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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM1002010/93 CHAPTER –9PERMUTATIONS AND

COMBINATIONSPermutations and Combinations is one of the important areas in many exams because of two reasons. The first is that solving
questions in this area is a measure of students' reasoning ability. Secondly, solving problems in areas like Probability requires thorough knowledge of
Permutations and Combinations.Before discussing Permutations and Combinations, let us look at what is called as the "fundamental rule"“If one operation
can be performed in ‘m' ways and (when, it has been performed in any one of these ways), a second operation then can be performed in ‘n' ways, the number
of ways of performing the two operations will be m x n".This can be extended to any number of operations.If there are three cities A, B and C such that there
are 3 roads connecting A and B and 4 roads connecting B and C, then the number of ways one can travel from A to C is 3 x 4, i.e., 12.This is a very important
principle and we will be using it extensively in Permutations and Combinations. Because we use it very extensively, we do not explicitly state every time that
the result is obtained by the fundamental rule but directly write down the result.PERMUTATIONS Each of the arrangements which can be made by taking
some or all of a number of items is called a Permutation. Permutation implies "arrangement" or that "order of the items” is important. The permutations of
some or all of a number of items is called a Permutation. Permutation implies "arrangement" or that "order of the items” is important. The permutations of
three items a, b and c taken two at a time are ab, ba, ac, ca, cb and bc. Since the order in which the items are taken is important, ab and ba are counted as
two different permutations. The words "permutation" and "arrangement" are synonymous and can be used interchangeably.The number of permutations of n
things taking r at time is denoted by nPr(and read as "nPr")COMBINATIONS Each of the groups or selections which can be made by taking some or all of
a number of items is called a Combination. In combinations, the order in which the items are taken is not considered as long as the specific things are
included.The combination of three items a, b and c taken two at a time are ab, bc and ca. Here, ab and ba are not considered separately because the order in
which a and b are taken is not important but it is only required that a combination including a and b is what is to be counted. The words "combination" and
"selection" are synonymous.The number of combinations of n things taking r at time is denoted by nCr(and read as "nCr")When a problem is read, it should
first be clear to you as to whether it is a permutation or combination that is being discussed. Sometimesthe problem specifically states whether it is the
number of permutations (or arrangements)or the number of combinations (or selections) that you should find out. The questions can be as follows:For
permutations, "Find the number of permutations that can be made ....." OR "Find the number of arrangements that can be made....." OR "Find the number of
ways in which you can arrange....."For combinations,"Find the number of combinations that can be made ....." OR "Find the number of selections that can be
made....." OR "Find the number of ways in which you can select....."Sometimes, the problem may not explicitly state whether what you have to find out is a
permutation or a combination but the nature of what is to be found out will dictate whether it is the number of permutations or the number of combinations that
you have to find out. Let us look at the following two examples to clarify this."How many four digit numbers can be made from the digits 1, 2, 3 and 4 using
each digit once?"Here, since we are talking of numbers, the order of the digits matters and hence what we have to find out is permutations."Out of a group of
five friends that I have, I have to invite two for dinner. In how many different ways can I do this?"Here, if the five friends are A, B, C, D and E, whether the two
friends that I call for dinner on a particular day are A and B orB and A, it does not make any difference, i.e., here the order of the "items" does not play any
role and hence it is the number of combinations that we have to find out.Now we will find out the number of permutations and combinations that can be made
from a group of given items.Initially, we impose two constraints (conditions) while looking at the number of permutations. They are-all the n items are distinct
or dissimilar (or no two items are of the same type)-each item is used at most once (i.e., no item is repeated in any arrangement)Number of linear
permutations of 'n' dissimilar items taken 'r' at a time without repetition (nPr)Consider r boxes each of which can hold one item. When all the r boxes are filled,
what we have is an arrangement of r items taken from the given n items. So, each time we fill up the r boxes with items taken from the given n items, we have
an arrangement of r items taken from the given n items without repetition. Hence the number of ways in which we can fill up the r boxes by taking things from
the
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/94r)!(nn!Prn−=nPn = n!given n things is equal to the number of permutations of n things
taking r at a time.Boxes .......................... 1 2 3 4rThe first box can be filled in n ways (because any one of the n items can be used to fill this box).
Having filled the first box, to fill the second box we now have only (n –1) items; any one of these items can be used to fill the second box and hence
thesecond box can be filled in (n –1) ways; similarly, the third box in (n –2) ways and so on the rthbox can be filled in {n –(r –1)} ways, i.e. [n –r + 1] ways.
Hence, from the Fundamental Rule, all the r boxes together be filled up in n (n –1) (n –2)..................(n –r + 1) waysSo, nPr= n (n –1) (n –2)..............(n –r
+ 1)This can be simplified by multiplying and dividing the right hand side by (n –r) (n –r –1).........3.2.1 giving us nPr= n(n –1) (n –2) ........ [n –(r –
1)]=1.2.3............).........rn(1.2.3).......rn)].(1r(n.....[)2n()1n(−−−−−−= !)rn(!n−The number of permutations of n distinct items taking r items at a time is If we take n
items at a time, then we get nPn. From a discussion similar to that we had for filling the r boxes above, we can find that nPnis equal to n!The first box can be
filled in n ways, the second one in (n –1) ways, the third one in (n –2) ways and so on, then the nthbox in 1 way; hence, all the n boxes can be filled in n(n –1)
(n –2) ....3.2.1 ways, i.e., n! ways. Hence,But if we substitute r = n in the formula for nPr, then we get nPn= !0!n; since we already found that nPn= n!,we can
conclude that 0! = 1Number of combinations of n dissimilar things taken r at a timeLet the number of combinations nCrbe x. Consider one of these x
combinations. Since this is a combination, the order of the r items is not important. If we now impose the condition that order is required for these r items, we
can get r! arrangements from this one combination. So each combination can give rise to r! permutations. x combinations will thus give rise to x . r!
permutations. But since these are all permutations of n things taken r at a time, this must be equal to nPr. So,x.r! = nPr=!)rn(!n− nCr= !)rn(.!r!n−The number of
combinations of n dissimilar things taken all at a time is 1.Out of n things lying on a table, if we select r things and remove them from the table, we are left with
(n-r) things on the table -that is, whenever r things are selected out of n things, we automatically have another selection of the (n –r) things. Hence, the
number of ways of making combinations taking r out of n things is the same as selecting (n –r) things out of n given things, i.e., nCr= nCn-rWhen we looked at
nPr, we imposed two constraints which we will now release one by one and see how to find out the number of permutations.Number of arrangements of n
items of which p are of one type, q are of a second type and the rest are distinctWhen the items are all not distinct, then we cannottalk of a general formula for
nPrfor any r but we can talk of only nPn(which is given below). If we want to find out nPrfor a specific value of r in a given problem, we have to work on a case to
case basis (this has been explained in one of the solved examples).The number of ways in which n things may be arranged taking them all at a time, when p
of the things are exactly alike of one kind, q of them exactly alike of another kind, r of them exactly alike of a third kind, and the rest all distinct is!r!q!p!n.
Number of arrangements of n distinct items where each item can be used any number of times (i.e., repetition allowed)You are advised to apply the basic
reasoning given while deriving the formula for nPrto arrive at this result also. The first box can be filled up in n ways; the second box can be filled in again inn
ways (even though the first box is filled with one item, the same item can be used for filling the second box also because repetition is allowed); the third box
can also be filled in n ways and so on ... the rthbox can be filled in n ways. Now all the r boxes together can be filled in {n.n.n.n ... r times} ways, i.e.,
nrways.The number of permutations of n things, taken r at a time when each item may be repeated once, twice, .... up to r times in any arrangement is nrWhat
is important is not this formula by itself but the reasoning involved. So, even while solving problems of this type, you will be better off if you go from the basic
reasoning and not just apply this formula.Total number of combinations:Out of n given things, the number of ways of selecting one or morethings is
where we can select 1 or 2 or 3... and so on n things at a time; hence the number of ways is nC1+ nC2+ nC3+ ..... nCnThis is called "the total number of
combinations" and is equal to 2n-1 where n is the number of things.The same can be reasoned out in the following manner also.
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/95Number of ways of selecting one or more items from n given items is 2n–1The
number of ways of dividing (p + q) items into two groups of p and q items respectively is q!p!q)!(p +The number of ways of dividing 2p items into two equal
groups of p each is ()2)(p!!2pwhere the two groups have distinct identity.The number of ways of dividing 2p items into two equal groups of p each is
൫2p൯!2!.൫p!൯2where the two groups do not have distinct identity.The number of ways in which (p + q + r) things can be divided into three groups containing
p, q and r things respectively is r!q!p!r)!q(p++There are n items to select from. Let each of these be represented by a box.1 2 3 4nNo. of ways of dealing
................ with the boxes 2 2222The first box can be dealt with in two ways. In any combination that we consider, this box is eitherincluded ornot
included. These are the two ways of dealing with the first box. Similarly, the second box can be dealt with in two ways, the third one in two ways and so on,
the nthbox in two ways. By the Fundamental Rule, the number of ways of dealing with all the boxes together in 2 2 2 .......... n times ways, i.e., in 2nways.
But out of these, there is one combination where we "do not include the first box, do not include the second box, do not include the third box and so on, do not
include the nthbox." That means, no box is included. But this is not allowed because we have to select one or moreof the items (i.e., at least one item). Hence
this combination of no box being included is to be subtracted from the 2nways to give the result ofDividing given items into groups:Dividing (p + q)
items into two groups of p and q items respectivelyOut of (p + q) items, if we select p items (which can be done in p+qCpways), then we will be left with q items,
i.e., we have two groups of p and q items respectively. So, the number of ways of dividing (p + q)items into two groups of p and q items respectively is equal
to p+qCpwhich is equal to q!p!q)!(p +If p = q, i.e., if we have to divide the given items into two EQUAL groups, then two cases arise(i)when the two groups have
distinct identity and(ii)when the two groups do not have distinct identity.In the first case, we just have to substitute p = q in the above formula which then
becomesIn the second case, where the two groups do not have distinct identity, we have to divide the above result by 2!, i.e., it then becomesDividing (p + q +
r) items into three groups consisting of p, q and r items respectivelyIf p = q = r, i.e., if we have to divide the given items into three EQUAL groups, then we
have two cases where the three groups are distinct and where the groups are not distinct.When the three groups are distinct, the number of ways is
3)!p()!p3(When the three groups are not distinct, then the number of ways is 3)!p(!3)!p3(Circular Permutations:When n distinct things are arranged in a
straight line taking all the n items, we get n! permutations. However, if these n items are arranged in a circular manner, then the number of arrangements will
not be n! but it will be less than that. This is because in a straight line manner, if we have an arrangement ABCDE and if we move every item one place to the
right (in cyclic order), the new arrangement that we get EABCD is not the same as ABCDE and this also is counted in the n! permutations that we talked of.
However, if we have an arrangement ABCDE in a circular fashion, by shifting every item by one place in the clockwise direction, we still get the same
arrangement ABCDE. So, if we now take n! as the number of permutations, we will be counting the same arrangement more than once. The number of
arrangements in circular fashion can be found out by first fixing the position of one item. Then the remaining (n –1) items can be arranged in (n –1)! ways.
Now even if we move these (n –1) items by one place in the clockwise direction, then the arrangement that we get will not be the same as the initial
arrangement because one item is fixed and it does not move.Hence, the number of ways in which n distinct things can be arranged in a circular arrangement
is (n –1)!If we take the case of five persons A, B, C, D and E sitting around a table, then the two arrangements ABCDE (in clockwise direction) and AEDCB
(the same order but in anticlockwise direction) will be different and distinct. Here we say that the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements are different.
However, if we consider the circular arrangement of a necklace made of five precious
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/96If all the possible n-digit numbers using n distinct digits are formed, the sum of all
the numbers so formed is equal to (n-1)! x {sum of the n digits} x {11111 ...........} n timesThe number of circular arrangementsof n distinct itemsis (n –1)!if there
is DIFFERENCEbetween clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements and(n –1)!/2if there is NO DIFFERENCEbetween clockwise and anticlockwise
is DIFFERENCEbetween clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements and(n –1)!/2if there is NO DIFFERENCEbetween clockwise and anticlockwise
arrangementsstones A, B, C, D and E, the two arrangements talked of above will be the same because we take one arrangement and turn the necklace
around (front to back), then we get the other arrangement. Here, we say that there is no difference between the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements. In
this case the number ofarrangements will be half of what it is in the case where the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements are different.Sum of all
numbers formed from given digits:If n distinct digits are used to make all the possible n-digit numbers, we get n! numbers. We now want to find out the
sum if all these n! numbers are added. Let us take an example and understand how it is to be done and then look it as a formula.To find the sum of all the four
digit numbers formed using the digits 2, 3, 4 and 5 without repetition:We can form a total of 4! or 24 numbers. When we add all these numbers, let us look at
the contribution of the digit 2 to the sum.When 2 occurs in the thousands place in a particular number, its contribution to the total will be 2000. The number of
numbers that can be formed with 2 in the thousands place is 3!, i.e., 6 numbers. Hence, when 2 is in the thousands place, its contribution to the sum is 3! x
2000.Similarly, when 2 occurs in the hundreds place in a particular number, its contribution to the total will be 200 and since there are 3! numbers with 2 in the
hundreds place, the contribution 2 makes to the sum when it comes in the hundreds place is 3! x 200.Similarly, when 2 occurs in the tens and units place
respectively, its contribution to the sum is 3! x 20 and 3! x 2 respectively. Thus the total contribution of 2 to the sum is 3! x 2000 + 3! x 200 + 3! x 20 + 3! x 2,
i.e., 3! x 2222. This takes care ofthe digit 2 completely.In a similar manner, the contribution of 3, 4 and 5 to the sum will respectively be 3! x 3333, 3! x 4444
and 3! x 5555 respectively.The sum can now be obtained by adding the contributions of these four digits. Hence the sum of the numbers formed by using the
four digits is 3! x (2222 + + 3333 + 4444 + 5555), i.e.,3! x (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) x 1111We can now generalize the above asRank of a word:Finding the rank of a
given word is basically finding out the position of the word when all possible words have been formed using all the letters of this word exactly once and
arranged in alphabetical order as in the case of dictionary. Let us understand this by taking an exampleLet us look at the word “POINT”. The letters involved
here, when taken in alphabetical order are I, N, O, P, T.To arrive at the word “POINT”, initially we have to go through the words that begin with I, then all those
that begin with N, those that begin with O which are 4! in each case. Then we arrive at words that begin with PI, PN which are 3! in each case. Then we arrive
at the word POINT.There are 3 4! + 2 3! = 84 words that precede the word POINT i.e., POINT is the 85thword. Hence rank of ‘POINT’ is 85.The number of
diagonals in an n-sided regular polygonAn n-sided regular polygon has n vertices. Joining any two vertices we get a line of the polygon which are nC2in
number. Of these nC2lines, n of them are sides. Hence diagonals are nC2–n = 2)3n(n−Number of integral solution of the equation x1 + x2+ ....... + xn=
sConsider the equationx1+ x2+ x3= 10If we consider all possible integral solutions of this equation, there are infinitely many. But the number of positive (or non-
negative) integral solutions is finite.We would like the number of positive integral solutions of this equation, i.e., values of (x1, x2, x3) such that each xi> 0.We
imagine 10 identical objects arranged on a line. There are 9 gaps between these 10 objects. If we choose any two of these gaps, we are effectively splitting
the 10 identical objects into 3 parts of distinct identity. Conversely, every split of these 10 objects corresponds to a selection of 2 gaps out of the 9
gaps.Therefore, the number of positive integral solutions is 9C2. In general, if x1+ x2+ ....... + xn= s where s n, the number of positive integral solutions is
s-1Cn-1.If we need the number of non negative integral solutions, we proceed as follows. Let a1, a2, ....... be a non-negative integral solution. Than a1+ 1, a2+ 1,
...... an+ 1 is a positive integral solution of the equation x1+ x2+ ....... + xn= s + n. Therefore, the number of non-negative integral solutions of the given equation
is equal to the number of positive integral solutions of x1+ x2+ ...... + xn= s + n, which is s+n-1Cn-1.
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/97For x1 + x2+ x3+ ---------+ xn= s where s 0, the number of positive integral solutions
(when s n) is s–1Cn-1and the number of non-negative integral solutions is n+s–1C n–1Some additional points:1.Suppose there are n letters and n
corresponding addressed envelopes. The numbers of ways of placing these letters into the envelopes such that no letter is placed in its corresponding
envelope is often referred as derangements. The number of derangements of n objects is given by D(n) = n! −++−+−!n1)1(....!31!21!111nFor example,
when n = 3, the number of derangements isD(3) = 3! 2!31!21!111= −+−and when n = 4,D(4) = 4! 9!41!31!21!111= +−+−2.The total number of
ways in which a selection can be made by taking some or all out of p + q + r + ..... things where p are alike of one kind, q alike of a second kind, r alike of a
third kind and so onis [{(p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1) ....} –1].3.n + 1Cr= nCr+ nCr–1 and nPr= r.n –1Pr –1+ n –1PrExamples:9.01.Find the number of permutations and
combinations which can be made by taking four items at a time from six given distinct items, without repetition.Sol.The number of permutations is 6P4= !2!6=
360 −=!)rn(!nPrnThe number of combinations is 6C4 = !2!4!6= 15 −=!r!)rn(!nCrn9.02.In how many ways can three persons be seated in five
chairs?Sol.Since each person occupies exactly one chair, it is a question of arrangements without repetition. The first person can be seated in 5 ways (into
any of the five chairs). The second person can be seated in 4 ways (into any of the remaining 4 chairs). Similarly the third person can be seated in 3 ways.
Hence the number of ways in which these 3 persons can arrange themselves in 5 chairs is 5 x 4 x 3 = 60.9.03.Fairplay Athletics club has six coaches, viz, A,
B, C, D, E and F. A panel of coaches comprising of three members has to be formed.(i)In how many ways can the panel be formed?(ii)How many of these
panels always include coach E?(or)In how many ways can the panel be formed if coach E has to be definitely included?(iii)In how many of these panels (as
discussed in (i) above) will coach C be excluded?In how many ways can the panel be formed, if coach C is to be excluded?(iv)In how many ways can the
discussed in (i) above) will coach C be excluded?In how many ways can the panel be formed, if coach C is to be excluded?(iv)In how many ways can the
panel be formed if coach C and coach F should be there together if at all any one of them is there?(v)In how many ways can the panel be formed if coach E
and coach B cannot be together on the panel?(vi)In how many ways can the panel be formed if exactly one among A and B should be included?(vii)In how
many ways can the panel be formed if it is known that coach D will not be on the panel if coach A is there on it?Sol.(i)The panel can be formed in 6C3ways
i.e.20 ways.(ii)If coach E has to always be there on the panel, we need to select only 2 more coaches from the remaining 5 coaches. This can be done in
5C2i.e., 10 ways.(iii)If coach C should be excluded, then out of the remaining five coaches, we need to select three coaches, which can be done in 5C3i.e., 10
ways. Alternately, as discussed in the previous case, if coach C is there in 10 out of 20 ways, in the remaining 20-10 i.e, 10 ways, coach C will not be there.
(iv)Here, we need to consider 2 cases-one where both coaches C and F are included on the panel and the second where neither of the two coaches are
included.In the 1stcase, out of 3 persons, 2 (coaches C and F) are directly decided and the remaining one can be any one of the other FOUR coaches, which
can be done in 4 ways.In the 2ndcase, we need to select 3 coaches from 4 coaches, this can be done in 4C3i.e. 4 ways. Total number of ways = 4 + 4 = 8
ways(v)If coaches B and E cannot be together, we will find out in how many ways they can be together on the panel and then subtract this figure from the total
of 20. If coaches B and E have to be included on the panel, we need one more from the remaining four persons, this can be done in 4 ways. Hence, the
required figure is 20 −4 = 16 ways.(vi)The given condition can be broken down into 2 distinct conditions. (i) coach A is included on the panel and coach B is
NOT and (ii) coach A is NOT included on the panel and coach B is included on the panel”.Let us look at the 1stcase, “when coach A is included on the panel
and coach B is NOT”. There are 6 ways of doing this [as done in (v) above]. Similarly, the 2ndcase also can be done in 6 ways. Total number of ways = 6 + 6
= 12(vii) Let us consider the two possibilities –one where coach A is NOT included on the panel and the second where coach A is included on the panel. In the
1stcase, where 3 coaches from the remaining 5 coaches, can be selected in 5C3i.e.
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/98The number of combinations of ‘n’ things taken ‘r’ at a time in which ‘p’ particular
things will always occur is n-pCr-pThe number of combinations of ‘n’ things taken ‘r’ at a time in which ‘p’ particular things never occur is n-pCr10 ways. If coach A
is on the panel, then coach D is NOT on the panel. Then the other 2 coaches can be selected out of the remaining four coaches, in 4C2i.e. 6 ways. Total
number of ways = 10 + 6 = 16 9.04.From ten persons waiting in a queue, in how many ways can a selection of six be made so that (i)a specified person is
always included?(ii)a specified person is always excluded?Sol.(i)Since one specified person is included we have to choose 5 out of remaining 9 which can be
done in)1x2x3x4()6x7x8x9(!4!5!9C59=== 126 ways(ii)Since one specified person is excluded, we have to choose 6 out of 9 which can be done in
2x37x8x9!3!6!9C69=== 84 waysNote: On the basis of the above example, we can generalize the following two rules:9.05.A cultural committee of eight is to be
formed from nine Asians and five Africans. In how many ways can it be done when the committee consists of (i)exactly 3 Africans(ii)at least 3 AfricansSol.
(i)We have to choose 3 out of 5 Africans and 5 out of 9 Asians which can be done in 5C3x 9C5w ays1260!5!4!9x!2!3!5==(ii)The committee may have 3, 4 or 5
Africans. We compute the number of ways in each case and add them up. Hence, total number of ways= 5C3x 9C5+ 5C4x 9C4+ 5C5x 9C3= 1260 + 630 + 84 =
1974 ways9.06.Out of seven different pens that I have, each day I take two to the office. If the combinations of the two pens on any given day is not the same
as that on any other day, find the number of days that are required to exhaust all such combinations. On how many days will I be taking one particular pen to
the office during this period?Sol.Taking 2 out of 7 pens each day is same as selecting 2 out of 7 pens which can be done in 7C2= 21 ways.As these selections
are distinct, it would require 21 days to exhaust all such possible combinations. Let us fix one pen. Then one more pen from the remaining 6 can be chosen in
6C1i.e. 6 ways. Thus I can take one specified pen on 6 days in this 21 days span.9.07.Out of six consonants and three vowels, how many words can be made
so that each word contains two consonants and three vowels?Sol.We have to choose 2 consonants and 3 vowels, and arrange them into words. The 2
consonants can be selected in 6C2and the 3 vowels in 3C3ways. Each such set thus selected can be arranged into words in 5! ways. Hence the total number
of words is6C2x 3C3x 5!1800!5x1x2x15x6==9.08.How many different signals can be made by waving five different coloured flags one along the other when one
or more of them can be waved at a time?Sol.There could be 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 flags. If we consider a selection of ‘r’ flags we get 5Crsuch selections, where r = 5,
4, 3, 2, 1. In each of these selections, we can again arrange them depending on their colours. If the selection has ‘r’ flags, these ‘r’ flags can be arranged in r!
ways. Total number of signals= (5C5x 5!) + (5C4x 4!) + (5C3x 3!) + (5C2x 2!) + (5C1x 1!) = 120 + (5 x 24) + (10 x 6) + (10 x 2) + 5 = 3259.09.How many different
permutations can be made out of the letters of the word, ‘ASSISTANTS’ taken all together?Sol.Inthis word,there are 10 letters composed of4S’s, 2A’s, 2T’s,
1N and 1I. Hence, the number of permutations!2!2!4!10=9.10. In how many ways can one divide twelve books (i) into four equal bundles (ii) equally among
four boys.Sol.When the books have to be made into four equal BUNDLES, the four groups are not distinct whereas if they have to be distributed equally
among four BOYS, then the four groups are distinct.(i)When the 4 groups do not have a distinct identity, then the number of ways in which the books can be
divided into 4 equal groups of 3 each is 4)!3(!4!12. (ii)When the groups have distinct identity, then the number of ways in which the books can be divided into 4
equal groups of 3 each is .)!3(!124Directions for examples 9.11 to 9.19: All the letters of the word ‘GYRATION’ are permuted to form various word patterns,
with no letter being repeated. We first note that 8! permutations are possible. In each of the questions from 5.11 to 5.19, some conditions are given. We will
find out the number of permutations subject to these conditions.
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/999.11.How many of these words begin with G?Sol.If we fix G, in the first place, the
remaining 7 places can be filled in 7! ways.Hence we have 7! such words.9.12.How many of these words end with T?Sol.By similar logic as in example 5.11, if
we fix T in the last place, the other 7 places can be filled up by the other 7 letters in 7! ways.9.13.How many of these words do not start with G?Sol.There are
2 ways of answering this question:(i)Out of the total of 8! words that can be formed, 7! words start with G. Hence the number of words that do not start with G
are 8! –7! = (8 x 7!) –7! = 7 x 7!(ii)Since G cannot go into the 1stplace, any of the other 7 letters can go into the 1stplace. So, the 1stplace can be filled in 7
ways. The other 7 places can be filled up by the remaining 7 letters in 7! ways. Hence there are 7 x 7! words that do not start with G.9.14.How many words
that start with G and end with T can be formed?Sol.If we fix G in the first place and T in the last place, the other 6 places can be filled up by the remaining 6
letters in 6! ways.9.15.How many words start with G but do not end with N?Sol.We fix G in the first place. Out of the other 7 letters, N cannot go into the last
place. So the last place can be filled up by any of the other 6 letters. Having filled the 1stand the last place, the remaining 6 places can be filled up by the
remaining 6 letters in 6! ways. So the number of words that can be formed is 6 x 6!9.16.How many words can be formed such that either G is in the first place
or T is in the last place?Sol.We can form 7! words with G in the 1stplace and 7! words with T in the last place. From the 7! + 7! (= 2 x 7!) words, we should
subtract the number of words that start with G and end with T. As it is counted twice –once in the number of words that start with G and second time in the
number of words that end with T. This we know as 6! (as per example 5.14).Hence the number of words that either start with G or end with T = (2 x 7!) –6!= (2
x 7 x 6!) –6! = 13 x 6!This can also be arrived as follows:number of words that either start with G or end with T = number of words that start with G but not end
with T + number of words that do not start with G but end with T + number of words that start with G and end with T = 6 x 6! + 6 x 6! + 6! = 13 x 6!9.17.How
many words can be formed which neither start with G nor end with T?Sol.We will consider the following 2 cases Case 1: Words that start with T:Since T is in
the first place it takes care of both conditions given. Here the other 7 places can be filled up by the remaining 7 letters in 7! ways.Case 2: Words that do not
start with T:Here we have to ensure G does not come in the first place. So any of the other 6 (except G and T) can fill the first place in 6 ways. Now out of 7
letters, T cannot go into the last place. Hence any of the other 6 letters can go into the last place in 6 ways. The other 6 places (except the first and the last)
can be filled in 6! ways. Hence, the number of words = 6 x 6 x 6! = 36 x 6!Combining both the cases, the total number of ways = 7! + 36 x 6! = (7 x 6!) + 36 x
6! = 43 x 6!Alternative solution: From Ex 5.16, we know the number of words that either start with G or end with T is 13 x 6!. If we subtract this from total
number of words, we will get number of words that neither start with G nor end with T. The required number = 8! –13 x 6!= 8 x 7 x 6! –13 x 6! = 43 x
6!9.18.How many words can be formed so that vowels go only into even places other than the second?Sol.Out of the 8 places available, 4 are even places.
Among these, the second place is to be ignored, which means there are effectively 3 even places. The word ‘GYRATION’ has 3 vowels and 5 consonants.
The 3 vowels can go into 3 even places in 3! ways. The 5 consonants can occupy the remaining 5 places in 5! ways. So, the total number of words that can
be formed is 5! X 3! = 720.9.19.How many words can be formed such that all the 5 consonants are together?Sol.All the five consonants have to be treated as
one single group. This group along with the other 3 letters i.e., the vowels gives us 4 units. These can be arranged in 4! ways. Now the group of 5 consonants
can arrange themselves in 5! ways.Thus the required number is 4! x 5!.9.20.How many seven lettered patterns without repetition can be formed using all the
letters of the word ‘MISTAKE’ so that the vowels come only in the even places?Sol.In a seven lettered pattern, there will be 3 even places. There are 3 vowels
in ‘MISTAKE’. So they can occupy the 3 even places in 3! ways. The 4 consonants will then occupy the other 4 places in 4! ways. Hence, a total of 3! x 4!
patterns can be formed.9.21.How many seven lettered words without repetition can be formed out of the letters of ‘MISTAKE’ such that the vowels go only into
odd places?Sol.There are 4 odd places and 3 vowels. We can arrange the vowels in 4P3ways. The other 4 places can be then filled by the remaining 4 letters
in 4! ways. Thus 4P3x 4! = 576 words.
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/1009.22.How many seven lettered words without repetition can be formed out of the
letters of ‘MISTAKE’ such that only consonants go into odd places?Sol.Only consonants in odd places is the same as only vowels into even places, same as
Ex.5.20 which is 3! x 4! ways.9.23.How many five lettered words (without repetition) can be formed using the letters of the word ‘CRANE’ so that the vowels
are never together?Sol.We know that in all 5! words can be made using the letters of CRANE. Out of these, the vowels are together in (4! x 2!) occasions.
[refer to Ex.5.19] Number of words where the two vowels are never together = 5! −4! x 2! = 120 −48 = 729.24.How many seven lettered words without
repetition can be formed using the letters of the word ‘MISTAKE’ so that no two vowels are together?Sol.Here, we cannot obtain the required figure like in the
previous example, as there will be an additional case where “two vowels are together and the third is separated”. Hence we will solve it in the manner which is
previous example, as there will be an additional case where “two vowels are together and the third is separated”. Hence we will solve it in the manner which is
the most general method for problems of this type.First we arrange the items of the other type –in this case the 4 consonants, which can be arranged in 4!
ways. Now, the items that cannot come together should be arranged using the above items already arranged as ‘separators’. In this example, having
arranged the 4 consonants we now have 5 places in which we can place the 3 vowels as shown below (where ‘C’ represents the consonants and ‘V’ the
vowels)VC VC VC VC VThe vowels can be arranged in the5 places that are marked with ‘V’ in 5P3ways. On compounding both the tasks, the required number
of words equals 4! 5P3= 1440.9.25.Find the number of ways in which(i)a selection (ii)an arrangement of 4 letters can be made from the letters of the word
“DISTILLATIONS”.Sol.There are 13 letters of 8 different sorts I, I, I, S, S, T, T, L, L, A, O, N, DIn finding groups of 4, the following are the possibilities to be
considered.(a) All 4 distinct(b)3 alike, one different(c)2 alike, 2 other alike(d)2 alike, the other 2 distinctCombinations(a)4 different letters can be selected in
704x3x2x15x6x7x8C48==ways.(b)With 3 letters of I, the 4thletter can be selected from the remaining 7 in 7 ways.(c)The 2 pairs can be selected in 4C2= 6 ways,
as we have to select from I, S, T, L (d)The alike pair can be selected in 4 ways. While the other 2 distinct letters can now be selectedfrom the 7 distinct letters
in 7C2ways. Hence required number of ways are 4 x 7C2= 84 total combinations are 70 + 7 + 6 + 84 = 167 PermutationsFor permutations, we find the
arrangements for each of the above combinations and add them up(a)Number of arrangements are70 x 4! = 1680 ways(b)Number of arrangements is 7 x
4!/3! = 28 (since 3 out of 4 are similar)(c)Since there are 2 groups of 2 similar letters, number of arrangements = 6 x 4!/2! 2! = 36(d)Since one pair is alike,
number of arrangements = 4 x 7C2x 4!/2! = 1008 waysTotal number of arrangements = 1680 + 28 + 36 + 1008 = 2752 ways9.26.A question paper has five
questions having internal choice of two questions. If a student has to answer all five questions, in how many ways can the paper be attempted?Sol.The first
question out of the given 5 can be attempted in 2 ways by answering either the first or second of the internal choice. Similarly the second question also can be
answered in 2 different ways. Hence the first, second together can be answered in 2 x 2 or 2² ways.Similarly since the third, fourth and fifth -each of the
questions can be attempted in 2 ways, all 5 questions can be together answered in 25or 32 ways.
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/101Concept Review QuestionsDirections for questions 1 to 30:For the
Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices. For the Non-MultipleChoice Questions, write your answer in the box
provided.1.(i)Find the value of 120C119.(A)119!(B)120!(C)120(D)119(ii)Find the value of 35P34.(A)35!(B)35(C)34!(D)342.If nC5= nC7, then
2n+1C2is(A)250(B)300(C)240(D)2803.If nCr= nPrthen the value of r can be(A)0(B)1(C)2(D)More than one of the above4.=Cprnrn______.(A)1(B)r1(C)r!(D)!r15.If

isNthenCCCN,44737=+6.If =P4N5040, then find 4NC7.The number of ways of forming a committee of four from a group of 5 men and 3 women is.8.A
committee of five is to be formed from a group of 4 men and 3 women. In how many ways can the committee be formed such that it has more men than
women?9.In how many ways can 4 letters be posted into 3 letters boxes?(A)32(B)64(C)27(D)8110.In how many ways can 8 letters be posted into 5 letter
boxes?(A)8P5(B)58(C)85(D)8C511.How many words can be formed using all the letters of the word GINGER?(A)720(B)240(C)380(D)36012.How many different
words, which begin with N can be formed using all the letters of the word COUNTRY?(A)720(B)120(C)24(D)504013.How many different words can be formed
using the letters of the word MARKET so that they begin with K and end with R?(A)16(B)24(C)12(D)6414.How many different words can be formed using all
the letters of the word TRINETRA?(A)20160(B)40320(C)5040(D)1008015.In how many ways can four letters be selected from the word EDUCATION?
(A)9C8(B)9C7(C)9C4(D)9C616.A five lettered word is formed using some of the letters {b, c, l, j, q, s, t}. How many such words, not necessarily meaningful, are
the same as those when read backwards?17.How many three-digit numbers can be formed using the digits {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, so that each digit is repeated any
number of times?(A)150(B)200(C)25(D)12518.How many odd numbers can be formed using the digits {0, 2, 4, 6}?(A)0(B)192(C)18(D)2019.All possible four-
digit numbers, with distinct digits are formed, using the digits {1, 3, 4, 5, 6}. How many of them are divisible by 5?(A)8(B)12(C)24(D)2020.In how many ways
can 4 boys be seated in 6 chairs?(A)180(B)720(C)360(D)24021.The number of ways of arranging 6 persons in a row is(A)6!(B)5!(C)6(D)2!622.In how many
ways can 7 boys and 6 girls be seated in a row of chairs such that the boys and the girls sit alternately?(A)2(7!)(6!)(B)(7!)(6!)(C)(7!)2(D)(6!)223.In how many
ways can three boys and two girls be seated in a row, so that all girls sit together?(A)12(B)24(C)84(D)4824.In how many ways can five men and three women
be seated around a circular table?(A)720(B)5040(C)4020(D)252025.If n books can be arranged on an ordinary shelf in 720 ways, then in how many ways can
be seated around a circular table?(A)720(B)5040(C)4020(D)252025.If n books can be arranged on an ordinary shelf in 720 ways, then in how many ways can
these books be arranged on a circular shelf?(A)120(B)720(C)360(D)6026.In how many ways can two consonants be selected from the English alphabet?
(A)420(B)105(C)210(D)30027.The number of ways of selecting four members from a group of ten members so that one particular member is always included
is(A)63(B)72(C)84(D)56
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/10228.In how many way can a cricket team of 11 be formed from 14 players such that
a particular player is a part of team and another particular player is not a part of the team?29.In how many ways can three blue balls be selected from a bag
which contains four white balls six blue balls?(A)20(B)10(C)120(D)21030.A bag contains three white balls, four green balls and five red balls. In how many
ways two balls can be selected?(A)132(B)66(C)33(D)7631.Rahul has six friends. In how many ways can he invite five or more friends for dinner?
(A)1(B)6(C)7(D)832.Ten points are selected on a plane, such that no three of them are collinear. How many different straight lines can be formed by joining
these points?(A)54(B)45(C)90(D)10833.Find the number of triangles that can be formed by joining 10 points on a plane, no three of which are
collinear.34.When a dice is rolled for n times, then the number of total outcomes is(A)6(B)6n–1(C)6n(D)6n+135.When a coin is tossed for (n –1) times, then the
number of total outcomes is(A)2(B)2n(C)2n+1(D)2n –136.When a coin is tossed for n times then the number of ways of getting exactly ‘r’ heads
is(A)2r(B)nCr(C)nPr(D)2n37.When two coins are tossed and a cubical dice is rolled, then the total outcomes for the compound event
is(A)42(B)24(C)28(D)1038.If the number of diagonals of a polygon is five times the number of sides, the polygon is(A)13(B)20(C)15(D)1739.The number of
ways of arranging 8 books in a shelf such that two particular books are together is 40.There are 5 letters and 5 corresponding envelopes. If each letter is
placed randomly in a different envelope, the number of ways in whichexactly one letter is places in an envelope not corresponding to that
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/103Exercise –9(a)Directions for questions 1 to 35:For the Multiple Choice
Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices. For the Non-MultipleChoice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.1.How many
words can be formed using all the letters of the word “SPECIAL” without repetition such that the vowels occupy the even places?
(A)144(B)720(C)360(D)15202.How many permutations are possible for the letters of the word “SATURDAY” such that the first three letters are S, A and T in
that order and the vowels occupy the even places?3.In how many ways can the letters of the word “DOUBLE” be arranged such that no two vowels are
together?(A)696(B)576(C)144(D)7144.(i)Among the arrangements that can be made by using all the letters of the word “EXAMINATION”, in how many
arrangements A’s come together?(A)11!(B)!2!11(C)!2!2!10(D)11! −10! 2!(ii)In how many arrangements of the above word A’s do not come together?(A)11! −10!
2!(B)8!10x9(C)210x!11(D)8!105.(i)How may five-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 0 to 8 if no digit is to occurmore than once in any number?
(A)1680(B)6720(C)13440(D)1344(ii)How many of the numbers part (a) are divisible by 5?6.How many numbers between 50000 and 60000 can be formed
using the digits 2 to 7 when any digit can occur any number of times?(A)1296(B)625(C)7776(D)25207.How many four-digit numbers, that are divisible by 4
can be formed, using the digits 0 to 7 if no digit is to occur more than once in each number?(A)520(B)370(C)345(D)2608.How many numbers exceeding 999
and not exceeding 5000 can be formed such that each digit is any of the first six whole numbers?9.How many numbers can be formed using all the digits 5, 4,
7, 6, 1, 4, 5, 4, 1 such that the even digits always occupy the even places?(A)!2!2!2!9(B)!4!4!9(C)!2!2!3!5!4(D)!2!2!5!410.In how many ways can the crew of a
ten oared boat be arranged, when of the 10 persons available, two of whom can row only on the bow side and three of whom can row only on the stroke side?
(A)!3!2!10(B)!7!8!10(C)!2!3!5(D)!2!3)!5(311.In how many ways can 21 differently coloured beads be strung on a necklace?(A)(21)!(B)(20)!
(C)2!)21((D)2!)20(12.Twelve friends go out for a dinner to a restaurant where they find two circular tables, one with 7 chairs and the other with 5 chairs. In how
many ways can the group settle down themselves for the dinner?(A)!5!7!12(B)35!12(C)12!(D)12! 5! 7!13.In how many ways can five students and five
teachers sit around a circular table so that no two teachers sit together?(A)(4!)2(B)(5!)2(C)4! 5!(D)5! x 6P514.In how many ways can the members of
threecouples be seated around a circular table such that personsof the same gender do not sit in adjacent positions and the members of exactly one of the
three couplessit in adjacent positions?15.Let k be apositive integer such that the sum of the digits of k is 4 and 105< k < 106. How many values does 'k' have?
16.In how many ways can 4 prizes each having 1st, 2ndand 3rdpositions be given to 3 boys, if each boy is eligible to receive one prize for each event?
(A)12P3(B)64(C)43(D)4617.A double decked bus can accommodate 110 passengers, 50 in the upper deck and 60 in the lower deck. In how many ways can the
passengers be accommodated if 15 refuse to be in the upper deck while 10 others refuse to be in the lower deck?
(A)!45!40!60!50!85(B)!45!40!85(C)!60!50!110(D)!45!40!60!50!11018.In how many ways can 15 books be divided equally (i)among 3 boys?(A)(5)3(B)3)!5(!15(C)
()3!5!3!15(D)5)!3(!15
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/104(ii)into 3 parcels?(A)(3!)5(B)(5!)3(C)!3x)!5(!)15(3(D)!5x)!3(!)15(519.A man has 8
friends whom he wants to invite for dinner. The number of ways in which he can invite (i)at least one of them is_____.(A)256(B)255(C)8!(D)8! −1(ii)at least 4
of them is_____.(A)70(B)48(C)126(D)163 20.There are 5 different booksof subject X, 4 different books of subject Y and 3 different booksof subject Z. The
number of ways in which at least one book can be given away is______.(A)(25 −1) (24 −1) (23 −1)(B)212(C)212−1(D)(25–1) (24–1) (23–1) –1 21.There are 5
copies of a bookof subject P, 4 copies of a book of subject Q and 3 copies of a bookof subject R. The number of ways in which one or more books can be
given away is.22.(i)Find the number of selections that can be made by taking 4 letters from the word “ENTRANCE”.(A)70(B)36(C)35(D)40(ii)In the above
word, the number of arrangements by taking 4 letters are_____.(A)1680(B)840(C)625(D)60623.If all the letters of the word RATE are taken and permuted and
arranged in alphabetical order as in a dictionary, what is the rank of the word TEAR?(A)20(B)23(C)22(D)2124.Find the sum of all numbers that can be formed
by taking all the digits at a time from 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 without repetition.25.In how many ways can a representation of 12 students consisting of 8 boys and 4 girls
be selected from 15 boys and 10 girls, if a particular boy A and a particular girl B are never together in the representation?(A)14C8(9C4)(B)15C8(10C4) –(14C8)
(9C4)(C)(15C8)(10C4)–(14C7)(9C3)(D)(14C7) (9C3)26.There are 15 points in a plane of which 8 of them are on a straight line. How many(i)straight lines can be
(9C4)(C)(15C8)(10C4)–(14C7)(9C3)(D)(14C7) (9C3)26.There are 15 points in a plane of which 8 of them are on a straight line. How many(i)straight lines can be
formed?(ii)triangles can be formed?(A)399(B)400(C)234(D)23527.The number of positive integral solutions of the equation x1+ x2+ x3+ x4+ x5= 10 is_____.
(A)60(B)130(C)126(D)9028.The number of non-negative integer solutions for the equation x + y + z + t = 5 is.29.In a bag there are four numbered cards
marked 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. A person draws a card and notes down the number on it and replaces it in the bag. He carries out this process for a total of
10 times. The number of times he draws a card marked 1 is (a), marked 2 is (b), marked 3 is (c) and marked 4 is (d). Which of the following gives the total
number of possible values of (a, b, c, d)?(A)220(B)245(C)286(D)25030.Fourletters are to be placed into fouraddressed envelopes. If the letters are placed into
the envelopes randomly, in how many ways can the letters be placed so that none of the letters is placed in its corresponding envelope?31.In a convex
decagon all the diagonals are drawn. These diagonals intersect each other at p points inside the decagon, q points on the decagon and r points outside the
decagon. Find the maximum possible value of p.32.In the gridbelow, the lines represent the one way roads allowing cars to travel only west or south. In how
many ways can a car travel from the point A to point B?(A)160(B)128(C)150(D)126Directions for questions 33and 34:These questions are based on the
following data.X is the set of all pairs (p, q) where 1 p < q n. If two distinct members of X have one constituent of the pairs in common, they are called
“mates” otherwise they are called “non-mates”. For example, if N = 4, X = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)} (1, 2) and (1, 3) are mates (1, 2), (2,3) are
also mates, but (1, 4), (2, 3) are non-mates.33.Find the number of non-mates that each memberof X has for n = 7.(A)10(B)36(C)28(D)2134.If two members of
X are mates, how many other members of X will be common mates of both these members for n = 9?(A)5(B)7(C)11(D)1035.P1, P2, ......., PNare N points,
where N is even, on the circumference of a circle. The minimum number of triangles which can be formed, each of whose vertices are among P1, P2, .....,
PNand the centre of the circle is 80.N =.WestSouthAB
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[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/105Exercise –9(b)Directions for questions 1 to 40:For the Multiple Choice
Questions, select the correct alternative from the given choices. For the Non-MultipleChoice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.1.The number
of ways of selecting 20 objects at a time from 35 objects is______.(A)35C10(B)35C15(C)35C5(D)35C122.In how many different ways can 9 persons sit in a row of
12 chairs?(A)12P4(B)12P11(C)12P8(D)12P93.In how many ways can 20 different coloured beads be strung on a necklace?(A)2!19(B)20!(C)18!(D)19!4.In how
many ways can 6 letters be posted into 4 letter boxes?(A)64(B)46(C)24(D)6P45.In a polygon,the number of diagonals is three times the number ofitssides. The
number of sides of the polygon is .6.Ten friends go out for dinner to a restaurant where they find two circular tables, one with 6 chairs and the other with 4
chairs. In how many ways can the group sit down for the dinner?(A)!4!6!10(B)6! 4!(C)24!10(D)!5!97.There are 7 copies of an R.K. Narayan novel, 6 copies of
Sidney Sheldon novel and 5 copies of the complete works of Milton. The number of ways in which one or more books can be given away is.8.In how many
ways can 12 books be divided equally(i)among 3 boys?(A)3)!4(!12(B)3)!4(!3!12(C)!4!12(D)4! 4! 4!(ii)into 3 parcels?(A)!4!12(B)!3!4!12(C)3)!4(!12(D)3)!4(!3!129.A
man has 7 friends whom he wants to invite for dinner. The number of ways in which he can invite(i)at least one of them is_____.
(A)127(B)128(C)126(D)100(ii)at least 3 of them is_____.(A)98(B)100(C)99(D)9210.In how many ways can prizes for 3 events, each having 1st, 2ndand
3rdprize, be given to 3 boys, if each boy is eligible to receive one prize for each event?11.Find the number of selections that can be made by taking four letters
from the word SENTENCE.(A)21(B)22(C)17(D)1012.In the above word, the number of arrangements that can be made by taking four letters is_____.
(A)166(B)270(C)280(D)28613.How many five-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 0 to 7 if no digit occurs more than once in any number?14.How
many of the numbers in the above problem are divisible by 4?15.How many numbers between 60000 and 80000 can be formed using the digits 3 to 7, when
any digit can be used any number of times?(A)250(B)625(C)1250(D)72516.In how many ways can the letters of the word VICTORY be arranged so that
consonants appear only in the even places?(A)180(B)360(C)240(D)017.(i)How many words can be formed using all the letters of the word PROBLEM without
repetition such that the vowels occupy the even places?(A)1440(B)360(C)720(D)120(ii)How many numbers can be formed using all the digits 6, 3, 5, 3, 6, 5,
2, 4, 3, such that odd digits occupy the odd places?(A)120(B)240(C)60(D)18018.In how many ways can the letters of the word MALBORNE be arranged so
thatthe vowels are always together?19.How many different arrangements can be made using all the letters of the word INSTITUTE, so that all Is come
together?(A)8064(B)6720(C)40320(D)336020.The number of arrangements that can be made using all the letters of the word QUARTZ which begin with A but
do not end with R is.21.In how many ways can the letters of the word TROUBLE be arranged such that no two vowels are together?
(A)24(B)1440(C)60(D)72022.In how many ways can the crew of a ten-oared boat be positioned, if of the 10 persons available, 3 can row only on the bow side
(A)24(B)1440(C)60(D)72022.In how many ways can the crew of a ten-oared boat be positioned, if of the 10 persons available, 3 can row only on the bow side
and 4 can row only on the stroke side?(A)6(5!5!)(B)2(5!5!)(C)3(5!5!)(D)4(5!5!)
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/106East ABNorth23.Seven boxes numbered 1 to 7 are arranged in a row. Each is to
be filled by either a black or blue coloured ball such that no two adjacent boxes contain blue coloured balls. In how many ways can the boxes be filled with the
balls?24.A question paper consists of 10 sections with each section having two questions. In how many ways can a candidate attempt one or more questions
choosing not more than one question per section?(A)310(B)310–1(C)210–1(D)21025.How many different words can be formed using all the letters of the word
“COMBINATION”, such that the vowels as well as the consonants appear in alphabetical order?26.There are 18 points in a plane of which 10 are on a straight
line. Except for the triplets taken exclusively from these 10 points, no other set of three points are collinear. How many(i)straight lines can be drawn by joining
these points?(A)109(B)108(C)153(D)45(ii)triangles can be drawn, by joining these points?(A)696(B)120(C)816(D)69727.If all possible four-digit numbers are
formed using the digits 3, 5, 6, 9 without repetition and arranged in ascending order of magnitude, then the position of the number 6953
is(A)20(B)16(C)18(D)1528.(i)If all words that can be formed from the letters of the word GARNE are taken and arranged in alphabetical order, then the rank of
the wordRANGE is(A)101(B)100(C)102(D)78(ii)If all the letters of the word "BANANA" are taken and rearranged in all possible ways,and the resulting words
formed (not necessarily meaningful) are arrangedin alphabetical order as in a dictionary,what is the rank of the word ANAANB.29.In how many ways con six
different chocolates bedistributed among 3 children such that each child receives at least one chocolate?30.Eight evenly spaced points lie on the
circumference of a circle canteredat O. The number of triangles which can be formed, each of whose vertices are among the eight points and O is.31.An
advertisement board is to be designed with six vertical stripes using some or all of the colours: red, green, blue, black and orange. In how many ways can the
board be designed such that no two adjacent stripes have the same colour?32.Find the sum of all the numbers that can be formed by taking all the digits at a
time from 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9 without repetition.(A)7733652(B)7733256(C)7373256(D)737365233.In how many ways can 7 identical balls be placed into four
boxes P, Q, R,andS such that the two boxes P and Q have at least one ball each?34.The number of positive integral solutions of the equation a + b + c + d +
e = 30 is_____.(A)25173(B)23517(C)25731(D)2375135.How many non-negative integral solutions does the equation x1+ x2+ x3= 15 have?36.In how many
ways can a committeeof 5consisting of 3menand 2womenbe formed from 7menand 6women, if a particular manA and a particular womanBcannever serve
together in thecommittee?37.There are three groups of persons A B and C.Group A has 12 personsand group B has 15 persons. Each person in one group
shakes hands with each person in the other groups exactly once.No person in any group shook hands with any other person in that group thetotal number of
handshakes is 666. Find the number of persons that group c has.38.From the numbers 4,5,6,.......20, nine numbers are selected such that the greatest is 15.
In how many ways can these 9 numbers be permuted?(A)(33)10!(B)165(9!)(C)(33)9!(D)145 (10!)39.Nine villages in a district are divided into three zones with
three villages per zone. The telephone department of the district intends to connect the villages with telephone lines such that every two villages in the same
zone are connected with four direct lines and every two villages indifferent zones are connected with two direct lines. How many direct lines are required?
40.In the grid shown,the lines represent the one-way roads allowing cars to travel only eastwards or northwards. In how many ways can a car travel from the
point A to the point B?
Advanced Educational Activities Pvt. Ltd.(T.I.M.E.) HO:95B, 2ndFloor, Siddamsetty Complex, Secunderabad –500 003.Tel : 040–40088400 Fax : 040–27847334 email :
[email protected] : www.time4education.comSM10012010/107KeyConcept
Review Questions1.
(i)C(ii)A2.B3.D4.C5.86.2107.708.159.D10.B11.D12.A13.B14.D15.C16.34317.D18.A19.C20.C21.A22.B23.D24.B25.A26.C27.C28.6629.A30.B31.C32.B33.12034.C35.D36