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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM1002010/1 CHAPTER –1SPECIAL EQUATIONSWe have learnt about

simultaneous equations in two and three unknowns. When we have two independent equations in two unknowns or three independent equations in 3
unknowns, we can solve for the variables.This type of equations are called "Determinate Equations". The variables in Determinate Equations have unique
unknowns, we can solve for the variables.This type of equations are called "Determinate Equations". The variables in Determinate Equations have unique
values. However, if we have only one equation in two unknowns, or two equations in three unknowns, such equations are called "Indeterminate Equations".
The variables here do not have unique values but takemore than one value -in general, infinite number of values.If we impose certain other conditions on
these variables, then such indeterminate equations also can yield unique values for the variables. We take such conditions also into account while solving
such equations.In our earlier chapter on equations it has been discussed that the system of equations where the equations are less than the unknowns is
indeterminate, i.e., we cannot determine the values of all the unknowns uniquely. Rather, the system has an infinite set of solutions.Consider 3x + y = 10.
This, being one equation in two unknowns, is indeterminate. Suppose we impose a condition that both x and y are positive integers. With this condition the
possibilities are reduced to a finite number x = 1, y = 7; x = 2, y = 4; x = 3, y = 1. If we further impose the condition that x is greater than y, then there is a
unique solution x = 3, y = 1. So, even though we have one equation, because of additional conditions, it may have finite or sometimes even a unique solution.
The conditions that we have, could be explicitly mentioned as above or could be in built into the problem as we see in the following
example.Examples:1.01.Amit purchased certain number of pencils and a certain number of pens spending `10 on the whole. If each pencil costs him `3 and
each pen `1, then how many pencils and pens could he have bought?Sol.Solving this problem is basically solving the equation 3x + y = 10 where x and y
respectively denote the number of pencils and pens purchased and hence from the context we know that x and y should be both positive integers and hence
this equation has exactly the three solutions as above.Hence we see that when certain special conditions are imposed on the variables, the indeterminate
equations also can yield finite number of solutions and sometimes even a unique solution. The conditions that we normally come across are-minimum values
of the variables-maximum values of the variables-variables being positive integers-limits on difference in the values of variables, etc.1.02.Suppose we take a
date and a month, multiply the date with 12 (which is the number of months in a year) and the month with 31 (which is the number of days in a month) and
add up the two products. Suppose we are given that the sum is 555 and asked to find out the date and month.Sol.If we denote the date as D and month as M,
we have 12D + 31M = 555. Here we have only one equation with two unknowns. This is an indeterminate equation. However we have the following additional
information.-D is a positive integer less than or equal to 31-M is a positive integer less than or equal to 12To solve this equation and infact to solve any
equation in two variables, we shall-first divide the entire equation by the least coefficient-get all the fractional values on to one side, say left and all the whole
values on to the other -replace the whole of right-hand side by k, where k is an integerThe following is the sequence of steps:12D + 31M = 555D + 31M/12 =
555/12D + 2M + 7M/12 = 46 + 3/12123M7−= kM =73k12+We now try to find the value of k. As M has to be positive integer the value of k = 5, which gives M =
9. Further other values of k are not feasible. Using this we now find D which is 23. Thus, the date is 23rdSeptember. Here we get a unique solution for the
equation.1.03.Nakul bought two varieties of pens, the first variety costing `12 each and the second variety costing `17 each, spending `157 in total. In how
many different combinations he could have purchased the pens?Sol.Let x be the number of pens of first variety while y is the number of second variety then
12x + 17y = 157 Proceeding as above,x + y +1211312y5+=121y5−= k (integer)y = 51k12+As y is a positive integer the values of k can be k = 2, 7, 12,
...........When k is 2, y is 5 and this is the only possible value of y [for, if we consider the next possible value of k i.e., k = 7 then y is 17 which means the
amount spent on second variety itself is 17 x 17 which is much more than the total amount spent].As there is a unique value possible for y, it means that he
can buy these pens in exactly one way.
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM1002010/2We can write this solution briefly by focussing only on the remainders 12x + 17y = 157
proceeding as discussed in the above example. Dividing the equation by 12 we have Rem 12y5=1,y can be 5, 17, 29 etc. i.e., y values can be
obtained by adding (or subtracting) 12 successively and from (A) when y = 5 then the x value is 6 and the remaining values of x can be obtained by
(subtracting or adding) 17 to 6 successively i.e., (x, y) could be (6, 5), (–11, 17),(–28, 29) etc.....As x > 0 and y > 0 only (6, 5) is the acceptable solution.Let us
take another example and look at the most general method of solving such problems (Please note that some of the steps given in the example below may not
be required in some problems).1.04.I bought two different varieties of toys -one costing `8 per piece and the other costing `15 per piece. If I paid a total
amount of `153 for both varieties of toys together, how many of each variety did I buy?Sol.If p is the number of toys costing `8 per piece and q is the number
of toys costing `15 per piece, we have8p + 15q = 153---------(1)The various steps involved in solving this equation are explained below.Step 1:Divide the
of toys costing `15 per piece, we have8p + 15q = 153---------(1)The various steps involved in solving this equation are explained below.Step 1:Divide the
equation throughout by the smallest coefficient (among all the variables).In this case, 8 is the smallest coefficient. Dividing the equation throughout by 8, we
get p + q + 8q7= 19 + 81Step 2:Bring all the fractions to one side (say, left-hand side) and whole numbers to the other side (right-hand side of the
equation).81q7−= 19 −p −qStep 3:The right-hand side of the equation now consists only integers (because the variables p and q are positive integers and the
constant 19 is also an integer) and the sum or difference of any number of integers will be an integer only. Hence the right hand side of the equation is an
integer and can be represented by k1(we do not know the value of this integer as of now. We do not even know whether k1is positive or negative at this
stage).81q7−= k1Step 4: Rewrite this relationship such that the coefficient of the variable (q in this case) is 1. To do this, multiply both sides of the relationship
such that the coefficient of q will then be 1 more than a multiple of the denominator (the denominator is 8 in this case)By observation, we can make out that
49 (which is a multiple of the coefficient 7) is 1 more than 48 (which is a multiple of the denominator 8). Hence, to get 49, multiply both sides of the
relationship with 7.87q49−= 7k1 878q8q48−+= 7k1 87q−= 7k1−6qHere again, the right hand side is only sum or difference of integers and hence it will be an
integer. We can call this k and thus we get87q−= k(Please note that this step has to be done mentally. However, we completely skipped this step in the two
examples we took earlier on in this chapter).Step 5:Write the variable in the equation in terms of k.In this case the variable q is written in terms of k as q = 8k +
7Step 6:Substitute this value of one variable (in terms of k) in the original equation to express the other variable also in terms of k.Here, putting q = 8k + 7 in
equation (1), we get p = 6 −15kStep 7:On the basis of the values of the two variables (expressed in terms of k), identify what values can k take to ensure that
the variables are positive integers.q = 8k + 7 and p = 6 −15kHere, to ensure that p is a positive integer, k has to be less than or equal to zero (i.e., k 0)To
ensure that q is a positive integer, k has to be greater than or equal to zero (i.e., k 0)Now the only value of k that satisfies both these conditions is k = 0.For k
= 0, we get p = 6 and q = 7 Thus, this problem has a unique solution.Note:In step 7 above, if k can have more than one possible value, then it means that the
problem has more than one solution. The problem has as many solutions as the number of values k can take.Sometimes, some additional conditions will be
given in the problem (particularly when k can take more than one value). Those conditions acting on the variables have to be taken into account in step 7 to
see that the values of k selected will satisfy these additional conditions given in the problem. Typically, such additional conditions are given in the problem to
eliminate the possibility of k having more than one value thus getting us a unique solution to the problem.
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM1002010/3Concept Review QuestionsDirections for questions 1 to 15:For the Multiple Choice
Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.1.The number
of positive integer solutions of the equation 2x + 3y = 15 is (A)0(B)1(C)2(D)32.If x and y are integers, which of the following is a possible (x , y) satisfying the
equation 3x –7y = 28?(A)(3, –8)(B)(7, 1)(C)(8, 3)(D)(14, 2)3.If 7x + 4y = 64 where x andy are positive integers, then the values that x can take is/are
(A)4(B)8(C)4 and 8(D)4, 8 and 124.The number of non-negative integral solutions of the equation 8x + 10y = 120is5.If p is a positive integer such that the
remainder when4p divided by 9 is 5, then a possible value of p is (A)3(B)4(C)6(D)86.If x is a positive integer and the remainder when4x divided by 5 is 4,
then,one of the values of x is1,of the(A)5x+ 1(B)4x+ 3(C)5x+ 4(D)4x–37.The remainder when3x is divided by 7 is 6, where x is a positive integer. When all the
values of x are arranged in progressive order, the difference of any twoconsecutive values of x is8.If3a + 7b = –72, where a, andb are negative integers,which
of the following is a valuethatbcan take?(A)–2(B)–4(C)–5(D)–69.The number of non-negative integral solutions of the equation 12x + 7y = 35 is
(A)0(B)1(C)2(D)310.A student purchases gel pens, ballpoint pens and pencils by spending a total of `28. Each gel pen, ball point pen and pencil cost `15, `5
and `3 respectively. In how many combinations can he purchase them, if he buys at least oneof each item?11.Inthe above problem, the number of ball point
pens the student purchases is(A)0(B)1(C)2(D)312.On a particular day, a salesman sold three types of toys. Each toy of the 3 varieties costs `100, `50 and
`25 respectively. If the total sale on that day was `300 and the salesman sold at least one toy of each variety, find the maximum number of toys he could
`25 respectively. If the total sale on that day was `300 and the salesman sold at least one toy of each variety, find the maximum number of toys he could
have sold.(A)4(B)5(C)6(D)813.In the above problem, find the minimum number of toysthe salesman could have sold.14.Seven times a number plus eleven
times another is equal to 61. Then a possible value of one of the numbers is (A)4(B)2(C)1(D)615.The sum of a two-digit number and the number formed by
reversing its digits is equal to 88. The number of such numbers in which the tens digit is greater than the units digit is
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM1002010/4Exercise –1(a)Directions for questions 1 to 30:For the Multiple Choice Questions, select
the correct alternative from the given choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.1.Ramya told Krishna “12 times
the date of my birth added to 31 times the month of my birth is 376”. On which date was Ramya born?(A)24th(B)23rd(C)22nd(D)21st2.Nayana purchased some
pastries and cookies, each cooky costing `3 and each pastry costing `8. In how many different combinations can she buy the items if she spends a total
amount of `68?3.(i)Nishant takes up an assignment wherein for each working day he is paid `75 but for each day he reports late for work, `12 is deducted
from his pay for that day. If at the end of the month, Nishant is paid an amount of `1815, then for how many days did Nishant report late?(A)5 (B)10 (C)15
(D)2 (ii)In the above question, for how many days did Nishant report to the assignment?(A)21(B)25(C)23(D)244.Atal and Bharat have a collection of less than
50 stamps together. If Bharat gives Atal a certain number of stamps, then Atal has five times as many as Bharat has and instead if Atal gives the
samenumber of stamps to Bharat, then Atal will now have three times as many as Bharat. The number of stamps with Atal can be(A)18(B)16(C)38(D)155.The
average weight of a certain group of ‘n’ men is 75 kg. Three men whose weights are 80 kg, 76 kg and 74 kg join the group and one man whose weight is
between 90 kg and 100 kg leaves the group. The average of the group has now come down by 2 kg. If the number of men initially is a perfect square, then the
weight of the man who left is(A)98 kg(B)96 kg(C)94 kg(D)92 kg6.In how many ways can 141 be divided into two parts such that one part is divisible by 5 and
the remaining part is divisible by 9?7.Sachin wants to buy some samosas, kachoris and curry puffs, spending a total of `50. If each samosa costs `6, kachori
`5 and curry puff `3 and if Sachin wants to buy at least three eatables of each variety, then in how many different combinations can he purchase the snacks?
(A)1(B)2(C)3(D)48.On a rainy day, a dealer sold some umbrellas, raincoats and caps with the respective prices being `100, `120 and `25. If he makes a total
collection `560 at the end of the day, how many pieces did he sell totally?(A)4(B)3(C)8(D)79.In an organization, there are totally 38 employees belonging to
three different departments –A, B, and Cwith each department having more than 5 employees. The organisation decides to pay bonusesof `11,000, `6,000
and `3,000 to each of the employees of departments A, B and C respectively. If the total amount paid to the employees as bonusesis `3,32,000, then the
number of employees in the department ‘C’ is .Directions for questions 10and 11:These questions are based on the data given below.Arjun buys some CDs
and cassettes spending a total amount of `2000 with each CD costing `50 and each cassette `10. Instead, if he now buys as many cassettes as the CDs
and as many CDs as the cassettes that he bought earlier, he will now spend an amount less than half of what he spent earlier. 10.In how many different
combinations can he buy the CDs and cassettes? (A)1(B)2(C)3(D)411.If he bought at least 10 of each variety, then how many more CDs did he buy than the
cassettes?(A)28(B)26(C)37(D)3112.In a triangle,the measures ofall the angles are acute and19 times the measure of an angle equals 15 times the measure
of the other. What is the least possible measure (in degrees) of any of the anglesin the triangle?13.How many 3 digit numbers leave a remainder of 4, when
divided by 21 and a remainder of 8 when divided by 13?(A)2(B)3(C)5(D)414.Eatwell Chocolates, sell three types of candies, namely, eclairs, caramel and mint
priced at `10, `2 and `1 for each candy. Rakshitha purchased these candies worth `100. She bought 4 times as many mints as caramel. What is the
maximum number of eclairs she couldhave bought?Directions for questions 15and 16:These questionsare based on the data given below.Mungeri Lal of
Zaveri and Zaveri Sons, bought three types of precious stones –emerald, jade and topaz, totalling 27 and costing totally `60,000. The prices of which being
`1500, `2000 and `2500 in that order. He has bought more than 3 stones of each variety and he has not bought the same number of stones of any two
varieties.15.How many emeralds and jades together did Mungerilal buy?(A)10(B)15(C)11(D)23
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM1002010/516.Which precious stone was bought in maximum number?
(A)Emerald(B)Jade(C)Topaz(D)None of theseDirections for questions 17and 18:These questionsare based on the data given below: Pradyumna, who is
interested in numismatics, came across some old coins consisting of one rupee, 8-annas and 4-anna coins totalling 36 and their total value being 19 rupees
and 8-annas. If the number of 4-annas is at the most two more than the eight-anna coins and there are at least four 4-anna coins more than one-rupee coins
(16 annas make a rupee)17.How many 4-anna coins does Pradyumna have with him?(A)14(B)15(C)16(D)1218.If Pradyumna lost two of 4 anna-coins then
which of the coins did he have in equal number?(A)one-rupee and 8-anna(B)8-anna and 4-anna(C)one-rupee and four-anna(D)All three19.Airtite Bolts and
Nuts Inc, manufacturer of precision bolts have a unit which produces 15 mm bolts. Turner, a worker in that unit is supposed to pack less than 252 bolts into
boxes. Turner finds that if he can pack 5 bolts less per box, he can pack 10 boxes more per day. How many bolts does he pack per day given that he packs at
least 16 boxes per day?20.Mandavihas some stamps with her. She has 8 times as many one-rupee stamps as three-rupee stamps. She also has some five
rupee stamps. The total amount in these denominations together is `200. If she has more than 10 three rupee stamps, how many stamps does she have in
all?(A)210(B)132(C)142(D)15021.Jadhu Shyam and JadhuRam are two renowned magicians who presented a magic show in the annual ABCRACADABRA
magic festival. Jadhu Shyam using his tricks could double every red hat in 10 seconds while Jadhu Ram could triple every black hat in 10 seconds. After 40
seconds, the total number of hats were 161. How many red and black hats together were there at the beginning of this show?22.Sangamithra goes to a
stationary shop to buy some scales, pencils and crayons. She decided to buy twice as many crayons as pencils and at least one pencil more than scales.
Also, she finds that pencils are thrice as expensive as scales and scales are at half the price of crayons. If each scale cost `1 and Sangamithra spends a total
of `47, how many items did she purchase in all?(A)23(B)25(C)19(D)1823.P and Q are natural numbers such that Q P. Q+ 2P= 60. Find the number of
possibilities for (P, Q).24.Ramesh went to a bank with a cheque. He had no money with him. He handed over the cheque to one of the bank tellers. The bank
teller was in a confused state of mind and cashed the cheque. He gave Ramesh as many rupees as those of paise he had to give and as many paise as
those of rupees he had to give. Ramesh took the amount and left the bank. He then bought a chocolate for 75 paise from a shop nearby. He then observed
that he was left with an amount which was the excess of the amount on the cheque over theamount he received from the teller. Find the sum of the number of
rupees and paise on the cheque.(A)60(B)75(C)90(D)12025.Ifx and y are positive integers satisfying5(x + 3) = 7(y –4),then the minimum value of 10x –4y
is.26.How many ordered pairs of positive integers (x, y) satisfy the equation x1+ y1=241?27.How many ordered pairs of integers (x, y), where y > 0 satisfy the
is.26.How many ordered pairs of positive integers (x, y) satisfy the equation x1+ y1=241?27.How many ordered pairs of integers (x, y), where y > 0 satisfy the
equation x5+ y1=151?(A)16(B)12(C)24(D)1528.How many ordered pairs of integers satisfy the equation x3–y11= 41?29.How many positive integral values of
(x, y) are there such thatx2–y2= 357?(A)4(B)8(C)6(D)330.How many integral values of (x, y) are there such that x2–y2= 1452?
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM1002010/6Exercise –1(b)Directions for questions 1 to 30:For the Multiple Choice Questions, select
the correct alternative from the given choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.1.Two friends Bharathi and
Pranathihad a certain number of 5-rupee coins. If Pranathi gives a certain number of coins to Bharathi then Bharathi will have `50 more than Pranathi.
Instead, if Bharathi gives the same number of coins to Pranathi, then Pranathi will have `30 more than Bharathi. Find the total number of coins the two can
have.(A)22(B)21(C)23(D)192.In how many ways can 249 be divided into two positive parts such that one part is divisible by 7 and the other part is divisible by
11?3.Deepti told Bhavya “10 times the month of my birth added to 12 times the date of my birth is 388. In which month could Deepti have been born?
(A)August(B)September(C)October (D)February4.Taste Well, a confectioner, sells two types of chocolates-milky bars and cookies priced at `8 and `5
respectively. Shiny purchased some of these for a total of `110. In how many different combinations could she have bought the items?
(A)1(B)3(C)2(D)45.Dhanunjay has 72 coins of two rupee, one-rupee and fifty paise denominations. The total value of the coins is `66. The number of coins of
each denomination is a multiple of 6 greater than 10. Find the number of fifty paise coins he has.(A)12(B)18(C)36(D)246.Nikhil takes up an assignment. On
each working day,he is given a target. For each day he meets the target he is paid `95 and for each day he does not meet the target he is paid `18 less. By
the end of the month,(30 days) he is paid a total of `2724. For how many days did he meet the target?(A)21(B)22(C)23(D)187.In the above question, for how
many days did Nikhil not meet the target?(A)12(B)14(C)8(D)78.A fruit vendor sells two varieties of fruits-mangoes, at `12 each and apples at `15 each. On a
particular day he sold fruits worth `387. If he sold at least one of each variety, in how many combinations could he have sold the fruits?9.In the question
above, what is the maximum number of apples he could have sold?(A)20(B)25(C)17(D)2110.In5 seconds,amagician can triple pink flowers and quadruple
blue flowers. Twenty seconds after he begins, the total number of flowers is 917. Find the difference between the number of the pink and the blue flowers, 10
seconds after he begins.11.Bhanu purchased some pens and erasers for `126. Had he interchanged the number of pens and erasers, it wouldn’t have cost
him more than `63. If each pen and each eraser cost him `6 and `0.75 respectively, then the total number of pens and erasers he actually purchased can
be(A)20(B)28(C)24(D)2612.In an acute angled triangle, thirteen times an angle is equal to seventeen times another. The angles, measured in degrees, are
integers. One angle is less than or equal to 30°. The difference between the other two angles is (A)16°(B)12°(C)22°(D)20°13.Mahta Tools Ltd, a manufacturer
of tools produces a certain type of pliers. Adam, a worker in the packaging section, is supposed to pack less than 275 pliers into boxes. Adam finds that if he
packs nine more pliers in each box, he can pack them in five boxes less. If he has to pack more than 10 boxes, find the number of pliers he can actually
pack.14.On a rainy day a person sells raincoats, umbrellas and caps for a total of `1065. He sells each raincoat at `250, each umbrella at `100 and each cap
at `55 and he sells at least one of each item. In how many combinations, could he have sold the items?(A)1(B)2(C)3(D)415.Kumar plays a game in which a
dice is cast. Whenever one shows up he receives `50. When three shows up, he receives `75 and when five shows up he has to pay `30. He played the
game ten times and every time he played, only 1, 3 or 5 showed up. He got a total of `360. Find the number of times he received `75.
(A)1(B)2(C)3(D)4Directions for questions 16 and 17:These questionsare based on the data given below.Arun plays a game wherein he casts a dice and
(A)1(B)2(C)3(D)4Directions for questions 16 and 17:These questionsare based on the data given below.Arun plays a game wherein he casts a dice and
scores six points if an odd number turns up and 9 points if an even number turns up. A total of exactly 117 points is required to win the game.16.In how many
ways can Arun win the game?(A)7(B)3(C)4(D)617.Arun casts the dice exactly 16 times and wins. What is the maximum number of times a 2 or a 4 could have
turned up?(A)9(B)7(C)8(D)618.A three-digit number leaves a remainder of 16 when divided by 25 and a remainder of 5 when divided by 21. How many such
numbers exist?