUCTION:
Page Composition, the method of assembling a document by combining text,
graphics, and images using a computer and specialized software. The original text
and graphics are generally produced with software such as word processing and
illustration programme, and images are captured using digital photography or by
scanning photographic media (prints, negatives, or transparencies). Each element is
then transferred into a page-makeup programme, which enables the user to lay out
text and graphics on the screen. These programmes often include some illustration
and image-editing features, although their main strength is in their typographic and
layout capabilities.
The finished document may be intended for printing or for electronic
distribution. Printing may be carried out on a local device, such as a laser or ink-jet
printer, or the document may be output on a printing plate so that multiple copies can
be printed by one of the printing processes.
In this lesson we shall discus about the various aspects of working with text.

9.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Working With Text- An Introduction
o Word Processors- An Introduction
o Characteristics of Word Processors
o Uses of Word Processors
o Growth and Development of Word Processors

9.2.1 WORKING WITH TEXT - AN INTRODUCTION:

Today, many people are not writing anymore. Most professionals type in material
straight on to a computer. In fact, in the newspaper business, reporters feed their
news stories directly in to their laptop computers while in the field. They send the
stories via e-mail or other IT-mediated means to their offices.
News editors in the office go through the stories, select an assign stories
online through a networked system. Sub editors edit the stories, feed in the
headlines, sub headlines, and other such text matter as required on to their
computers. These stories then reach the page make-up personnel, who add photos
and other graphic material, prepare layout for the stories and the entire pages. Many
newspapers work almost in a paperless environment.
All these have been possible because of many advancements in the IT-
enabled facilities, specifically in the text-related software packages.
It is now possible for one or a few persons to compose, design and even print
many types of material in small scale with the help a computer and a printer. Desk
top publishing and electronic publishing have revolutionized the publishing world.
It is said that a picture is worth a thousand words. This saying, while true in
many cases, does not diminish the importance of words. This is because in most
cases, words tell the complete story and the pictures generally supplement the story
told verbally. And words, when used well, open doors to a world of information and
knowledge. Words are the most common and widely used means of expression.
Words are doorways to the world of creativity. And words often take us in to a world
of fantasy.
Computers, particularly text-related software packages, play an important role
as these not only help us compose text, these also help us present the text in more
attractive and appealing manner.
The different types or forms of text material available are as follows:
o Written Text,
o Printed Text,
o Electronic Text Machine Readable),
Scanned Text,
Hyper Text,
There are many software packages available for working with text. These include:
o WORD PROCESSING PROGRAMMES
Word
Word Perfect
Notepad
WordPad
TextEdit
o DESKTOP PUBLISHING PROGRAMMES
Microsoft Publisher
 Pagemaker Programmes (PM 5.0, PM 6.5, and PM 7.0)
Adobe FrameMaker
Quark Express
Corel Ventura
o PRESENTATION AND AUTHORING PROGRAMMES
PowerPoint
Presentation Manger
o GRAPHICS EDITING PROGRAMMES
o WEB DESIGN PROGRAMMES
Microsoft FrontPage
Macromedia Dreamweaver

Here in this lesson, we shall focus on the text-related applications available in the
various word processing programmes.

9.2.2 WORD PROCESSORS- AN INTRODUCTION:

A word processor (more formally known as document preparation system) is a
computer application used for the production including: composition, editing,
formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material.
Word processors also refer to a stand-alone computer unit similar to a typewriter,
but often including technological advancements such as a screen, advanced
formatting and printing options, and the ability to save documents onto memory
cards or diskettes. Word processors almost invariably allowed the user to choose
between standard typing and word processing modes by way of a switch. Such word
processors should not be confused with an electric typewriter.
Word processors are descended from early text formatting tools (sometimes
called text justification tools, from their only real capability). Word processing was
one of the earliest applications for the personal computer in office productivity.
Although early word processors used tag-based markup for document
formatting, most modern word processors take advantage of a graphical user
interface. Most are powerful systems consisting of one or more programmes that can
produce any arbitrary combination of images, graphics and text, the latter handled
with type-setting capability.
 Microsoft Word is the most widely used computer word processing system;
Microsoft estimates over five hundred million people use the Office suite. There are
also many other commercial word processing applications, such as WordPerfect.
Open-source applications such as OpenOffice's Writer and KWord are rapidly
gaining in popularity.

9.2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF WORD PROCESSORS:

Word processing typically refers to text manipulation functions such as automatic
generation of:
o Batch mailings using a form letter template and an address database (also
called mail merging);
o Indices of keywords and their page numbers;
o Tables of contents with section titles and their page numbers;
o Tables of figures with caption titles and their page numbers;
o Cross-referencing with section or page numbers;
o Footnote numbering;
o New versions of a document using variables (e.g. model numbers, product
names, etc.)

Other word processing functions include "spell checking" (actually checks against
wordlists), "grammar checking" (checks for what seem to be simple grammar errors),
and a "thesaurus" function (finds words with similar or opposite meanings). In most
languages grammar is very complex, so grammar checkers tend to be unreliable and
also require a large amount of RAM. Other common features include collaborative
editing, comments and annotations, support for images and diagrams and internal
cross-referencing.
Word processors can be distinguished from several other, related forms of
software: Text editors (modern examples of which include Notepad, Emacs and vi),
were the precursors of word processors. While offering facilities for composing and
editing text, they do not format documents. This can be done by batch document
processing systems, starting with TJ-2 and RUNOFF and still available in such
systems as LaTeX (as well as programmes that implement the paged-media
extensions to HTML and CSS). Text editors are now used mainly by programmers,
website designers, and computer system administrators. They are also useful when
fast startup times, small file sizes and portability are preferred over formatting.
Later desktop publishing programmes were specifically designed to allow
elaborate layout for publication, but often offered only limited support for editing.
Typically, desktop publishing programmes allowed users to import text that they
have written using a text editor or word processor.
Almost all word processors enable users to employ styles, which are used to
automate consistent formatting of text body, titles, subtitles, highlighed text, and so
on.
Styles are the key to managing the formatting of large documents, since
changing a style automatically changes all text that the style has been applied to.
Even in shorter documents styles can save a lot of time while formatting. However,
most help files refer to styles as an 'advanced feature' of the word processor, which
often discourages users from using styles regularly.

9.2.4 USES OF WORD PROCESSORS:

Word processors have a variety of uses and applications within the business world,
home, and education.

BUSINESS: Within the business world, word processors are extremely useful tools.
Typical uses include:
o Memos
o Letters and letterhead
o Legal copies
o Reference documents

Businesses tend to have their own format and style for any of these. Thus, versatile
word processors with layout editing and similar capabilities find widespread use in
most businesses.

EDUCATION: Many schools have begun to teach typing and word processing to their
students, starting as early as elementary school. Typically these skills are developed
throughout secondary school in preparation for the business world. Undergraduate
students typically spend many hours writing essays. Graduate and doctoral students
continue this trend, as well as creating works for research and publication. These
manuscripts are often in excess of 200 pages, and are typically the defining point of
a student's career.

HOME: While many homes have word processors on their computers, word
processing in the home tends to be educational or business related, dealing with
assignments or work being completed at home. Some use word processors for letter
writing, résumé creation, and card creation. However, many of these home
publishing processes have been taken over by desktop publishing programmes such
as Adobe Pagemaker, which is better suited for these types of documents.

9.2.5 DEVELOPMENT OF WORD PROCESSORS:

The term word processing was invented by IBM in the late 1960s. By 1971 it was
recognized by the New York Times as a "buzz word." A 1971 Times article referred
to "the brave new world of Word Processing or W/P. IBM. introduced W/P about five
years ago for its Magnetic Selectric typewriter and other electronic razzle-dazzle."
IBM defined the term in a broad and vague way as "the combination of
people, procedures, and equipment which transforms ideas into printed
communications," and originally used it to include dictating machines and ordinary,
manually-operated Selectric typewriters. By the early seventies, however, the term
was generally understood to mean semi-automated typewriters affording at least
some form of electronic editing and correction, and the ability to produce perfect
"originals." Thus, the Times headlined a 1974 Xerox product as a "speedier
electronic typewriter," but went on to describe the product, which had no screen, as
"a word processor rather than strictly a typewriter, in that it stores copy on magnetic
tape or magnetic cards for retyping, corrections, and subsequent printout."
Electromechanical paper-tape-based equipment such as the Friden
Flexowriter had long been available; the Flexowriter allowed for operations such as
repetitive typing of form letters (with a pause for the operator to manually type in the
variable information), and when equipped with an auxiliary reader, could perform an
early version of "mail merge". Circa 1970 it began to be feasible to apply electronic
computers to office automation tasks. IBM's Mag Tape Selectric Typewriter (MTST)
and later Mag-Card Selectric (MCST) were early devices of this kind, which allowed
editing, simple revision, and repetitive typing, with a one-line display for editing single
lines.
The 1970s word processing concept did not refer merely to equipment, but,
explicitly, to the use of equipment for "breaking down secretarial labor into distinct
components, with some staff members handling typing exclusively while others
supply administrative support. A typical operation would leave most executives
without private secretaries. Instead one secretary would perform various
administrative tasks for three or more secretaries."
In the early 1970's, computer scientist Harold Koplow was hired by Wang
Laboratories to programme calculators. One of his programmes permitted a Wang
calculator to interface with an IBM Selectric typewriter, which was at the time used to
calculate and print the paperwork for auto sales.
In 1974, Koplow's interface programme was developed into the Wang 1200
Word Processor, an IBM Selectric-based text-storage device. The operator of this
machine typed text on a conventional IBM Selectric; when the Return key was
pressed, the line of text was stored on a cassette tape. One cassette held roughly 20
pages of text, and could be "played back" (e.g., the text retrieved) by printing the
contents on continuous-form paper in the 1200 typewriter's "print" mode. The stored
text could also be edited, using keys on a simple, six-key array. Basic editing
functions included Insert, Delete, Skip (character, line), and so on.
The labor and cost savings of this device were immediate, and remarkable:
pages of text no longer had to be retyped to correct simple errors, and projects could
be worked on, stored, and then retrieved for use later on. The rudimentary Wang
1200 machine was the precursor of the Wang Office Information System (OIS),
introduced in 1976, whose CRT-based system was a major breakthrough in word
processing technology. It displayed text on a CRT screen, and incorporated virtually
every fundamental characteristic of word processors as we know them today. It was
a true office machine, affordable by organizations such as medium-sized law firms,
and easily learned and operated by secretarial staff.
The Wang was not the first CRT-based machine nor were all of its innovations
unique to Wang. In the early 1970s Linolex, Lexitron and Vydec introduced
pioneering word-processing systems with CRT display editing. A Canadian
electronics company, Automatic Electronic Systems, introduced a product with
similarities to Wang's product in 1974, but went into bankruptcy a year later. In 1976,
refinanced by the Canada Development Corporation, it returned to operation as AES
Data, and went on to successfully market its brand of word processors worldwide
until its demise in the mid-1980s. Despite these predecessors, Wang's product was a
standout, and by 1978 it had sold more of these systems than any other vendor.
The phrase "word processor" rapidly came to refer to CRT-based machines
similar to Wang's. Numerous machines of this kind emerged, typically marketed by
traditional office-equipment companies such as IBM, Lanier (marketing AES Data
machines, re-badged), CPT, and NBI. All were specialized, dedicated, proprietary
systems, with prices in the $10,000 ballpark. Cheap general-purpose computers
were still the domain of hobbyists.
Some of the earliest CRT-based machines used cassette tapes for
removable-memory storage until floppy diskettes became available for this purpose -
first the 8-inch floppy, then the 5-1/4-inch (drives by Shugart Associates and
diskettes by Dysan). Printing of documents was initially accomplished using IBM
Selectric typewriters modified for ASCII-character input. These were later replaced
by application-specific daisy wheel printers (Diablo, which became a Xerox
company, and Qume -- both now defunct.) For quick "draft" printing, dot-matrix line
printers were optional alternatives with some word processors.
With the rise of personal computers, and in particular the IBM PC and PC
compatibles, software-based word processors running on general-purpose
commodity hardware gradually displaced dedicated word processors, and the term
came to refer to software rather than hardware. Some programmes were modeled
after particular dedicated WP hardware. MultiMate, for example, was written for an
insurance company that had hundreds of typists using Wang systems, and spread
from there to other Wang customers. To adapt to the smaller PC keyboard,
MultiMate used stick-on labels and a large plastic clip-on template to remind users of
its dozens of Wang-like functions, using the shift, alt and ctrl keys with the 10 IBM
function keys and many of the alphabet keys.
Other early word-processing software required users to memorize semi-
mnemonic key combinations rather than pressing keys labelled "copy" or "bold." (In
fact, many early PCs lacked cursor keys; WordStar famously used the E-S-D-X-
centered "diamond" for cursor navigation, and modern vi-like editors encourage use
of hjkl for navigation.) However, the price differences between dedicated word
processors and general-purpose PCs, and the value added to the latter by software
such as VisiCalc, were so compelling that personal computers and word processing
software soon became serious competition for the dedicated machines. Word
Perfect, XyWrite, Microsoft Word and dozens of other word processing software
brands competed in the 1980s. Development of higher-resolution monitors allowed
them to provide limited WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get, to the extent
that typographical features like bold and italics, indentation, justification and margins
were approximated on screen.
The mid-to-late 1980s saw the spread of laser printers, a "typographic"
approach to word processing, and of true WYSIWYG bitmap displays with multiple
fonts (pioneered by the Xerox Alto computer and Bravo word processing
programme), Postscript, and graphical user interfaces (another Xerox PARC
innovation, with the Gypsy word processor).
MacWrite, Microsoft Word and other word processing programmes for the bit-
mapped Apple Macintosh screen, introduced in 1984, were probably the first true
WYSIWYG word processors to become known to many people until the introduction
of Microsoft Windows. Dedicated word processors eventually became museum
pieces.

9.3 SUMMARY:
o Computers, particularly text-related software packages, play an important role
as these not only help us compose text, these also help us present the text in
more attractive and appealing manner.
o It is now possible for one or a few persons to compose, design and even print
many types of material in small scale with the help a computer and a printer.
Desk top publishing and electronic publishing have revolutionized the
publishing world.
o A word processor (more formally known as document preparation system) is a
computer application used for the production including: composition, editing,
formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material.
o Word processors also refer to a stand-alone computer unit similar to a
typewriter, but often including technological advancements such as a screen,
advanced formatting and printing options, and the ability to save documents
onto memory cards or diskettes. Word processors almost invariably allowed
the user to choose between standard typing and word processing modes by
 way of a switch. Such word processors should not be confused with an
electric typewriter.
o Microsoft Word is the most widely used computer word processing system;
Microsoft estimates over five hundred million people use the Office suite.
There are also many other commercial word processing applications, such as
WordPerfect. Open-source applications such as OpenOffice's Writer and
KWord are rapidly gaining in popularity.
o Word processing typically refers to text manipulation functions such as
automatic generation of: batch mailings using a form letter template and an
address database (also called mail merging); indices of keywords and their
page numbers; tables of contents with section titles and their page numbers;
tables of figures with caption titles and their page numbers; cross-referencing
with section or page numbers; and footnote numbering; etc.
o Other word processing functions include "spell checking" (actually checks
against wordlists), "grammar checking" (checks for what seem to be simple
grammar errors), and a "thesaurus" function (finds words with similar or
opposite meanings). Other common features include collaborative editing,
comments and annotations, support for images and diagrams and internal
cross-referencing.
o MacWrite, Microsoft Word and other word processing programmes for the bit-
mapped Apple Macintosh screen, introduced in 1984, were probably the first
true WYSIWYG word processors to become known to many people until the
introduction of Microsoft Windows.

9.4 KEY WORDS:

Text-related Software Packages: Computers, particularly text-related software
packages, play an important role as these not only help us compose text, these also
help us present the text in more attractive and appealing manner.
Word Processor: A word processor (more formally known as document preparation
system) is a computer application used for the production including: composition,
editing, formatting, and possibly printing) of any sort of printable material.
Functions of Word Processing: Word processing typically refers to text
manipulation functions such as automatic generation of: batch mailings using a form
letter template and an address database (also called mail merging); indices of
keywords and their page numbers; tables of contents with section titles and their
page numbers; tables of figures with caption titles and their page numbers; cross-
referencing with section or page numbers; and footnote numbering; etc.

9.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

24. Write a detailed note on word processing.
25. Discuss in brief the facilities in word processing packages.
26. Write a detailed note on the functioning of word processing programmes.

9.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: D Unit: II Lesson: 10

PAGE MAKER

Writer: Ms. Neha

Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various introductory aspects of the Page
Maker software programme. We shall focus entirely on the functioning of the Page
Maker 5.0 version. The lesson structure shall be as follows:
10.0 Objectives
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Presentation of Content
10.2.1 Page Maker 5.0- An Introduction
10.2.2 Functioning of Page Maker 5.0
10.3 Summary
10.4 Key Words
10.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
10.6 References/Suggested Reading

10.0 OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this lesson is to help you get familiarized with the Page Maker
software programme. Aldus Page Maker is a desktop publishing software package. It
is primarily for users who have some familiarity with traditional publishing, although
newcomers to the subject will find the programme easy to use. However, an
understanding of the publishing terms that can be found in the glossary will facilitate
learning. The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Get an Introduction to Page Maker 5.0
o To Know About the Functioning of Page Maker 5.0
10.1 INTRODUCTION:
Adobe Systems, the corporation that helped launch the desktop publishing revolution
that started in the early 1980s. Adobe is now one of the world's largest PC software
companies, with annual revenues exceeding US $1 billion. The company employs
approximately 3,400 people worldwide and has its headquarters in San Jose,
California. Adobe has been publicly traded on the Nasdaq National Market since
1986.
Adobe Systems has been a key player in electronic publishing for many years
and is probably best known as the source of the Page Maker 5.0; Page Maker 6.5;
Page Maker 7.0; the Portable Document Format (PDF, widely used to produce and
interpret Web-based material); and the Adobe-Premier-Pro (a digital video-editing
software programme).
The vision put forward by Adobe Systems is that you should be able to
publish anything, anywhere, on any device. In practice, this means the reliable
delivery of visually rich and personalized content wherever the user wants it, whether
the target is a printer, a Web page, a mobile phone display, a handheld device, a
computer, or an Internet appliance. Adobe Systems offers a comprehensive line of
software for enterprise and creative professional customers. Its products enable
customers to create, manage, and deliver visually rich and reliable content.
In this lesson focus on the components and the functioning of the Page Maker
5.0 version.

10.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o Page Maker 5.0- An Introduction
o Functioning of Page Maker 5.0

10.2.1 PAGE MAKER 5.0- AN INTRODUCTION:

The Page Maker 5.0 allows you to electronically coordinate all the typographical
ingredients of a publication, editing and rearranging them at will, and finally printing
what was seen on the screen to produce camera-ready work. The traditional practice
by a publisher of producing a dummy (MOCK UP) of the proposed publication should
still the followed, with the same decisions being made about page size, number of
columns, size of alleys, heading fonts, subheading fonts, body text font, position of
illustrations, whether to box or not, etc.

10.2.2 FUNCTIONING OF PAGE MAKER 5.0:

Here are some major functions of Pager Maker 5.0:

PREPARING TEXT:
Text is the crux of a publication. Prepare lengthy text in your word processor; enter
shorter passages directly into the Page Maker text editor. Spell check all text and
edit it for grammar and clarity before using it in a publication. There are four ways to
bring text into your word processor: key it in, scan it in through an OCR (optical
character reading) program, import it from other application programs, or bring it in
via modem. You import word processing application program styles into Page Maker
by beginning a paragraph with the name of the appropriate Page Maker style tag in
angle brackets. The following is an example of how you enter text in your word
processor so that you can import three styles.

<Heading> IMPORTING STYLES

<Subhead> Using Tags
<Body text>

Page Maker applies the styles specified by the first tag and then to every
subsequent paragraph until it finds a new tag. If a style name tag does not match an
existing Page Maker style, Page Maker creates a new style based on the formatting
of the imported text.

Page Maker utilizes fonts to suit the selected printer, which should, therefore, be the
final printer you intend to use — even if it is an images setter at a service bureau.

SETTING UP PAGES:
1. With the Page setup dialog box open, study the choices for a few moments
without taking any action. Clicking on them may highlight choices, or the
default highlight may be moved from item to item by use of the Tab key.
 2. Again choose File/new and observe that because you chose Cancel, resulting
in the selections you just made not being implemented, they have been
replaced with the default setting.
3. Click on the X in the Double-side check box to uncheck it and to set up a
single side page for this first project.
4. Place the insertion point in the left margin text box and change the
measurement to .75 inches.

TEMPLATES:
In Page Maker a publication can be started with a template or a grid. A Page Maker
template consists of graphic placeholders and text placeholders, invariably
containing shaded graphics and text, which you replace with your own graphics and
text using the Replace feature in the Place document dialog box. Grids are shapes
created by nonprinting margin guides, ruler guides, and column guides, which you
use to position and align text and graphics in your publications. You can create your
own grids, but Page Maker provides a selection of predestined templates, which are
shown.
You can modify a template if it is not exactly what you require, but if you do, or
if you create a new template for a publication, give it a unique name and save it as a
template for future use. Elements that are planned to appear on each page of a
publication prepared from a template must be edited in the master pages, and you
will learn about master pages in the Page Design section.

FILE OPERATIONS:
On your companion diskette, which should still be in a floppy drive, there is a
publication similar to the one you created but did not save. You use this publication
for the activities in this publication for the activities in this section.

SAVING PUBLICATIONS:
In PageMaker you save a new publication or give an old publication a new title by
using the Save as... command in the File menu. Existing publications that are being
edited are saved with the Save command. New publications should be given a title
and saved immediately following page setup and then should be saved regularly
during creation or subsequent editing.
 1. Choose File/Save as ... to open the Save publication.
2. Click on the OK button. Page Maker automatically adds the extension .PM5 to
filenames. Observe the name given to the publication is now in the title bar of
the Layout view.
3. Again enter the File menu and note that “Save” is in gray because there is no
longer any new work to save.
4. Select the Text tool and highlight the heading, ANOTHER KIND OF
RADIATION, by clicking on the text three times, or by dragging the Text icon
across the text.

PAGE MAKER SETTINGS:

When you first access Page Maker, the manufacturer’s default load and, unless you
change them, they will continue to load each time you start up the program. If you
alter defaults in the menus while you have a publication open, they will apply only to
the text and graphics highlighted or enable at the time the selections are made.
However, if you make selections when you have a blank Page Maker screen, i.e.,
before you have selected either New... or Open.... from the File menu, they will apply
to all new publications subsequently opened, but they will not apply to existing
publications that you subsequently open. You learn how to change defaults from the
steps that follow.
1. Close any publications you have open, either from the publication’s Control
menu or by double clicking the publication’s Control box. Answer No to the
Save before closing question, then choose File/New... to open the Page setup
dialog box on a clear screen.
2. When the Page setup dialog box appears, click Cancel.
3. Choose Element/Line/Hairline Any new publication you now open will have
Hairline as the default Line selection.

Page Setup:
1. Double Click the Control menu box of the untitled publication to close it,
answer No to the Save before closing question, then choose File/ New.... to
display the Page setup dialog box.
2. Click on the arrow to the right of the page drop down list box to display the
choices.
MASTER PAGES:
If you look at the lower left or your screen you should see two master page icons
marked L and R for left and right. You select a master page by clicking on one of the
icons, or by using the Go to page dialog box. If you had disabled the Double sided
option in the Page setup dialog box, only one master page icon would be displayed
and it would be a right hand page so that the one inch margin would be on the left,
the binding side.

Margins:
When you define margins in Page setup, they repeat on all pages, and any
subsequent changes you make affect the whole publication.
Columns:
Columns do not automatically repeat on the every page, except for facing pages,
unless set up on a master page. You may set up to 20 columns, either for an
individual page, or on a master page.
1. Choose Layout/column guides…. And when the dialog box opens leave the
Set left and right pages separately unchecked, then type 2 directly into the
Number of columns box. Click OK.
2. Observe that with a two-page spread both pages have been affected, then
click the page 1 icon and observe that it has not been affected.
3. Click in the alley between any two columns on the left hand page and drag the
alley 0.5 inch to the right. You now have uneven columns.

10.3 SUMMARY:
o Adobe Systems has been a key player in electronic publishing for many years
and is probably best known as the source of the Page Maker 5.0; Page Maker
6.5; Page Maker 7.0; the Portable Document Format (PDF, widely used to
produce and interpret Web-based material); and the Adobe-Premier-Pro (a
digital video-editing software programme).
o The Page Maker 5.0 allows you to electronically coordinate all the
typographical ingredients of a publication, editing and rearranging them at will,
and finally printing what was seen on the screen to produce camera-ready
 work. The traditional practice by a publisher of producing a dummy (MOCK UP)
of the proposed publication should still the followed, with the same decisions
being made about page size, number of columns, size of alleys, heading
fonts, subheading fonts, body text font, position of illustrations, whether to box
or not, etc.
o Text is the crux of a publication. Prepare lengthy text in your word processor;
enter shorter passages directly into the Page Maker text editor. Spell check all
text and edit it for grammar and clarity before using it in a publication. There
are four ways to bring text into your word processor: key it in, scan it in
through an OCR (optical character reading) program, import it from other
application programs, or bring it in via modem. You import word processing
application program styles into Page Maker by beginning a paragraph with the
name of the appropriate Page Maker style tag in angle brackets.

10.4 KEY WORDS:

Page Maker 5.0: The Page Maker 5.0 allows you to electronically coordinate all the
typographical ingredients of a publication, editing and rearranging them at will, and
finally printing what was seen on the screen to produce camera-ready work. The
traditional practice by a publisher of producing a dummy (MOCK UP) of the proposed
publication should still the followed, with the same decisions being made about page
size, number of columns, size of alleys, heading fonts, subheading fonts, body text
font, position of illustrations, whether to box or not, etc.
Preparing Text: Text is the crux of a publication. Prepare lengthy text in your word
processor; enter shorter passages directly into the Page Maker text editor. Spell
check all text and edit it for grammar and clarity before using it in a publication.
There are four ways to bring text into your word processor: key it in, scan it in
through an OCR (optical character reading) program, import it from other application
programs, or bring it in via modem. You import word processing application program
styles into Page Maker by beginning a paragraph with the name of the appropriate
Page Maker style tag in angle brackets.

10.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

27. Write a detailed note on the Page Maker 5.0 version.
28. Discuss the functioning of the Page Maker 5.0 version.
10.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:
o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: D Unit: II Lesson: 11

COREL DRAW

Writer: Ms. Neha

Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about some introductory aspects of Corel Draw. First, we
shall focus on the CorelDRAW Graphic Suite. We shall also briefly discuss the growth of
CorelDRAW. Finally, we shall focus on the features of CorelDRAW. The lesson structure
shall be as follows:
11.0 Objectives
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Presentation of Content
11.2.1 CorelDRAW- An Introduction
11.2.2 CorelDRAW Graphic Suite
11.2.3 Growth of CorelDRAW
11.2.4 Features of CorelDRAW
11.3 Summary
11.4 Key Words
11.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
11.6 References/Suggested Reading

11.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Get an Introduction to CorelDRAW
o To Understand the CorelDRAW Graphic Suite
o To Understand the Growth of CorelDRAW
o To Know About the Features of CorelDRAW

11.1 INTRODUCTION:
CorelDRAW is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel
Corporation of Ottawa, Canada. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite.
CorelDRAW was originally developed for Microsoft Windows and currently
runs only on Windows 2000 and newer versions. The current version- CorelDRAW
X3 is compatible with Windows Vista.
In this lesson we shall discus about some aspects of Corel Draw.

11.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o CorelDRAW- An Introduction
o CorelDRAW Graphic Suite
o Growth of CorelDRAW
o Features of CorelDRAW

11.2.1 CORELDRAW- AN INTRODUCTION:

Several innovations to vector-based illustration originated with CorelDRAW: a node-
edit tool that operates differently on different objects. These include: fit text-to-path,
stroke-before-fill, quick fill/stroke color selection palettes, perspective projections,
mesh fills and complex gradient fills.
CorelDRAW is different from its competitors in a number of ways. It is a
graphics suite, rather than just a vector graphics programme. Also CorelDRAW
includes a large collection of fonts and clip art. The biggest improvement with
CorelDRAW over other graphic software programmes is its ability to edit bitmaps. A
full range of editing tools allow the user to adjust contrast, color balance, change the
format from RGB to CMYK, add special effects such as Vignettes and special
borders to bitmaps. Bitmaps can also be edited more extensively using Corel
PhotoPaint, opening the bitmap directly from CorelDRAW and returning to the
program after saving.
CorelDRAW's chief competitor is Adobe Illustrator. Although they are both
vector-based illustration programs, the user experience differs greatly between the
two. For instance, CorelDRAW can work with multi-page documents directly;
Illustrator only offers a single-page layout view, but it will allow you to divide that
large layout in the print options so that it prints on multiple pages. While Illustrator
will read CorelDRAW's native file type and vice versa, the translation is almost never
perfect. CorelDRAW can open Adobe PDF files, Adobe PageMaker and InDesign,
Microsoft Publisher and Word, and several other programmes can print documents
to PDF using the Adobe PDFWriter printer driver, which CorelDRAW can then open
and edit every aspect of the original layout and design. CorelDRAW can also open
PowerPoint Presentations with little or no problem.

11.2.2 CORELDRAW GRAPHIC SUITE:

Over time, additional components were developed or acquired and bundled with
CorelDRAW. The list of bundled packages usually changes somewhat from one
release to the next. There are several mainstays that have remained in the package
for many releases now, however: PowerTRACE (a bitmap to vector graphic
converter), PHOTO-PAINT (a bitmap graphic editor), and CAPTURE (a screen
capture utility).
The current version of CorelDRAW Graphics Suite contains the following
packages:
o CorelDRAW: Vector graphics editing software
o Corel PHOTO-PAINT: Raster image creation and editing software
o Corel CAPTURE: Enables several methods of image-capture
o Corel PowerTRACE: Converts raster images to vector graphics.
o Pixmantec RawShooter Essentials: Support for RAW file format

11.2.3 GROWTH OF CORELDRAW:

Here is a brief note on how CorelDRAW has grown over the years through its
various versions:
o Version 2 of CoerlDRAW (1991) had an envelope tool (for distorting text or
objects using a primary shape), Blend (for morphing shapes), Extrusion (for
simulating perspective and volume in objects) and Perspective (to distort
objects along X and Y axes).
o Version 3 of CoerlDRAW (1992) included Corel PHOTO-PAINT* (for bitmap
editing), CorelSHOW (for creating on-screen presentations, CorelCHART (for
graphic charts), Mosaic and CorelTRACE (for vectorizing bitmaps). The
inclusion of this software was the precedent for the actual graphic suites.
o Version 4 of CoerlDRAW (1993) included Corel PHOTO-PAINT* (for bitmap
editing), CorelSHOW (for creating on-screen presentations, CorelCHART (for
 graphic charts), CorelMOVE for animation, Mosaic and CorelTRACE (for
vectorizing bitmaps). The inclusion of this software was the precedent for the
actual graphic suites.
o In version 5 of CoerlDRAW (1994), Corel Ventura was included in the suite
(and then sold as a separate program). This was a layouting software akin to
PageMaker or InDesign.
o Version 6 of CoerlDRAW (1995) had Customizable interface, Polygon, Spiral,
Knife and Eraser tools. Corel Memo, Corel Presents, Corel Motion 3D, Corel
Depth, Corel Multimedia Manager, Corel Font Master and Corel DREAM (for
3D modelling) were included in the suite.
o Version 7 of CoerlDRAW (1997) contained Context-sensitive Property bar,
Print Preview with Zoom and Pan options, Scrapbook (for viewing a drag-and-
dropping graphic objects), Publish to HTML option, Draft and Enhanced
display options, Interactive Fill and Blend tools, Transparency tools, Natural
Pen tool, Find & Replace wizard, Convert Vector to Bitmap option (inside
Draw), Spell checker, Thesaurus and Grammar checker. The suite included
Corel Scan and Corel Barista (a Java-based document exchange format).
o Version 8 of CoerlDRAW (1998) had Digger selection, Docker windows,
Interactive Distortion, 3D, Envelope and tools, Realistic Dropshadow tool,
interactive color mixing, color palette editor, guidelines as objects, custome-
sized pages, duotone support. Corel Versions was included in the suite.
o Version 9 of CoerlDRAW (1999) contained the Mesh fill tool (for complex color
filling), Artistic Media tool, Publish to PDF features, embedded ICC color
profiles, Multiple On-screen Color Palettes and Microsoft Visual Basic for
Applications 6 support. The suite included Canto Cumulus LE, a piece of
software for media management.
o Version 10 of CoerlDRAW (2000) had CorelR.A.V.E. (for vector animation),
Perfect Shapes, Web graphics tools (for creating interactive elements such as
buttons), Page sorter, multilingual document support, navigator window.
o Version 11 of CoerlDRAW (2002) had symbols library, image slicing (for web
design), pressure-sensitive vector brushes, 3-point drawing tools.
o Version 12 of CoerlDRAW (2003) contained Dynamic guides, Smart Drawing
tools, Export to MS Office or Word option, Virtual Segment Delete tool,
Unicode text support.
 o Version X3 of CoerlDRAW (2006) contained Double click Crop tool ( the first
vector software able to crop groups of vectors and bitmap images at the same
time), Smart fill tool, Chamfer/Fillet/Scallop/Emboss tool, Image Adjustment
Lab. Trace became integrated inside Draw under the name PowerTRACE.

11.2.4 FEATURES OF CORELDRAW:

By now, you must have encountered terms like “bitmapped graphics” and “vector
based graphics”. The original graphics packages were primarily bitmapped graphics
packages. This means that each small dot on the display screen (called a pixel in
computer talk) was treated as either black or white. Once its color became
established, it stayed that way until changed by the operator. Pictures were
essentially made up of a series of these dots, and the images were created, moved,
stored, and printed by the computer in the black white dot format.

DIFFERENT TYPEFACES AND SIZING: Corel Draw comes with over 150 typefaces. These
typefaces are available to the users independent of the printer they use as long as it
is a LaserJet, color, paint jet or dot matrix printer. More typefaces are available from
third parties, or the user can create his own font using the WFN Front Export filter
included and described in the CorelDraw. This capability of Draw is extensive, but
not necessarily unique. What is different about Draw is its ability to change the way
text characters look.

HOW TO USE MOSAIC: Mosaic is a new addition to Corel Draw and makes working
with Draw files a lot easier than before, because it allows a preview of the image
contained in the file. This is particularly useful when many files have been saved
relating to the same topic.
Mosaic shows a group of boxes on the display that roughly represent the
image contained in the file. If a file was created under an older version or DRAW
(before release 2.0), then the box will appear with a line through it. Drawings created
with Release 2.0 will show the drawing itself. Retrieving an older drawing into DRAW
2.0 and saving it again will allow MOSAIC to recover an image of the drawing for
display during directory review. Once a drawing is selected in MOSAIC, it can be
loaded into DRAW simply by double clicking on the drawing.
THE VALUE OF CORE RACE! AND AUTO TRACE: Given the benefits associated with
vector graphics as opposed to bitmapped graphics, it is sometimes useful to convert
a bitmapped graphics into a vector based graphic. This is the purpose of Corel
TRACE! Auto Trace.

UNDERSTANDING THE CORELDRAW SCREEN: It is assumed that CorelDraw! Is already

installed on your computer. If it is not, please refer to the User’s Manual and the
other excellent information provided by Corel. They stress that DRAW should be
installed “outside of Windows.” Please note this suggestion to ease your installation.
Starting CorelDraw!, once it is installed, is made simple by using the windows
environment. Follow these simple steps:
1. Turn on your Computer (make sure your monitor is also on).
2. Watch your monitor as the computer starts itself. You should see a “Window”
screen appear. If you do, go on to step. 3 If not, and all you see is a blank screen
with some text lettering, type WIN then press Return (Enter) . This loads Window.
3.0 in to your computer.

SETTING UP THE GENERAL PAGE CHARACTERISTICS: CorelDraw! Provides a general

page setup option under the FILE menu. This option is used to establish the general
‘paper’ and ‘drawing’ environment within which the drawings will be created. Clicking
on the page Setup option under FILE will show the Page Setup dialog box. With in
this dialog box are options page orientation, page size, and several other options
listed at the bottom.
Most of your drawing will probably be done in the portrait orientation on a
letter-sized paper, which means that the height (vertical dimension) of the page is 11
inches and the width (horizontal dimension) is 8.5 inches, similar to a notebook sheet
of paper. Landscape mode means that the sheet is rotated 90 degrees from the
portrait mode, and the height is now 8.5 inches and the width is 11 inches.
1. Select the Letter Page Size and Portrait Orientation and notice the
horizontal/vertical dimensions listed.
2. Change the Orientation from Portrait of Landscape, and notice that the
horizontal/vertical dimensions swap places. This applies equally to the other
page sizes such as legal (8.5x14 inches), Tabloid (11x17 inches,) A3, A4, A5,
B5, and Slide options. These all have pre-set dimensions and the dimensions
 are listed in light type on the screen, meaning they cannot be altered by the
user.
3. Change the setting back to Portrait.

DRAWING BASIC SHAPES: The previous sections outlined the basic history of DRAW,
with procedures for accessing Draw’s commands and setting up the general page
format. The following sections show how DRAW can be easily used to create
wonderful shapes and designs. Section four deals with drawing lines, circular
shapes, the rectangular shapes. It lays the groundwork for working with more exotic
objects, so please start with this section before moving on to the others.

To demonstrate this:
1. Move the cursor to a spot on your page and click.
2. While pressing Ctrl, move the cursor to the right and notice that it appears
fixed in a horizontal direction.
3. Keeping Ctrl pressed, move the cursor in a vertical direction, and notice that
the line appears fixed along a vertical line.
4. Keeping Ctrl pressed, move the cursor along an angle and notice that the line
appears to jump from one angular orientation to another without going through
the intermediate angles. In the information listed at the center of the status
bar, notice an Angle designation with Degrees listed. As you move from one
angle to another, the Degrees move in fixed increments.

CREATING PIE SHAPES FROM ELLIPSES AND CIRCLES:

1. Click on the SHAPE tool.
2. Click and drag the small outlined box at the top of the circle. As you drag the
small box, the circle edge will begin to open up.
3. Let go of the mouse button and notice the final shape.

MOVING THE CIRCLE OR ELLIPSE: Click on the PICK tool and then click and drag on the
outline of the circle we just drew. The circle moves along with the cursor until you
release the mouse button. The circle then redraws in the new location. This is an
easy way to move an object around on the screen and applies to all objects and text
boxes.
SKEWING AND ROTATING AN OBJECT: Clicking once on an object outlines it with the
small black boxes. Clicking on it again outline it with a series of arrows and place a
“bull’s-eye” in the center of the object. Dragging on the curved arrows in the corners
of the objects will make the object rotate around the center of the bull’s-eye. The
object can be rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise. Dragging the bull’s-eye
to another location will change the point around which the object rotates. This may
be useful for special applications.
1. Create a rectangle.
2. Select the PICK tool and click on the rectangle if you do not see a series of
arrows then click on the rectangle again.
3. Drag the bull’s-eye into one of the corners of the rectangle.
4. Drag the curved arrows in the corners. Notice how the object now rotates
around the new bull’s-eye location. The horizontal and vertical double arrows
on each side are used to skew the objects along a horizontal or vertical path,
respectively.
5. Click and drag one of these double arrows, and see the object begin to skew
along the path you follow. This process of rotating and skewing works on all
objects and paragraph text boxes.

WORKING WITH BEZIER CURVES: As we have been from the few sections, DRAW is an
effective tool for creating boxes, circles, and straight lines, Most drawing require
curves to provide a level of artistic appeal, and DRAW has some special features
that make working with curves simple. CorelDraw! Uses the term Bezier to describe
its method of dealing with curves. In essence, DRAW takes the curve you draw and
develops a mathematical method of describing it using Nodes and Control Points.

ADDING TEXT TO THE DRAWING (TEXT STRINGS AND PARAGRAPH TEXT): A text string is a
limited number of words (up to 25 characters) that are typically used for headlines or
emphasis on a page. More of Draw’s features can be used on text strings than on
paragraph text, so if you plan to perform extensive reworking of the text, then
entering it as a text string is recommended.
DUPLICATING OBJECTS: Duplicating objects in DRAW is a simple process and cab be
accomplished in several ways. Each way has its benefits and is worth taking a few
moments to review.

DUPLICATING BY DRAGGING:
1. Clear your page and then draw a rectangular shaped object using the
RECTANGLE tool as outlined in a previous section.
2. Give the rectangle a light fill as chosen by the FILL tool.
3. Press the spacebar to select the PICK tool.
4. Now press the “+” key and then click and drag on the rectangle’s border.
Notice that the original rectangle remains in place, and a new one is dragged
around the screen.
5. Release the mouse button and a duplicate of the original rectangle is drawn.

POSITIONING OBJECTS ON THE PAGE: Positioning objects in DRAW is a little confusing

since the way they appear. On the editing page is different from the way they appear
when printed. This was discussed briefly in the last section when the duplicated
rectangular objects appeared as lines on the editing page, but appeared as filled
boxed in front of one another on the preview page. Let’s experiment with object
positioning using CorelDraw!
1. Clear the editing screen by selecting New under the FILE menu.
2. Draw a rectangle that is one inch in height and three inches in width. Give it a
medium dark interior fill.
3. Draw a two-inch square with a light interior fill and place it over the center of
the first rectangle. DRAW also allows automatic alignment of objects along a
combination of horizontal/vertical and left/right/center options.
4. Marquee select the three objects using the PICK tool, and then click on the
Align option under the ARRANGE menu. Notice the Align dialog box appears
and allows for left, center, or right alignment of the objects in both a horizontal
and vertical direction.
5. Select the Horizontal Center option (aligning the objects along their centers)
and the vertical Bottom options, then click on OK. The bottom of each object
is aligned along the same horizontal line and are all centered as shown in the
figure.
SAVING AND RETRIEVING A DRAWING: Save your work often. Few things are more
aggravating that to have several hours of work is lost due to a power failure or a
confused computer. DRAW does not automatically save your drawing at preset
intervals, so you need to discipline yourself to do it. The process is made easy but
not automatic. If you do not already have a few objects on your screen, draw a few
rectangles and ellipses. Notice that the name of the drawing shown on the title bar is
“UNTITLED. CDR.” We are now going to name and save this drawing.

SPECIAL EFFECTS (ADDING PERSPECTIVE):

1. Deactivate the grid feature by clicking on the Snap To Grid option of the
DISPLAY menu.
2. Click on the TEXT tool and then enter the word EXCELLENT on the page in
60-point type.
3. Select the PICK tool, and click on the EFFECTS menu.

CONTOURING OBJECT SHAPES USING ENVELOPES:

1. Click on the TEXT tool
2. Enter the word PACKAGES.
3. Select the PICK tool then click on the Edit Envelope option of the EFFECTS
menu.
4. Select the second (single arc) option in the editing mode submenu, and notice
that a dashed line and several node points now outline the object.
5. Drag the center top node upward a little, and then drag the center bottom
node down a little.
6. Next, drag the center end node to the left a little, and then drag the center
right end node to the right a little.

MAKING A BITMAPPED IMAGE INTO DRAW VECTOR GRAPHIC: The scaling capability of
vector graphic images makes them preferable to bitmap images. In reality, many
images available are bitmap based because they were created when vector images
were not prevalent, or they were created using a scanner (e.g. Scan man hand
scanner). Corel TRACE! And the Auto Trace feature of DRAW.
 These capabilities are hanky when trying to re-create a company logo, or
when taking a hand drawing and converting it to a vector graphic after it was
scanned into the computer as a bitmap (.TIF, .PCX)

11.3 SUMMARY:
CorelDRAW includes a large collection of fonts and clip art. The biggest
improvement with CorelDRAW over other graphic software programmes is its ability
to edit bitmaps. A full range of editing tools allow the user to adjust contrast, color
balance, change the format from RGB to CMYK, add special effects such as
Vignettes and special borders to bitmaps. Bitmaps can also be edited more
extensively using Corel PhotoPaint, opening the bitmap directly from CorelDRAW
and returning to the program after saving.
CorelDRAW Graphics Suite contains the following packages: CorelDRAW: Vector
graphics editing software; Corel PHOTO-PAINT: Raster image creation and editing
software; Corel CAPTURE: Enables several methods of image-capture; Corel
PowerTRACE: Converts raster images to vector graphics; and Pixmantec
RawShooter Essentials: Support for RAW file format.
Corel Draw comes with over 150 typefaces. These typefaces are available to the
users independent of the printer they use as long as it is a LaserJet, color, paint jet
or dot matrix printer. More typefaces are available from third parties, or the user can
create his own font using the WFN Front Export filter included and described in the
CorelDraw. This capability of Draw is extensive, but not necessarily unique. What is
different about Draw is its ability to change the way text characters look.

11.4 KEY WORDS:

CorelDRAW: Several innovations to vector-based illustration originated with
CorelDRAW: a node-edit tool that operates differently on different objects. These
include: fit text-to-path, stroke-before-fill, quick fill/stroke color selection palettes,
perspective projections, mesh fills and complex gradient fills.
Advantages of CorelDRAW: CorelDRAW can work with multi-page documents
directly; but its chief competitor is Adobe Illustrator only offers a single-page layout
view. CorelDRAW can open Adobe PDF files, Adobe PageMaker and InDesign,
Microsoft Publisher and Word, and several other programmes can print documents
to PDF using the Adobe PDF Writer printer driver, which CorelDRAW can then open
and edit every aspect of the original layout and design. CorelDRAW can also open
PowerPoint Presentations with little or no problem.
Additional Components CorelDRAW: These include: PowerTRACE (a bitmap to
vector graphic converter), PHOTO-PAINT (a bitmap graphic editor), and CAPTURE
(a screen capture utility).
CorelDRAW Graphics Suite: CorelDRAW Graphics Suite contains the following
packages: CorelDRAW: Vector graphics editing software; Corel PHOTO-PAINT:
Raster image creation and editing software; Corel CAPTURE: Enables several
methods of image-capture; Corel PowerTRACE: Converts raster images to vector
graphics; and Pixmantec RawShooter Essentials: Support for RAW file format.

11.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

29. Write a detailed note on the CorelDRAW programme.
30. Discuss in brief the facilities in CorelDRAW.
31. Discuss the major facilities available in the CorelDRAW programme.
32. Write a detailed note on the functioning of the CorelDRAW programme.

11.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:

o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BMC-105)
Block: E Unit: I Lesson: 12

INTERNET: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Writer: Ms. Neha

Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the history and development of the Internet.
First, we shall discuss the history of the Internet. We shall also briefly discuss about
how to get connected to the Internet. Next, we shall discuss the working of the
Internet and the benefits of the Internet. The lesson structure shall be as follows:
12.0 Objectives
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Presentation of Content
12.2.1 History of the Internet
12.2.2 Connecting to the Internet
12.2.3 Working of the Internet
12.2.4 Benefits of the Internet
12.3 Summary
12.4 Key Words
12.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
12.6 References/Suggested Reading

12.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Understand the History of the Internet
o To Know About How to Get Connected to the Internet
o To Understand the Working of the Internet
o To Know About the Benefits of the Internet
12.1 INTRODUCTION:
The Internet is a network of networks. It mainly connects networks of computers. Let
us start with some interesting facts and perceptions about the Internet. It is a set of
computers connected through fiber optics, phone lines, satellite links and other
media. It is a place where you can talk to your friends and family around the world.
The Internet is a place to get cool game demos. The Internet is an ocean of
resources waiting to be mined. It is a place to do research for your thesis or a
business presentation. The Internet is an unlimited commercial opportunity. It is a
worldwide support group for any problem or need.
The Internet is gold mine of professionals in all fields sharing information
about their work. The Internet is the collection of hundreds of libraries and archives
that will open to your fingertips. It is an ultimate time-waster. It is the technology of
the future that will help make our lives and those of our children brighter.
In this lesson we shall discus about various aspects of the Internet.

12.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o History of the Internet
o Connecting to the Internet
o Working of the Internet
o Benefits of the Internet

12.2.1 HISTORY OF THE INTERNET:

The Internet started with the Arpanet and a few resourceful computer scientists who
wanted to share files among people working on similar projects. ARPA is the
acronym (abbreviation) for Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United
States’ Department Of Defense.
In September 1969, the University Of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), the
Stanford Research Institute (SRI), the University Of California, Santa Barbara
(USCB), and the University of Utah were connected using 500 kbps leased voice
lines, and this network is called Arpanet. Although the original objectives of this
research project were military-related, it was soon used for other purposes.
 Other universities and organizations including research and commercial
organizations; soon began to use this technology to create their own networks, some
of these networks then were connected to the Arpanet.
Another factor in the rapid growth of this technology was the inclusion of the
TCP/IP protocols in the Berkeley version of Unix. TCP/IP protocols gained wide
usage, and more networks were created with them. These networks began to
connect to each other.
Soon there were many separate networks. Collectively, these connected
computer networks were referred to as the Internet, or more simply the Net. The
number of networks increases every day. And the Internet now connects more than
50 million users worldwide.

12.2.2 CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET:

An account with Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a must to connect to the Internet.
In India VSNL {Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.} is one of the Internet Service Providers.
Individual computers can establish the connections with ISP’s servers. A username
and a password restriction is used to connect to the main server. Direct cable
connection and dial-up networking (using telephone lines and modem) are the ways
to connect your machine to ISP’s servers.
In case of dial-up networking, telephone lines and modems are used to
connect to local ISP. In this kind of connection user must dial the ISP’s phone
numbers to establish the connection. In copper wires (telephone lines) digital data
cannot travel. So digital data is converted into analog signals and transmitted. The
speed of the connection is determined based on the status of the telephone system.
If telephone system uses copper wires, the speed of the data flow cannot exceed 64
Kbps.
Internet Browser brings the Internet to your system. Web browsers enable you
to use most of the Internet features like sending and receiving mail, downloading
files from the Internet, browsing documents on the Net and Microsoft Internet
Explorer are the two most popular Web browsers. These browsers can be used to
watch videos on the Web, listen to music, read a book and even to shop.

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS:

The cheapest way to surf the Internet is to get a connection from your local Internet
Service Provider (ISP). The ISP takes you to the Internet. ISP will charge you
periodically for the Internet access. Your ISP may also charge you an initial setup
fee. If you are accessing the Internet from within windows, you will require SLIP
(Serial Line Input Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point Protocol) connections VSNL,
MTNL and Satyam Online are the popular Internet Service Providers in India. They
have DNS servers in many cities throughout India. SLIP and PPP are two popular
protocols that allow home computers to the Internet as peer hosts.
In this mode of connection host computer will be able to browse the network
individually without any interruption from the server. For TCP/IP connection Internet
Service Provider must have PPP and SLIP protocols.

DNS SERVERS:
DNS server is a computer that translates the domain name of another computer into
an IP (Internet Protocol) address and vice versa on request. Every computer in the
network has an IP address, which specifies its physical network connection. To
locate the information in Internet two kinds of addresses can be used. These are
domain names and IP addresses. Domain names follow a format called Domain
Name system.

CONNECTION TYPES:
There are different connection types to get connected to the Internet. These are:
o In a host/terminal connection or shell account, your computer acts as if it were
a terminal directly connected to an internal host. Terminal emulation programs
(windows Terminal) can be used to make your computer act as a terminal.
The terminal program signals the modem to dial and handles the transfer of
characters from your computer to the host computer and back. This account
does not permit the download of graphics, video or audio from web sites. It is
less expensive.
o TCP/IP link allows your computer to function as an internet host. These links
are called either SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point
Protocol) links. Using this account direct e-mail, some sort of news group
access, FTP, Telnet and running browser software is possible. This account is
more expensive and allows for graphics download.
12.2.3 THE WORKING OF THE INTERNET:
In a network if you wish to send mail, enter the name of the user (i.e., the user name
to whom you wants to send the mail). The E-mail system of the network sends the
mail to the concerned address.
This arrangement is similar to calling a local telephone number. Anyone
wanting to access a telephone number from outside city limit must enter the area
code and the telephone number. Similarly if the two people are not in the same
Email system, they must enter fully qualified addresses. Between these two persons
there may be many networks. Once the email is sent, the message is broken into
small pieces called ‘packets’. Packets are the basic unit of measurement on the
Internet.
There are special purpose computers called “Routers” on the Internet, which
will decide what is the best path to the destination to send these packets. Once
these packets reach their destination they are reassembled into the original
massage.
The Internet has been described as cooperative anarchy. Each individual
network has its own rules. Communication between networks is possible because of
cooperation. There is no central administration of the Internet but there are formal
bodies within the Internet that perform coordinating functions.

ROUTERS:
Routers are specialized computers that read the addresses of packets and direct the
packets to their destination. They are devices that forward traffic between networks,
using information from the network layer and from routing tables. Some routers are
dedicated i.e. they are used only for shuffling the traffic.
Some routers are also used for other purposes including file storage. A
Routing Table is a table or database of routing path and decision variables that allow
routers to send packets on to the correct destination.

12.2.4 BENEFITS OF THE INTERNET:

The Internet performs many functions. The major benefits of he Internet are:

SEARCH FOR INFORMATION:

In the Internet there are sites that have electronic versions of classic literature pages,
pages of movie facts, stock quotes, collection of music, other interactive contents,
and mountains of additional information. Since there is awful lot of information, you
may have trouble finding a place to start.

There are search tools in the Internet that helps you search for specific information.
Yahoo {http://www.yahoo.com},
Lycos {http://www.lycos.com},
WebCrawler {http://www.khoj.com},
Cyber {http://www.cyber411.com} are popular search engines available. Cyber411 is
a great search engine as it combines results of 16 search engines and is still very
fast. Khoj is an Indian search engine.

USE ELECTRONIC MAIL:

One of the widely features on the Internet is electronic main (e-mail). With e-mail you
can send and receive mails without even leaving the keyboard. Messages can be
sent globally just by paying local telephone charges. When someone sends you an
email, it is stored in your mailbox (on service provider’s computer). Using the email
program, connect to your ISP; download your message to your local hard disk. Email
eliminates the need of postage stamps and greatly reduces the time taken to send
and receive messages.

CHAT WITH OTHER PEOPLE:

If you like talking to complete strangers and making new friends, Internet is the best
place. With chat programs you can talk with a group of people, whose geographical
location you need not know.

TELNET TO OTHER COMPUTERS:

With telnet programme, you can connect to another computer and use it as if you
were sitting at its keyboard. When the telnet program connects your computer to a
remote computer, the remote computer usually asks you to enter a user name and a
password. On telnet sites that allow anonymous access you can enter anonymous
as your user name and your e-mail address as the password.
12.3 SUMMARY:
o The Internet is a network of networks. It mainly connects networks of
computers. Let us start with some interesting facts and perceptions about the
Internet. It is a set of computers connected through fiber optics, phone lines,
satellite links and other media. It is a place where you can talk to your friends
and family around the world.
o The Internet started with the Arpanet and a few resourceful computer
scientists who wanted to share files among people working on similar
projects. ARPA is the acronym (abbreviation) for Advanced Research Projects
Agency of the United States’ Department Of Defense.
o In the Internet there are sites that have electronic versions of classic literature
pages, pages of movie facts, stock quotes, collection of music, other
interactive contents, and mountains of additional information. Since there is
awful lot of information, you may have trouble finding a place to start.
o One of the widely features on the Internet is electronic main (e-mail). With e-
mail you can send and receive mails without even leaving the keyboard.
Messages can be sent globally just by paying local telephone charges. When
someone sends you an email, it is stored in your mailbox (on service
provider’s computer). Using the email program, connect to your ISP,
download your message to your local hard disk. Email eliminates the need of
postage stamps and greatly reduces the time taken to send and receive
messages.
o If you like talking to complete strangers and making new friends, Internet is
the best place. With chat programs you can talk with a group of people,
whose geographical location you need not know.

12.4 KEY WORDS:

Internet: The Internet is a network of networks. It mainly connects networks of
computers. Let us start with some interesting facts and perceptions about the
Internet. It is a set of computers connected through fiber optics, phone lines, satellite
links and other media. The Internet is gold mine of professionals in all fields sharing
information about their work. The Internet is the collection of hundreds of libraries
and archives that will open to your fingertips.
Internet Connection: An account with Internet Service Provider (ISP) is required to
connect to the Internet. In India VSNL {Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.} is one of the
Internet Service Providers. Individual computers can establish the connections with
ISP’s servers. A username and a password restriction is used to connect to the main
server. Direct cable connection and dial-up networking (using telephone lines and
modem) are the ways to connect your machine to ISP’s servers. In case of dial-up
networking, telephone lines and modems are used to connect to local ISP.
Routers: Routers are specialized computers that read the addresses of packets and
direct the packets to their destination. They are devices that forward traffic between
networks, using information from the network layer and from routing tables. Some
routers are dedicated i.e. they are used only for shuffling the traffic.
Search for information: In the Internet there are sites that have electronic versions
of classic literature pages, pages of movie facts, stock quotes, collection of music,
other interactive contents, and mountains of additional information. Since there is
awful lot of information, you may have trouble finding a place to start.
Use Electronic Mail: One of the widely features on the Internet is electronic main
(e-mail). With e-mail you can send and receive mails without even leaving the
keyboard. Messages can be sent globally just by paying local telephone charges.
When someone sends you an email, it is stored in your mailbox (on service
provider’s computer). Using the email program, connect to your ISP, download your
message to your local hard disk. Email eliminates the need of postage stamps and
greatly reduces the time taken to send and receive messages.
Chat with Other People: If you like talking to complete strangers and making new
friends, Internet is the best place. With chat programs you can talk with a group of
people, whose geographical location you need not know.

12.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

33. Write a detailed note on the Internet.
34. What are the different modes of getting connected to the Internet? Discuss in
detail.
35. Discuss in detail the benefits of the Internet.
12.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:
o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998
Bachelor of Mass Communication (1st year)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS(BMC-105)
Block: E Unit: II Lesson: 13
ORLD WIDE WEB
Writer: Ms. Neha
Vetter: Sh. Sushil K. Singh
Converted into SIM format by: Sh. Rajesh Nain

LESSON STRUCTURE:
In this lesson we shall discus about the various aspects of the World Wide Web.
First, we shall focus on the. We shall also briefly discuss the. The lesson structure
shall be as follows:
13.0 Objectives
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Presentation of Content
13.2.1 World Wide Web- The Origin
13.2.2 Important Concepts Related to the World Wide Web
13.2.3 Search Engines
13.2.4 Domain Names and IP Addressing
13.2.5 Setting up Internet Accounts on a PC
13.2.6 Advantages of E-Mail
13.3 Summary
13.4 Key Words
13.5 Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs)
13.6 References/Suggested Reading

13.0 OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this lesson are:
o To Know About the Origin of the World Wide Web
o To Understand some Concepts Related to the World Wide Web
o To Know About the various Search Engines
o To Know About Domain Names and IP Addressing
o To Understand about Setting up Internet Accounts on a PC
o To Know About the Advantages of E-Mail
13.1 INTRODUCTION:
World Wide Web and the Internet are not the same, but they are related and
interdependent. The World Wide Web or simply the Web resides “on top of” the
Internet.
The World Wide Web is a huge collection of “pages” of information linked to
each other around the globe. Each page can be a combination to text, pictures,
audio clips, video clips, animations and other electronically presentable material.
What makes Web pages interesting is that they contain hyperlinks usually called
links. Each link points to another web page and when you click a link, your browser
program fetches the page the link connects to. Every page can have many links that
take you to new destination. Web pages can be linked to other anywhere in the
world. This system of inter linked documents is known as hypertext.
Here in this lesson, we shall discuss about the World Wide Web.

13.2 PRESENTATION OF CONTENT:

The content of this lesson shall be presented as follows:
o World Wide Web- The Origin
o Important Concepts Related to the World Wide Web
o Search Engines
o Domain Names and IP Addressing
o Setting up Internet Accounts on a PC
o Advantages of E-Mail

13.2.1 WORLD WIDE WEB- THE ORIGIN:

The world wide web is known fondly to millions as WWW, W3 or simply as the Web.
The Web is actually a gateway of the Internet. It can be thought of as a graphical
interface to the Internet, providing a revolutionary way of accessing information
scattered across millions of computers around the world.
Before the World Wide Web, the Internet was very difficult to navigate. Much
of the information on it was tough to find and just as difficult to make use of. Locating
and downloading files on the Internet needed some UNIX skills and specialized tools
to get the job done.
 Tim Berbers-Lee is widely known as the Father of the World Wide Web.
Berbers was a physicist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research
{CERN}, a highly esteemed Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. He became
frustrated with the difficulty of navigating the Internet and the lack of any common,
easy-to-use interface for accessing the information residing on it.
As a part of his job at CERN, Berbers-Lee frequently used the Internet for
research, collaboration and communicating with colleagues. He knew the problems
of using the Internet and was determined to make his job easier by building a system
that would make navigating easy. In 1989, started working on the World Wide Web
project. The project started in 1991.
In February 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications
(NCSA) released the first public version of Mosaic, a breakthrough software that
kicked the World Wide Wed into high gear. It supported a user-friendly graphical
user interface. This appealed to people normally uncomfortable using text based
products such as Line Mode Browsers.
In addition, Mosaic supported the use of a mouse. One could now navigate
without using the keyboard. This was a tremendous advance for most computer
users. The Web was no longer simply a hypertext system. It had evolved into a fully
functional and seamlessly integrated hypermedia.
It was seamless because one could access all protocols and programmes as a
whole, without requiring a special tool for each. And it was hypermedia because
these protocols delivered inter-linked text, video, sound and graphics that were
treated as a single coherent collection of information. The Web was now a global
system that allowed access to files from around the world.
Since Mosaic was introduced, the Web has skyrocketed in popularity.

13.2.2 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATED TO THE WORLD WIDE WEB:

Here we shall discuss some important concepts related to the Internet.

WEB PAGES:
Familiarizing you with the Web does not take very long, and is a fun way to prepare
yourself for creating Web documents. The best place to start is with the web page,
the visual part of a much larger system that people most often associate with the
World Wide Web. These are main components of the Web.
 Most people think mainly of the individual web pages, as they are the most
visually captivating aspect of the entire system. The term ‘page’ refers to nothing
more than a World Wide Web document. However, a web page is much more like a
word processing document. Especially the way it is viewed. When the information on
a web page is not visible, you scroll either vertically or horizontally to see more.

WEB SITES:
A World Wide Web site is simply a collection of interlinked web pages. Web pages
need not be related. By its very nature the Web makes it possible to link any number
of items, including other pages. For instance, a page might have links to other pages
containing photography and cartoons or just about anything else.
Because of the inherent diversity found in the Web, to suggest that a site is a
related group of documents would be big mistake. If you were to think of the Web as
a giant filling cabinet, each site would be a folder inside it. The pages in turn would
be documents inside the folders.

HOME PAGES:
A home page is the first page of a website. One often faces this big question: How to
find a site if it is merely a collection of interlinked pages? Simple, each site has a
home page, the official gateway or entry to the site. From the home page, you can
get an overview of the site and begin exploring it.
A properly designed home page is, in essence, like a hospitable host. It
invites you in and tells you about all the things you can see and do during your visit.
It is the most important page of any site, the starting point for your journey.

WEB SERVER:
The final part of the web is the server. A web server does a great deal of work in
making web in making pages and sites available to browser. They are the linking
mechanism between you and the web; between people and pages. A large company
may have its own server, but usually individuals and small companies rent or lease
space on the server provided by an Internet Access Company. Without servers there
would be no Web.
Web pages must reside somewhere on the Internet in order to be accessed
with a browser and a server is the link. There are literally millions of Web servers on
the Internet, each of which may be home to thousands of Web pages. A server is
responsible for delivering these pages to your Web browser when it asks for it: i.e, it
“serves” web pages to browsers.
Web servers consist of special hardware and software that makes it possible
to carry out browser requests. Perhaps you have heard of the term client-server?
This is exactly the type of relationship your browser and the server have. The
browser is considered a client, since it asks to see or use certain documents located
on the Internet.

PROTOCOLS:
The main protocol for transferring information on the Web is the HyperText Transfer
Protocol or HTTP. Web pages, both text pages and graphics pages, are sent from
the server to the browser using this protocol. The web also supports most of the
other popular Internet protocols, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Gopher,
News, and Wide Area Information Service (WAIS). But you need not remember all
these protocols. Your browser does all the work, dynamically switching protocols as
needed.
Uniform Resource Locators or URL’s are the standard way of locating and
retrieving information on the World Wide Web. They tell your browser what piece of
information to retrieve, how to get to it, and what protocol to use in the process. A
URL can be thought of as a postal address for the web. They specify where pages,
files and other pieces of information are located, making it possible for browsers to
find and display or even to download that information.
Provide a URL to your browser so it can find and access web pages and FTP
files.
URLs are read from left to right, just like a telephone number. The first piece
of information in a URL describes what type of protocol the browser must use to
retrieve a given object.
Examples:
o http://
o wais://
o ftp://
o telnet://
o file://
13.2.3 SEARCH ENGINES:
People commonly refer to the current era as the Information Age. The best thing
about today’s Internet is the enormous range of resources on it. The worst thing
could be the absence of a guide to those resources. Finding information often is a
nightmare.
Fortunately, we have Web search engines to locate any required information.
The URL of the required site must be submitted to search engine. Keywords are built
into the index page of the site. For a site to be listed after such a submission, it may
take upto 7 to 10 days. SubmitAway.com helps you submit your URL to these search
engines. Some search engines have a definite format and expect you to type the
keywords. When you connect any of the search engines using its URL, you are
asked to type in the key words in the search box. The search engine displays a list of
locations that matches your search parameters.

POPULAR SEARCH ENGINES:

Here is a list of some popular search engines:
www.yahoo.com: This is one of the earliest and very popular engines. Yahoo is a
preferred choice for millions of Web surfers.
www.lycos.com: An effective tool to pinpoint the site of your choice. Carnegie-
Mellon University developed this site.
www.infoseek.com: By far, one of the most effective search engines that will
search the World Wide Web for the information you need. A good feature is the
‘search within results’ which will narrow down the results to a manageable number of
web sites.
www.excite.com: The exciting thing about this engine is the profusion of chat links
ranging from the general to very specific.
www.altavista.digital.com: One of the few engines which lets you search across
sites in many languages, ranging from Greek to Hebrew to Estonian.
www.isleuth.com: It’s the mother of all searches, because six engines do the work
for you at once.
www.Webcrawler.com: Their daily toolbox is an interesting add on that lends it an
extra edge.
www.goto.com: Elegant in its simplicity, this engine does the searching job
efficiently.
www.cyber411.com: This is a meta-parallel search, which reaches across 16
engines and displays non-duplicated results.
www.khoj.com: A search engine for Indian web sites. The khoj home page has links
to topics of Indian interests.
www.hotbot.com:

13.2.4 DOMAIN NAMES AND IP ADDRESSING:

As in our everyday lives we need some way of telling the people where a particular
thing is located. Similarly, on the Internet also, we need to tell people where a
particular resource is located. For this purpose there are two kinds of addressing.
o Domain Addressing
o IP (Internet Protocol) Addressing

Domain names follow a format called the Domain Name System (DNS). Every
computer on the Internet has both the Domain name and an IP address. When a
domain name is used, a Domain Name Server translates that name to the
corresponding IP address. Domain names describe organizational or geographic
realities. They either indicate the country the network connection is in, or what
organization owns it and sometimes further details.
A computer that translates the domain name of another computer into an IP
address, and vice versa, upon request is known as DNS server. These servers are
located all over the world and automatically do this translation when a URL
containing a domain name is submitted through a browser.

DOMAIN NAMES:
Domain names describe organizational or geographic realities. They either indicate
the country the network connection is in, or what organization owns it and sometimes
further details. A computer that translates the domain name of another computer into
an IP address, and vice versa, upon request is known as DNS server. These servers
are located all over the world and automatically do this translation when a URL
containing a domain name is submitted through a browser. The IP address is
returned to the browser that placed the request. The browser then lands on this IP
address.
Com: Commercial
Edu: Education
Gov: Government
Net: An administrative organization for a network
Mil: Non-classified military networks
Org: Usually private organizations and others

Here are some domain names for countries:

De: Germany (Deutschland)
It: Italy
Nz: New Zealand
In: India

For more information or domain for countries visit: ftp://ftp.nw.com/zone.iso-country-

codes

IP ADDRESSING:
Each computer or server is known as the host and the IP address specifies its
physical network connection. An IP address is a set of four numbers (32 bits)
separated by period (a dot). A part of the address is designated as the network
address, and the other part as a node address.
Network address uniquely identifies each network. Each machine on the
same network shares that network address as part of its IP address. Node address
uniquely identifies each machine on a network (must be unique because it identifies
a particular machine.) In the given IP address 202.54.15.178, the 202.54 is the
network address and 15.178 is the node address.

13.2.5 SETTING UP INTERNET ACCOUNTS ON A PC:

There are two types of accounts popularly used. These are:
LEASED LINE: This is like cable TV, where your system is directly linked to the ISP
using a dedicated cable. Data transfer is very fast (64 KBPS and upwards) and is
also expensive (runs into lakhs of Rupees per year). Large companies prefer this
with branches widely spread.
DIAL-UP: This is achieved via a modem. You place a telephone call via the modem,
to your ISP’s modem or router. When contact is established, you can hear a
handshake or a welcome note. And then you log on to the network and when
authenticated you are on the net.
This accounts is less expensive (approximately Rs.20 per hour). But this is
such slower as only a maximum speed of 14.4 KBPS can be reached. The speed,
however, varies depending on the traffic on your route and on the quality of
telephone connections.
Individuals and small companies prefer this account type. In order to prepare
your computer to connect to your ISP’s server using a telephone line, you must
install Dialup Network components of Windows Operating System. You will find this
on your Windows installation CD.
Since Internet uses TCP/IP as a standard protocol this must be installed in
your computer. TCP/IP must be configured according to the information given to you
by your Internet Service Provider (ISP)- the hostname, domain and IP address.

DIAL- UP NETWORKING:
To set up a TCP/ IP, make sure that you have installed Dial-Up Networking in
Window 95 or Windows NT system. If it is installed you will see that Dial Up Network
must be installed on your computer to ensure that you can connect to the Internet
through telephone Line.

STEPS TO INSTALL DIAL–UP NETWORKING: Click on start > Setting >Control Panel.
From the Control Panel double-click on the Add/Remove Programs option.
o Select Windows Setup tab
o Click on Communications and then on the Details button. A dialog pops up
displaying the currently installed Communications applications.
o Click on the check box next to the Dial-Up Networking option.
o Click on OK in the Add/Remove Program properties dialog box. You will be
prompted for the appropriate (Windows 95 or Windows NT) CDROM or
installation files.
13.2.6 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC MAIL:
The main benefit of e-mail, when compared to other messaging media like fax, is
that it is almost instantaneous. More importantly, it directly reaches the concerned
individual’s electronic mail box without getting buried under a mountain of paper. In
some cases, you can even confirm whether your message has been received and
read by the recipient—something next to impossible with a letter or fax.
Sure the good old telephone offers advantages similar to that of a letter or fax,
but what do you do when the person you are calling is not at his table or if he is a
few continents away?
With e-mail even if the recipient is not around, the message is delivered into
his mailbox and is available the next time he checks in the mailbox. E-mail also
ensures a much higher degrees of security and privacy. Only an authorized person
can open or even know the presence of the mail. An authorized person is one who
knows the login name and password to the recipient’s mailbox.
Compared to other media, e-mail is very cheap. The cost of sending
electronic message across the world is the same as sending one across the city. In
most cases, the cost of an e-mail is equivalent to the cost of a local telephone call.
Further, as the message is in an electronic form, you save money or printing, fax
paper and ink. Used correctly, e-mail offers many advantages over a physical mail or
message.
For example, using encryption technology you could electronically deliver
confidential documents saving time and money over the standard practice to having
a ‘reliable’ person hand delivering a sealed document. Similarly by using digital
signatures, you can even hinder forgery as digital signatures, like fingerprints can be
verified and are unique for every user and message.

13.3 SUMMARY:
o The World Wide Web is a huge collection of “pages” of information linked to
each other around the globe. Each page can be a combination to text,
pictures, audio clips, video clips, animations and other electronically
presentable material. What makes Web pages interesting is that they contain
hyperlinks usually called links.
o The world wide web is known fondly to millions as WWW, W3 or simply as the
Web. The Web is actually a gateway of the Internet. It can be thought of as a
 graphical interface to the Internet, providing a revolutionary way of accessing
information scattered across millions of computers around the world.
o The World Wide Web is seamless because one could access all protocols
and programmes as a whole, without requiring a special tool for each. And it
ws hypermedia because these protocols delivered inter-linked text, video,
sound and graphics that are treated as a single coherent collection of
information. The Web is now a global system that allowed access to files from
around the world.
o A web site is simply a collection of interlinked web pages. Web pages need
not be related. By its very nature the Web makes it possible to link any
number of items, including other pages.
o A home page is the first page of a website. One often faces this big question:
How to find a site if it is merely a collection of interlinked pages? Simple, each
site has a home page, the official gateway or entry to the site. A properly
designed home page is, in essence, like a hospitable host. It invites you in
and tells you about all the things you can see and do during your visit. It is the
most important page of any site, the starting point for your journey.
o A web server does a great deal of work in making web in making pages and
sites available to browser. They are the linking mechanism between you and
the web; between people and pages. A large company may have its own
server, but usually individuals and small companies rent or lease space on the
server provided by an Internet Access Company. Without servers there would
be no Web.
o The main protocol for transferring information on the Web is the HyperText
Transfer Protocol or HTTP. Web pages, both text pages and graphics pages,
are sent from the server to the browser using this protocol. The web also
supports most of the other popular Internet protocols, such as File Transfer
Protocol (FTP), Gopher, News, and Wide Area Information Service (WAIS).
But you need not remember all these protocols. Your browser does all the
work, dynamically switching protocols as needed.
o Uniform Resource Locators or URL’s are the standard way of locating and
retrieving information on the World Wide Web. They tell your browser what
piece of information to retrieve, how to get to it, and what protocol to use in
the process. A URL can be thought of as a postal address for the web. They
 specify where pages, files and other pieces of information are located, making
it possible for browsers to find and display or even to download that
information.
o Web search engines help us to locate any required information. The URL of
the required site must be submitted to search engine. Keywords are built into
the index page of the site. For a site to be listed after such a submission, it
may take upto 7 to 10 days. SubmitAway.com helps you submit your URL to
these search engines. Some search engines have a definite format and
expect you to type the keywords.
o Domain names describe organizational or geographic realities. They either
indicate the country the network connection is in, or what organization owns it
and sometimes further details.
o Network address uniquely identifies each network. Each machine on the
same network shares that network address as part of its IP address.

13.4 KEY WORDS:

World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is a huge collection of “pages” of
information linked to each other around the globe. Each page can be a combination
to text, pictures, audio clips, video clips, animations and other electronically
presentable material. What makes Web pages interesting is that they contain
hyperlinks usually called links. Each link points to another web page and when you
click a link, your browser program fetches the page the link connects to.
Web Sites: A web site is simply a collection of interlinked web pages. Web pages
need not be related. By its very nature the Web makes it possible to link any number
of items, including other pages. For instance, a page might have links to other pages
containing photography and cartoons or just about anything else.
Home Pages: A home page is the first page of a website. One often faces this big
question: How to find a site if it is merely a collection of interlinked pages? Simple,
each site has a home page, the official gateway or entry to the site. From the home
page, you can get an overview of the site and begin exploring it.
Web Server: The final part of the web is the server. A web server does a great deal
of work in making web in making pages and sites available to browser. They are the
linking mechanism between you and the web; between people and pages. A large
company may have its own server, but usually individuals and small companies rent
or lease space on the server provided by an Internet Access Company. Without
servers there would be no Web.
Protocols: The main protocol for transferring information on the Web is the
HyperText Transfer Protocol or HTTP. Web pages, both text pages and graphics
pages, are sent from the server to the browser using this protocol. The web also
supports most of the other popular Internet protocols, such as File Transfer Protocol
(FTP), Gopher, News, and Wide Area Information Service (WAIS). But you need not
remember all these protocols. Your browser does all the work, dynamically switching
protocols as needed.
Uniform Resource Locators: URL’s are the standard way of locating and retrieving
information on the World Wide Web. They tell your browser what piece of information
to retrieve, how to get to it, and what protocol to use in the process. A URL can be
thought of as a postal address for the web. They specify where pages, files and
other pieces of information are located, making it possible for browsers to find and
display or even to download that information.
Domain Names: Domain names describe organizational or geographic realities.
They either indicate the country the network connection is in, or what organization
owns it and sometimes further details. A computer that translates the domain name
of another computer into an IP address, and vice versa, upon request is known as
DNS server. These servers are located all over the world and automatically do this
translation when a URL containing a domain name is submitted through a browser.
IP Addressing: Each computer or server is known as the host and the IP address
specifies its physical network connection. An IP address is a set of four numbers (32
bits) separated by period (a dot). A part of the address is designated as the network
address, and the other part as a node address.

13.5 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS (SAQs):

36. Discuss the importance of the World Wide Web in detail
37. Write a detailed note on the origin of the World Wide Web.
38. Write a detailed note on some important concepts related to the world wide
web.
39. Write a detailed note on search engines .
40. Write a detailed note on domain names and IP addressing.
41. Write a detailed note on some advantages of E-Mail.
13.6 REFERENCES / SUGGESTED READING:
o Absolute Beginner’s Guide to Computer Basics; Michael Miller; 2007
o Computers; Anne Rooney; 2005
o Mastering Microsoft Word; Matthew Holtz; 1987
o Mastering CorelDRAW; S. Rimmer; 1997
o How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web; Robert Cailliau
& James Gillies; 1997
o The Internet: The Basics; Jason Whittakar; 2002
o How the Internet Works; Preston Gralla; 1998