ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The project, “Sprinkler Irrigation ” is creative work of many minds. A

proper synchronization between individual it must for any project to
be complete successfully.

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who

provided us the possibility to complete this project.

We are grateful to our Principal Prof. Dr. Nitiket N. Mhala and Prof.
Dr. Dineshkumar.K. Gupta, Head of Civil engineering department
for making requisite facilities available and for their special guidance.

Furthermore, we would also like to acknowledge with much

appreciation the crucial role of lecturer in Civil Dept, Prof. Meera.
Deshmukh who gave us the permission to work on this project and
guided us lot of times while working on this project.

Government polytechnic Mumbai

 ABSTRACT

Irrigation is widely used in India and all over the world As well.
As we know Indian Economy and Indian Culture is mainly based on
agriculture [54%] irrigation become, A important factor for growth of
crops .
An irrigation sprinkler also known as a water sprinkler or simply
a sprinkler is a device used to irrigate (water) agricultural crops,
lawns, landscapes, golf courses, and other areas. They are also used
for cooling and for the control of airborne dust.
Sprinkler irrigation is the method of applying water in a controlled
manner in way similar to rainfall. The water is distributed through a
network that may consist of pumps, valves, pipes, and sprinklers.
Nowadays to increase this irrigation system villagers, Government,
Private Co-operations and Start-Ups are coming forward to use it
efficiently.
 PREFACE

As a part of the Civil Engineering curriculum and in order to gain

Knowledge in the field of Engineering, we are required to make a
report on our project “Sprinkler Irrigation”. The basic objective
behind this is to get knowledge of Sprinkler Irrigation about their
Types ,definition, installation, fittings , layouts , material used and etc.

The whole project is divided into 5 chapters

 Introduction
 Information Of Sprinkler Irrigation
 Irrigation System and Pipes
 Innovated Ideas
 Project
 INDEX

SR.NO LIST OF CONTENT PAGE

NO

1] Introduction 5-12

2] Information Of Sprinkler 13-24

Irrigation

3] Irrigation System and Pipes 25-40

4] Innovated Ideas 41-46

5] Project Information 47-53

6] References and Conclusion 54

END 55
 Chapter I
Introduction
Chapter context
1] Sprinkler Irrigation DefinITION
2] Advantages and Disadvantages of Sprinkler
Irrigation
3] Sprinkler Layout [For References]
4]Components Of Irrigation
SPRINKLER
IRRIGATION
DEFINITION
Sprinkler irrigation system allows application of water
under high pressure with the help of a pump. It releases
water similar to rainfall through a small diameter nozzle
placed in the pipes. Water is distributed through a system of
pipes, sprayed into air and irrigates in most of the soil type
due to wide range of discharge capacity.
Irrigation sprinklers can be used for residential, industrial,
and agricultural usage. It is useful on uneven land where
sufficient water is not available as well as on sandy soil. The
perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are
joined to the main pipeline at regular intervals. When water
is pressurized through the main pipe it escapes from the
rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop. In sprinkler or
overhead irrigation, water is piped to one more central
locations within the field and distributed by overhead high
pressure sprinklers or guns.
DISADVANTAGES :-
 The cost investment cost required for purchasing the equipment of
the sprinkler irrigation system is high.
 Using the sprinkler irrigation for supplying saline water can result in
problems to arise.
 For spraying water droplets evenly there is a requirement of
constant water supply.
 There is a chance of water getting evaporated from the sprinkler
irrigation when the surrounding environment is windy and high in
terms of humidity.
 There is a chance of the nozzles of the sprinklers getting clogged
due to the deposit of debris and sediments from water that is used.
 There is a requirement of continuous power supply for operating
the sprinkler irrigation system

SPRINKLER LAYOUT
 COMPONENTS FOR

INSTALLING
SPRINKLER
: The components of portable sprinkler system are shown through
fig .3
sprinkler system usually consists of the following components
(i) A pump unit
(ii) Tubings- main/submains and laterals
(iii) Couplers
(iv) Sprinker head
(v) Other accessories such as valves, bends, plugs and risers

(1)Pumping Unit: Sprinkler irrigation systems distribute water by

spraying it over the fields. The water is pumped under pressure to
the fields. The pressure forces the water through sprinklers or
through perforations or nozzles in pipelines and then forms a spray. A
high speed centrifugal or turbine pump can be used for operating
sprinkler irrigation for individual fields. Centrifugal pump is used
when the distance from the pump inlet to the water surface is less
than eight meters. For pumping water from deep wells or more than
eight meters, a turbine pump is suggested. The driving unit may be
either an electric motor or an internal combustion engine.

(ii) Tubings: Mains/submains and laterals: The tubings consist of

mainline, submanins and laterals. Main line conveys water from the
source and distributes it to the submains. The submains convey
water to the laterals which in turn supply water to the sprinklers.
Aluminum or PVC pipes are generally used for portable systems,
while steel pipes are usually used for center-pivot laterals. Asbestos,
cement, PVC and wrapped steel are usually used for buried laterals
and main lines.

(iii) Couplers: Couplers are used for connecting two pipes and
uncoupling quickly and easily. Essentially a coupler should provide (a)
a reuse and flexible connection (b) not leak at the joint (c) be simple
and easy to couple and uncouple (d) be light, non-corrosive, durable.

(iv) Sprinkler Head: Sprinkler head distribute water uniformly over

the field without runoff or excessive loss due to deep percolation.
Different types of sprinklers are available. They are either rotating or
fixed type. The rotating type can be adapted for a wide range of
application rates and spacing. They are effective with pressure of
about 10 to 70 m head at the sprinkler. Pressures ranging from 16 to
40 m head are considered the most practical for most farmers.Fixed
head sprinklers are commonly used to irrigate small lawns and
gardens. Perforated lateral lines are sometimes used as sprinklers.
They require less pressure than rotating sprinklers. They release
more water per unit area than rotating sprinklers. Hence fixed head
sprinklers are adaptable for soils with high intake rate.
(v) Fittings and accessories: The following are some of the important
fittings and accessories used in sprinkler system. (a) Water meters: It
is used to measure the volume of water delivered. This is necessary
to operate the system to give the required quantity of water. (b)
Flange, couplings and nipple used for proper connection to the
pump, suction and delivery. (c) Pressure gauge: It is necessary to
know whether the sprinkler system is working with desired pressure
to ensure application uniformity. (d) Bend, tees, reducers, elbows,
hydrants, butterfly valve and plugs. (e) Fertilizer applicator: Soluble
chemical fertilizers can be injected into the sprinkler system and
applied to the crop. The equipment for fertiliser application is
relatively cheap and simple and can be fabricated locally. The
fertilizer applicator consists of a sealed fertilizer tank with necessary
tubings and connections. A venturi injector can be arranged in the
main line, which creates the differential pressure suction and allows
the fertilizer solution to flow in the main water line.
Different sprinkler pipes and fittings
References from Chrome website:-
https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agricultural_engineering/spring_irrigation.pdf
 Chapter II
Information OF SRINKLER IRRIGATION

 TYPES OF SPRINKLER BASED ON

TYPES OF SPRINKLERBASEDONPRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION
 Working on Sprinkler Irrigation
 Response of Different Crops to
Sprinkler Irrigation System
 Wetting patterns in SPRINKLER Sources Of WATER For Irrigation

 Typical Process Of Installation

Sprinkler
 TYPES OF SPRINKLER BASED ON
PRECIPITATION

TYPE OF SPRINKLER PRECIPITATION RATE

[mm per hour]

1]Low Volume Sprinkler 1] Less than 13

2]Medium Volume 2] 13-15mm
Sprinkler

3]Large Volume Sprinkler 3] Above 25mm

Working on Sprinkler Irrigation
 The sprinkler breaks up the water into droplets ranging in size
from 0.5 to 4 mm. The pressure and nozzle size of the
sprinklers control the drop size.
 The average rate of water sprayed onto crops is measured in
millimetres per hour.
 The rate of application is determined by the size of the
sprinkler nozzles, the operating pressure, and the distance
between the sprinklers.
 The maximum allowable infiltration rate for the soil type must
not be exceeded by the application rate.
 Excessive application rates cause water loss, soil erosion, and
surface sealing.
 Crops or plants may be damaged if there is insufficient
moisture in the root zone after irrigation.
 Water pressure is the force with which the water flows out of
the sprinkler. The pressure of water is measured in pounds per
square inch (psi).
 Sprinklers are thus designed to function at specific pressure
levels, which are recommended as their operating pressure.
The distribution of water will be affected if the pressure is
higher or lower than the recommended level.
 When the pressure is low, the water drops grow larger and are
unable to irrigate crops located far from the system.
 When the pressure is high, the droplets are smaller and the
crops are not irrigated evenly. It can also harm sprinkler heads

Sources Of WATER For Irrigation

1]Ground Water
2] Surface Water
3] Treated or untreated wastewater
4]Other source of water

1] Ground Water
Groundwater is fresh water located in the subsurface pore space of
soil and rocks. It is also water that is flowing within aquifers below
the water table. Sometimes it is useful to make a distinction between
groundwater that is closely associated with surface water, and deep
groundwater in an aquifer (called "fossil water" if it infiltrated into
the ground millennia ago[8]
2] Surface Water :- The water which is currently available on earth’s
surface is called as surface water
Types of surface water
 Lakes
 River
 Reservoirs

3]Treated or untreated waste water

Irrigation with recycled municipal wastewater can also serve to
fertilize plants if it contains nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium. There are benefits of using recycled water for
irrigation, including the lower cost compared to some other sources
and consistency of supply regardless of season, climatic conditions
and associated water restrictions. When reclaimed water is used for
irrigation in agriculture, the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus)
content of the treated wastewater has the benefit of acting as a
fertilizer.[14] This can make the reuse of excreta contained in sewage
attractive.

Other sources
Irrigation water can also come from non-conventional sources like
treated wastewater,[19] desalinated water, drainage water, or fog
collection.

In countries where humid air sweeps through at night, water can be

obtained by condensation onto cold surfaces. This is practiced in the
vineyards at Lanzarote using stones to condense water. Fog collectors
are also made of canvas or foil sheets. Using condensate from air
conditioning units as a water source is also becoming more popular
in large urban areas.

As of November 2019 a Glasgow-based startup has helped a farmer

in Scotland to establish edible saltmarsh crops irrigated with sea
water. An acre of previously marginal land has been put under
cultivation to grow samphire, sea blite, and sea aster; these plants
yield a higher profit than potatoes. The land is flood irrigated twice a
day to simulate tidal flooding; the water is pumped from the sea
using wind power. Additional benefits are soil remediation and
carbon sequestration.

This above information is taken from Wikipedia

Response of Different Crops to
Sprinkler Irrigation System
Wetting patterns in
SPRINKLER
 The wetting pattern from a single rotary sprinkler
is not very uniform. Normally the area wetted is
circular (see top view) . The heaviest wetting is
close to the sprinkler (see sideview). For good
uniformity several sprinklers must be operated
close together so that their patterns overlap.
 For good uniformity the overlap should be at least
65% of the wetted diameter. This determines the
maximum spacing between sprinklers
The uniformity of sprinkler applications can be affected by wind and
water pressure. Spray from sprinklers is easily blown about by even a
gentle breeze and this can seriously reduce uniformity. To reduce the
effects of wind the sprinklers can be positioned more closely together.
Sprinklers will only work well at the right operating pressure
recommended by the manufacturer. If the pressure is above or below
this then the distribution will be affected. The most common problem
is when the pressure is too low. This happens when pumps and pipes
wear. Friction increases and so pressure at the sprinkler reduces. The
result is that the water jet does not break up and all the water tends to
fall in one area towards the outside of the wetted circle. If the pressure
is too high then the distribution will also be poor. A fine spray
develops which falls close to the sprinkler.

Application rate: This is the average rate at which water is sprayed

onto the crops and is measured in mm/hour. The application rate
depends on the size of sprinkler nozzles, the operating pressure and
the distance between sprinklers. When selecting a sprinkler system it
is important to make sure that the average application rate is less than
the basic infiltration rate of the soil (see Annex 2). In this way all the
water applied will be readily absorbed by the soil and there should be
no runoff.

Sprinkler drop sizes: As water sprays from a sprinkler it breaks up

into small drops between 0.5 and 4.0 mm in size. The small drops fall
close to the sprinkler whereas the larger ones fall close to the edge of
the wetted circle. Large drops can damage delicate crops and soils and
so in such conditions it is best to use the smaller sprinklers.
Drop size is also controlled by pressure and nozzle size. When the
pressure is low, drops tend to be much larger as the water jet does not
break up easily. So to avoid crop and soil damage use small diameter
nozzles operating at or above the normal recommended operating
pressure.
Typical Process Of
Installation Sprinkler
The Following are the points to instal sprinkler in
landfill :-
1] Selecting of Sprinkler Type –
Choose a gear-driven rotor sprinkler head to cover wide
areas. Rotor heads are the
most common and
versatile type of sprinkler
head. They pop up as
directed by a timer and
revolve 360 degrees in
order to spray water
across a large area. You can
adjust the distance that
each head will spray from
8–65 feet (2.4–19.8 m)
Opt for shrub heads
or bubblers to
irrigate shrubs and
flowers. “Bubbler”
sprinkler
heads do not
elevate above the
ground level and, as
the name implies, emit a low-level stream of water designed to
saturate the ground in a garden or heavily vegetated area. Each
bubbler can only irrigate an area of about 3 square feet (0.28 m2),
so they need to be placed relatively close to each other.
Bubbler-type sprinklers only work on flat ground. If you try
installing a bubbler on a sloped patch of your yard, you'll end up
with a small river running downhill.
Stick with fixed pop-up heads
for watering areas
adjacent to buildings.
If you need to water an area
right next to the side of your
home or garden shed and would rather that the sprinkler head not
blast water all of the building itself, choose a fixed pop-up head.
These heads spray water in a half-circle, so you don't have to worry
about watering the side of a building.Fixed pop-up head sprinklers
are also great to use next to paved areas like driveways and streets.
2]Mapping out the Sprinkler System
-Draw a roughly to-scale diagram of the areas
you wish to irrigate.
-The schematic should include the main area you’d like to water and
any adjacent areas you'd like to have covered by the sprinklers.
Starting with a schematic will enable you to plan the routing of
pipelines and placement of sprinkler heads so you can purchase your
materials.[1]

3]Installing the System

-Purchase adequate PVC piping for each irrigation zone.
-Measure the pressure of your water supply with a water gauge
-Measure the pressure of your water supply with a water gauge
-Dig the ditches along the main and branch lines marked on the
diagram
-Set your PVC piping out in the ditches you just dug.
-Install risers to connect the branch water lines to each sprinkler
head.
-Connect the main water line to the timer and control valves.
-Attach a backflow preventer to the water supply line
-Install the timer unit near an accessible power source.
-Turn the control valve on that supplies water to 1 zone.
-Install your sprinkler heads at the ends of the installed risers.
-Set up the control valve and backflow preventer in the next zone

4]Inspecting and Adjusting the Sprinkler System

-Observe the spray coverage and direction of each
head
-Walk the length of your ditches to check for water
leaks
- Walk the length of your ditches to check for water
leaks
 Chapter IIi
Irrigation System And Pipes

 Types Of Irrigation System[Sprinkler

head] Used In Irrigation
 Requirements for sprinkler irrigation
system
 Types Of Pipes Used In Irrigation [ And
some of their application]

Types Of Irrigation System[Sprinkler

head] Used In Irrigation
1]Portable Sprinkler irrigation System
The system uses lateral pipelines with sprinklers positioned at regular
intervals. This is a periodic move type of sprinkler irrigation system

2]-Solid Set and Permanent

sprinkler irrigation Systems
In this type of sprinkler irrigation system, a sprinkler
irrigates from a fixed position.
For a solid set sprinkler irrigation system, the pipe laterals
are moved into the field at the beginning of each irrigation
season, and remain there until the season is over

3. Side Roll sprinkler irrigation

System / Wheel Line sprinkler
irrigation System
-In side roll sprinkler irrigation, a pipe serves as the axle for the
lateral line, which is mounted on wheels. This is a periodic move type
of sprinkler irrigation system.

-The radius of the wheel is chosen carefully so that when the laterals
are moved, they clear the crop.
For rectangular fields, a side roll sprinkler irrigation system works
best.

This sprinkler irrigation system is moved from one irrigation location

to the other by the help of a drive unit. The drive unit typically is an
air cooled diesel or gasoline powered engine placed mostly at the
center of the laterals

4]Traveling Gun sprinkler irrigation System

-This type of sprinkler irrigation system uses high volume
and high pressure sprinklers called “guns“. Water is fed to
the gun by a flexible hose connected to the trailer or from a
ditch the trailer passes through. This type of irrigation can
also be termed as rain gun irrigation.
-An operator may operate the gun in a fixed position for the
specified length of time, then move it to the next irrigation
location. However, the most popular application of this type
of sprinkler irrigation system is continuous movement,
where the gun sprinkles while moving.

-In most cases, a part-circle sprinkler is used, operating

through 80–90% of the circle so as to achieve maximum
uniformity and allow the trailer to move forward on dry
ground.

-Despite the fact that these systems can be applied to most

crops, their large droplets and high application rates are
best suited to coarse soils with high intake rates and crops
that provide good ground cover.
Surface irrigation is where water is applied and distributed
over the soil surface by gravity. It is by far the most
common form of irrigation throughout the world and has
been practiced in many areas virtually unchanged for
thousands of years.

Surface irrigation is often referred to as flood irrigation,

implying that the water distribution is uncontrolled and
therefore, inherently inefficient. In reality, some of the
irrigation practices grouped under this name involve a
significant degree of management (for example surge
irrigation). Surface irrigation comes in three major types;
level basin, furrow and border strip.

The process of surface irrigation can be described using four

phases. As water is applied to the top end of the field it will flow or
advance over the field length. The advance phase refers to that
length of time as water is applied to the top end of the field and
flows or advances over the field length. After the water reaches the
end of the field it will either run-off or start to pond. The period of
time between the end of the advance phase and the shut-off of the
inflow is termed the wetting, ponding or storage phase. As the
inflow ceases the water will continue to runoff and infiltrate until the
entire field is drained. The depletion phase is that short period of
time after cut-off when the length of the field is still submerged. The
recession phase describes the time period while the water front is
retreating towards the downstream end of the field. The depth of
water applied to any point in the field is a function of the
opportunity time, the length of time for which water is present on
the soil surface.
Drip irrigation or trickle irrigation is a type of micro-
irrigation system that has the potential to save water and
nutrients by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants,
either from above the soil surface or buried below the surface.
The goal is to place water directly into the root zone and
minimize evaporation. Drip irrigation systems distribute water
through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
Depending on how well designed, installed, maintained, and
operated it is, a drip irrigation system can be more efficient than
other types of irrigation systems, such as surface irrigation or
sprinkler irrigation.
5]Center Pivot sprinkler irrigation system and Linear
Move sprinkler irrigation systems

These type of sprinkler irrigation systems are a subset of continuous

move lateral sprinkler irrigation system.
This type of sprinkler irrigation system has a center pivot system
which consists of a single sprinkler lateral supported by a series of
towers

As the towers are self-propelled, the lateral rotates around a pivot

point located at the center of the irrigated areaIf the lateral is longer
(in central pivot system), the end of the lateral will travel faster and
the irrigated area will be larger. Therefore, to be able to apply an
even amount of water, the water application rate must be increased
accordingly as the distance from the pivot point increases.

For this type of sprinkler irrigation method, a variety of sprinkler

products have been developed to better match soil characteristics,
water requirements, and water application rates.

Center pivot sprinkler irrigation system leaves the corners of the

field unirrigated since it irrigates in a circle.

In addition to being able to irrigate most field crops, center pivots

sprinkler irrigation could also be used to irrigate trees and vines.
6. LEPA sprinkler irrigation Systems
In order to reduce energy consumption, lower system flow capacities,
and maximize water use efficiency, many techniques have been
developed.

Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) systems are similar to linear

move irrigation systems but are sufficiently different to warrant a
separate mention.

In this type of sprinkler irrigation system, water is discharged through the

lateral lines just above the ground surface into furrows through drop
tubes and very low pressure orifices.

Drop tubes fitted with low pressure 5 – 10 psi application devices are
used to apply water to the crop canopy near the ground surface.

In addition to this distribution system, microbasin land preparation is

often used along with this irrigation method for improved runoff control.

For application efficiencies in the high 80s, good soil and water
management is required. Soil types with high soil intake rates are
preferred for this type of irrigation.
In order to prevent runoff or nonuniformity along a furrow, there should
be adequate surface storage in the furrow micro-basins.
Requirements for sprinkler irrigation system
1]Field Shape and Topography
2] Water Quantity and Quality
3]Soil Type
4] Crops
5] Sprinkler irrigation system Efficiency
6] Financial and Labor Requirement

Types Of Pipes Used In Irrigation [ And some

of their application]
 The following are the types used in irrigation
commonly
 Micro Spray Belt
 Drip Irrigation Tape
 PE Irrigation Pipe
 PVC Irrigation Pipe
Micro Spray Belt
The micro-spray belt is used to bring water to the field through water
pipes and micro-spray pipes. Through the water outlet holes on the
micro-spray belt, under the action of gravity and air resistance, a
drizzle-like spraying effect is formed. Micro-spraying is a new type of
micro-irrigation equipment. It's also known as "sprinkler irrigation
belt", "micro-sprinkler belt", "sprinkler belt", "sprinkler pipe",
"porous hose" and so on.
The outlet holes of the micro-spray belt are mixed with multiple and
empty groups. It is arranged according to a certain distance and a
certain rule, such as oblique five holes, oblique three holes,
horizontal three holes, left and right holes and no holes, etc. The
outlet holes generally use mechanical drills what is hole, start-up
punching and laser drilling. The hole diameter is 0.1~1.2mm and the
hollow type is round. Usage: Vegetables, mushrooms, nurseries,
orchards, flowers, and greenhouse crops
Drip Irrigation Tape
1. The drip irrigation belt uses a plastic pipe (drip irrigation
pipe guide) to send water to the roots of the crop through
an orifice or dripper on a capillary with a diameter of
about 10mm for local irrigation. It is a dripper or drip
irrigation tape that enters through the outflow orifice very
small, and drips water drop by drop evenly and slowly into
the soil near the roots of the crop. Drip irrigation belts are
divided into patch type drip irrigation belts, embedded
cylindrical drip irrigation pipes, labyrinth drip irrigation
belts and blue track drip irrigation belts.
2. In-line drip irrigation tape is a drip irrigation tape in which
the pre-manufactured dripper is embedded in the capillary
in the capillary manufacturing process. Such as patch drip
irrigation tape and embedded cylindrical drip irrigation
tube.
3. When thin-walled drip irrigation tape is to manufacture
thin-walled pipes, heat-seal drip outlets of various shapes
of reduced pressure channels on one side or the middle of
the pipe, such as labyrinth drip irrigation tape and blue
track drip irrigation tape.
 P
E

Irrigation Pipe
The scientific name of PE pipe is polyethylene pipe. The piping
system is connected by electric heat melting and the strength of the
joint is higher than the strength of the pipe body.

The characteristics of agricultural PE irrigation pipes

1. Reliable connection: the pipe systems are connected by
electric heating and the strength of the joint is higher than
the strength of the pipe body.
2. Good low-temperature impact resistance: during winter
construction, due to the good impact resistance of the
material, pipe brittleness will not occur.
3. Good stress crack resistance: low notch sensitivity, high
shear strength and excellent scratch resistance,
outstanding environmental stress crack resistance.
4. Good chemical resistance: the pipeline can withstand the
corrosion of a variety of chemical media. And the chemical
substances in the soil will not cause any degradation to
the pipeline.
5. Aging resistant and long service life.
6. Good wear resistance: The comparative test of the wear
resistance of the pipe and the steel pipe shows that the
wear resistance of the pipe is 4 times that of the steel pipe.
7. Good flexibility: The flexibility of the pipeline makes it easy
to bend, and obstacles can be bypassed in engineering by
changing
the
direction
of the
pipeline.
8. Water flow
resistance
is small. It's
easy to
carry.
9. Various
new
construction methods: In addition to traditional excavation
methods, a variety of new non-excavation techniques such
as pipe jacking, directional drilling, lining pipes, cracked
pipes, etc. can also be used for construction.
PVC Irrigation Pipe

PVC pipe has excellent acid resistance, alkali resistance and

corrosion resistance. It is very suitable for the chemical industry.
The wall surface of PVC pipe is smooth, the fluid resistance is
small and its roughness coefficient is only 0.009 that is lower
than other pipes. The pipe diameter can be reduced under the
same flow rate. The water pressure resistance, external pressure
resistance and impact resistance of PVC pipes are very high.
They are suitable for piping projects under various conditions.
Because it is Inexpensive, so it is widely used.
PVC irrigation pipes can well follow the growth process of crops
to achieve modern irrigation. The amount of water used for
irrigation can be selected based on the specific moisture of
crops and soil.
The most indispensable thing about PVC irrigation pipes is that
they can accurately supply water and fertilizer to the roots of
crops according to the characteristics of the current weather.
This can reduce the labor of manual work.
PVC irrigation pipes can deliver a more reasonable amount of
irrigation water according to the growth needs of crops, which
can ensure a more timely and appropriate amount of irrigated
crops and lay a solid foundation for increasing crop yields.
Irrigation pipes are widely used in large and small projects such
as urban and rural indoor and outdoor water supply, rural water
improvement, farmland irrigation, brine pipelines in the salt
industry, water delivery in aquaculture, mine ventilation, water
supply and drainage, and sprinkler irrigation in landscaping.
 Chapter IV
Innovated Ideas

Innovated Ideas Regarding this topic

TYPES OF SENSOR USED IN THIS
INNOVATED IDEAS
-TEMPERATURE SENSOR
-HUMIDITY SENSOR
-SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

Innovated Ideas Regarding this topic

1] Installing Smart Sensors in land site
 By installing smart sensors in land site in would be helpful to
manage the hole site with a blink of eye but before knowing
how would it be help lets know the meaning of smart sensor

Sensor or Smart sensor :- In the broadest definition, a sensor

is a device, module, machine, or subsystem that detects
events or changes in its environment and sends the
information to other electronics, frequently a computer
processor.
There are different types of sensor but we are going to use
Temperature Sensor, Humidity Sensor, Soil Moisture Sensor,
Pressure Sensor

Now on the topic after selection of site and process of installing

the sprinkler system this sensors are also need to install in
process . 1] By using The temperature sensor
The temperature sensor is a device which sense surrounding
temperature and response to it .The idea is that by fitting the
temperature sensor it can detech the temperature of surrounding
Whether is low temperature or high temperature and response to
it . By fitting this directly to the pipe fittings it can stop the
circulation of water in pipe and can control the flow of water
without any human interference

For example :- If a temperature of a land in morning is 16° C

And in afternoon it rises to 27°C the temperature sensor can
determine the rises and low temperature varies and continue or
pause the flow of water
So by doing this a lot of water can be saved for future
utilizations

BY sensing the temperature the flow of water can be stopped or

can be continued

2] By Humidity Sensor :- This sensor is similar to temperature

sensor the differences is that the temperature sensor senses
temperature surrounding and the humidity sensor sense
humidity of surrounding
By using this sensor in the land site the humidity can be checked
This device can helps to keep a track of humidity around us
But first let us know what is humidity and effects of humidity
Ans] Define
 Humidity is the amount of water vapor in a given volume of air.
High levels of humidity can cause people to feels uncomfortable
and even unwell. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in a
given volume of air.

Effects of Humidity on agriculture

Relative humidity of ambient air is a critical parameter for crop
production as it influences the water balance and photosynthesis
process in the plants. A comprehensive review on leafy, fruiting,
flowering plants and grains were conducted to determine the effects
of varying humidity levels on plant growth.

As the matter of fact humidity is consider one of the most important

factor for agriculture
To know the proper percentage of humidity for land site or farm this
sensor can help us
By installing this sensor we can approximate the humidity around
farm and calculate the water quantity required for farm
Process For this work
 Selecting Top
Class Sensor for farm or
yard
 Fitting in soil or separate
wood bar or steel bar
 Automatic valve
for stopping and
continuing flow of
water
 Digital Humidity Sensor

Soil Moisture Sensor

The function of this

sensor works like its
name as the sensor take
information from the
soil and execute it

By using this sensor we

can determine the
quantity of water required for farm as this can benefit the crops
to grow and avoid of destruction of crops
 As above and basically in all farm or land site electricity is required
to manage the expense we can install solar panel to operate the farm
It can benefit both the farmer and mother nature as it is economical
and pollution free
In other words Solar-powered irrigation systems (SPIS) are a clean
technology option for irrigation, allowing the use solar energy for
water pumping, replacing fossil fuels as energy source, and reducing
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from irrigated agriculture. The
sustainability of SPIS greatly depends on how water resources are
managed.
As this electricity helps the motor to pump the water and helps to
distribute it
 Chapter V
PROJECT
PROJECT
LAYOUT OF YARD
The Details of land site
 LAYOUT OF YARD

A Simple Plan of our project to get basic information about laying

patterns of pipe in our site

2.5 M 2.5 M 2.5 M 2.5 M

--------------------
5M

Detail Drawing Or Layout Of Sprinkler Of References Land

 Fig :- Sprinkler Head

1] Area of Plot = 1 Guntha = 0.025 Acre=101.17 m^2

2] Diameter Of nozzle :- 25mm
3]Pressure :- 30 Psi
Discharge For Sprinkler for whole site
Q= A x V [ Standard V =5 meter/sec]
Q= 202.34 m^3
The Details of land site are below
1] A piece of land is used for
references of our project

2] This land is basically is a yard and this yard soil has Arid soils range
from red to brown on colour.
They are generally sandy in
texture and saline in nature
3] In this site 2 tank are used to
store water and the water source for
storing is mainly underground. Each
tank capacity is 1000 litre .

4] As this tank is filled with the help

of underground water it required
pump which is also available in this
site . The motor is buried down till
1200ft.
5] The sprinkler is installed in necessary points . Each sprinkler head
is installed after or spacing of 5m . Each sprinkler covers 2.5m
around it

Process
1] First water is pumped from under ground and filled in tank
2] Then water which is stored in the tank is allowed in the sprinkler in
interval of time
3] Required amount of water is allowed so that it does not spoil the
grass and soil of yard

Points:-
1] Each sprinkler cover 2.5 m, appropriate sprinkler head is necessary
2] PVC pipe is used in this yard
3] PVC tank is used

Reference
Various websites were used to get the information
Like – Wikipedia
https://civiltoday.com/water-resource-engineering/irrigation/58-
objectives-of-irrigation#google_vignette
https://worstroom.com/types-of-sprinkler-heads/
https://www.wikihow.com/Install-a-Sprinkler-System#/Image:Install-
a-Sprinkler-System-Step-17-Version-3.jpg
https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agricultural_engineering/
spring_irrigation.pdf
E Book :- Biswas, Ranajit Kumar, Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation

Conclusion :-
Irrigation is an a important factor for a developing nation . As India is
developing nation and its half percent (54 %) of economy is based on
agriculture irrigation become a good source of income and
employment . As we read the above content we know to get various
factors of irrigation and their uses . As irrigation is costly it can’t be
installed by every farmer or person and it is mostly used in large land
site as India is growing Its attention towards agriculture and lifestyle
of farmers has increased and various private companies , startup are
coming forwards to lend a hand to the farmers [ by seeking their profit
too] government also making plans and subsides to support farmers .

END