Fundamentals of Physics

FUNDAMENTALS
OF PHYSICS
Physics
•Isthe study of interactions

of matter and energy in all
their diverse forms.
•Exactness and certainty in
describing interaction.
Base Quantities
Mass (kg)
Length (m)
Time (s)
Derived Quantities
Energy
Power (W)
Work (J)
Momentum (kg-m/s)
Force (Kg∙m/s2) or N
Velocity (m/s)
Acceleration (m/s2)
Special Quantities
•Exposure
•Absorbed dose
•Effective dose; dose equivalent
•Radioactivity
Length Mass Time
SI System Meter Kilogram Time
MKS System Meter Kilogram Second
CGS System Centimetre Gram Second
British foot Pound Second

System
Length (meter)
Old unit
•1meter distance between 2 lines
engraved on platinum-iridium
SI unit
•1meter  wavelength of orange light
emitted from an isotope of krypton86
•1meter  distance travelled by light
•1 meter  1/ 299, 792, 468 sec.
Mass (kilogram)
Old unit
1 kilogram  1000cm3 of water in
platinum-iridium cylinder.
SI unit
•1 kilogram  1000cm3 of water at 4˚c
•Kilogram unit of mass
•Newton or pound unit British, unit of
weight.
Time (second)
Old unit
•1 second  rotation of the earth on
its axis-the mean solar day
SI unit
•1 second  vibration of atoms of
cesium atomic clock
Mechanics
Is a segment of physics that

deals with object at rest
(statics) and objects in motion
(dynamics)
Velocity (v)/ Speed
Is a measure of how fast something
is moving or, more precisely the rate
of change of its position with time
V= d/t
•v= velocity (m/s) d
•d= distance (m) v t
•t= time (s)
Velocity (v)/ Speed
Example 2: What is the
velocity of a ball that travels
60 m in 4 sec.?
V= d/t
V= 60m/4sec
V= 15m/s
Average velocity (Ṽ)
Ṽ= Vₒ + Vf
2
Ṽ= average velocity
V0 = initial velocity
Vf= final velocity
Average velocity (Ṽ)
Example: A dragster running a race
starts from rest and finishes with a
80 m/s velocity. What is the
average velocity of the dragster?
Ṽ= Vₒ + Vf
2
Ṽ= 0 m/s + 80 m/s
2
Ṽ= 40 m/s
Acceleration (a)
The rate of change of velocity with
time
It is how quickly or slowly the
velocity is changing
m/s2
a = Vf – V0
t
Acceleration (a)
Example: What is the acceleration of the
dragster? Given: Vf = 80m/s ; t= 10.2 s
a = 80 m/s – 0 m/s
10.2 s
a = 7.8 m/s2
Newton’s Law of Motion
1686; English scientist Isaac

Newton presented the 3 principles
that even today are recognized as
fundamental laws of motion
Newton’s First Law:
Inertia
A body will remain at rest or
continue to move with
constant velocity in straight
line unless acted on by an
external force
(push/friction)
Newton’s Second Law:
Force
•The force (f) on acting on an
object is equal to the mass (m)
object multiplied by the
acceleration (a) produced.
•Force can be thought of as a
push or pull on an object.
•F= ma
Newton’s Third Law:
Action/ Reaction
•For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction
•“Action” was Newton’s word for
“force”. According to this law, if
you push on a heavy block, the
block will push back on you with
the same force that you apply.
Force (F)
•Newton (N)
•Kg∙m/s2
f
•F=ma m a
•F= force
•m= mass
•a= acceleration
Force (F)
Example: find the force on a 55kg

mass accelerated at 14m/s2
F= 55kg x 14 m/s 2
F= 770 N
Weight (N) or (Pounds)
•isa force on a body caused by the downward
pull of gravity on it.
•Wt = mg wt
•Wt= weight
•m= mass
m g
•g= gravity
•Gravity of earth = 9.8 m/s2
•Gravity of moon = 1.6 m/s2
•1 lb= 4.5 N
Weight (N) or (Pounds)
Example: A student has a mass of 75kg.
What is her weight on the earth? On the
moon?
Earth:
Wt= 75 kg x 9.8 m/s2
Wt= 735 N
Moon:
Wt= 75 x 1.6 m/s2
Wt= 120 N
Momentum (p)
Is the product of mass and velocity

P= mv
p
P=momentum
M= mass m v
V= velocity
Work (w)
•Joule
•The work done on an object is the
force applied times the distance over
which it is applied.
•Work is the product of force and
distance
•W= Fd
Work (w)
•W= Fd w
•w= (ma) x d
f d
•w= work
•F= force
f
•d= distance
m a
Work (w)
Example: Find the work done in
lifting an infant patient weighting
90N (20 lbs) to a height of 1.5m.
W= Fd
W= 90N x 1.5m
W= 135 joule
Power (P)
•Joule/sec (Watt) SI unit

•Horse power (hp)  British unit
•Is the rate of doing work
•Is the quotient of work by time
Power (P)
•P= w/t w
•P= fd/t p t
•P= (ma)(d)/t
w f
f d m a
Power (P)
Example: A radiographer lifts a 0.8 kg
cassette from the floor to the top of a
1.5m table with an acceleration of 3m/s2.
What is the power exerted if it takes 1.2
s?
Given: mass = 0.8 kg
Distance= 1.5 m
Acceleration= 3 m/s2
Time= 1.2 sec.
Power (P)
F= ma
F= 0.8 kg x 3 m/s2
F= 2.4 N
w= Fd P= w/t
w= (2.4N) x (1.5m) P= 3.6 joule / 1.2 sec
w= 3.6 Joule P= 3 joule/sec
P= 3 watt
Energy
•Isthe ability to do work
•Energy may be transform from one to
another but it cannot be created nor
destroyed.
•Joule.
•The unit of energy and work is the same,
the joule.
2 forms of mechanical
Energy
Kineticenergy
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
•Energy at motion
KE= __1__
2mv2
Potential energy
•Stored energy of position/

configuration
•PE= mgh
• PE= potential energy
• m= mass
• g= gravity
• h= height
Potential energy
Example: A radiographer holds a 6kg

x-ray tube 1.5m above the ground.
What is its potential energy?
PE= 6kg x 9.8 m/s2 x 1.5 m

PE= 88 kg∙m2/s2
Heat
•Isthe kinetic energy of the random

motion of molecules.
•The unit of heat, the “calorie”, is
defined as the heat necessary to raise
the temperature of 1g of water
through 1˚C.
•The heat is transfer by conduction,
convection, and radiation.
Conduction
•Isthe transfer of heat through a
material of by touching
•Molecular motion from a high-
temperature object that touches a lower-
temperature object equalizes the
temperature of both.
•Hot water + cold water = lukewarm
•Heat is conducted from an x-ray tube
anode through the rotor to insulating oil
Convection
•Is a mechanical transfer of hot

molecules in a gas or liquid from one
place to another.
•A steam radiator or forced-air
furnace warms a room by convection.
•Heat is convected from the housing
of an x-ray tube to air.
Radiation/ Thermal
radiation
•Isthe transfer of heat by

emission of infrared radiation.
•An x-ray tube cools primarily
by radiation.
Temperature
•Thermometer
•Temperature scale: Celsius,
Fahrenheit, Kelvin
•Celsius : C= 5/9 (F- 32)
•Fahrenheit: F= 9/5 C + 32
•Kelvin: K= C +273
END

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FUNDAMENTALS

•Isthe study of interactions

SI System Meter Kilogram Time

MKS System Meter Kilogram Second

CGS System Centimetre Gram Second

British foot Pound Second

Is a segment of physics that

1686; English scientist Isaac

Example: find the force on a 55kg

Is the product of mass and velocity

•Joule/sec (Watt) SI unit

•Stored energy of position/

Example: A radiographer holds a 6kg

PE= 6kg x 9.8 m/s2 x 1.5 m

•Isthe kinetic energy of the random

•Is a mechanical transfer of hot

•Isthe transfer of heat by

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