1. Euclid's second axiom is (A) The things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another (B) If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal (C) If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equals (D) Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another 2. — Euclid’s fifth postulate is (A) The whole is greater than the part. (B) A circle may be described with any centre and any radius. (C) All right angles are equal to one another. (D) If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it taken together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles. 3. The things which are double of the same thing are (A) equal (B) unequal (C) halves of the same thing (D) double of the same thing 4. — Axioms are assumed (A) universal truths in all branches of mathematics (B) universal truths specific to geometry (C) theorems (D) definitions 5. — dohnis of the same age as Mohan. Ram is also of the same age as Mohan. State the Euclid's axiom that illustrates the relative ages of John and Ram (A) First Axiom (B) Second Axiom (C) Third Axiom (D) Fourth Axiom 6. Itis known that x + y = 10 and x = 2, then show that z + y = 10. 7. In figure, C is mid-point of the segment AB, P and Q are mid-point of the segment AC and BC 1 respectively. Prove that AP = BQ = 7 AB. APC QB 8. — Given four distinct points in a plane. How many lines can be drawn through them? 9. Iflines AB, AC, AD and AE are parallel toa line ¢ what can be said about the points A, B, C, D and E? 10. How many planes can be made to pass through three distinct points ? er wng 201929 fades Gamay i ad Arg 70 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerClass IX : Mathematics CHECK POST-2 1. What value of x would make AOB a line in figure, if ZAOC = 4x and ZBOC = (6x + 30°)? 2. Iftwoparalel lines are intersected by a transversal, then prove that the bisectors of any pair of altemate interior angles are parallel. = Ifthe bisectors of a pair of altemate interior angle are parallel, then prove that given lines are parallel. 4. In figure, if QT 1 PR, ZTQR = 40° and ZSPR = 30°, find x and y. R 5. In figure, ray OC stands on the line AB ; ray OL. and ray OM are angle bisector of Z AOC and Z BOC, respectively. Prove that Z LOM = 90°. i » Ic i : j A oO B 3 i 6. _ In figure, lines AB and CD intersect each other at point O. If a: b = 4: 5, find a, b, c and d. g a e 3 4 rr @ scanned with OKEN ScannerEuclid’s Geometry & In figure, lines PQ and RS intersect each other at point O ; ray OA and ray OB bisect Z POR and POS respectively. If 2 POA : 2 POB = 2: 7, then find 2 SOQ and 2 BOQ. 8. Prove that the sum of all angles round a point is equal to 360°. OR Rays OA, OB, OC, OD and OE have the common initial point O. Show that ZAOB + ZBOC + ZCOD + ZDOE + ZEOA = 360°. 9. Prove that if a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is 180°. 10. Prove that if the sum of two adjacent angles is 180°, then the non-common arms are two opposite rays. GOLDEN KEY POINTS © A collection of axioms is consistent, if it is impossible to derive from these axioms a result that contradicts any axiom or postulate or previously proved property. © — Asentence which is either true or false but not both, is called a statement. E.g4 +9 = 16. Itis a false sentence, so it isa statement. @ The geometry of the universe we live in has been shown to be a non- Euclidean geometry. In fact, itis called spherical geometry. In spherical geometry, lines are not straight. They are parts of great Circles (ie., circles obtained by the intersection of a sphere and planes passing through the center of the sphere, Planes can also be parallel. The shelves in a bookcase are examples of parts of planes. The shelves are the same distance apart at all points, and do not appear to intersect. They are parallel. In geometry, planes that do not intersect are called parallel planes. Some times lines that do not intersect are not in the same plane. These lines are called skew lines. Hy Es @ scanned with OKEN ScannerClass IX : Mathematics Ge 1. The number of dimensions, a surface has : (a) 1 (B) 2 (C3 (DO 2. Euclid divided his famous treatise “The Elements” into (A) 13 chapters (B) 12 chapters (C) 11 chapters (D) 9 chapters 3. _ In Indus Valley Civilisation (about 300 B.C.), the bricks used for construction work were having dimensions in the ratio (A) 1:3:4 (B)4:2:1 wa: (D)4:3:2 4. Inancient India, the shapes of altars used for house hold rituals were : {A) Squares and circles {B) Triangles and rectangles {C) Trapeziums and pyramids {D) Rectangles and squares 5. The number of interwoven isosceles triangles in Sriyantra (in the Atharvaveda) is: {A) Seven (B) Eight (C) Nine (D) Eleven 6. The edges of a surface are : {A) points (B) lines (C) either (A) or (B)__ (D) none of these 7. Twolines are intersecting, if they : {A) are parallel to each other {B) are perpendicular to each other {C) have a common point {D) none of these 8. Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be ... to the same line. (A) equal {B) parallel {C) concurrent (D) none of these 9. Iastraight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it, whose sum is 120°, then the two straight lines, if produced indefiniely, meet on the side on which the sum. of angles is {A) less than 120° {B) greater than 120° (C) is equal to 120° (D) greater than 180° 10. The three steps from solids to points are : {A) Solids - surfaces - lines - points (B) Solids - lines - surfaces - points {C) Lines - points - surfaces - solids {D) Lines - surfaces - points - solids 11. The total number of propositions in the Elements are : (A) 465, (B) 460 (C) 13 (D) 55. 12. The side faces of a pyramid are : (A) Triangles (B) Squares (C) Polygons (D) Trapeziums se @ scanned with OKEN Scanner13. 14. 15. 16, 17. 18. 19. Meee cn 19 cI. na Ae Euclid’s Geometry & Lines and Angles Itis known that ix + y = 10 thenx + y +2 = 10 +z, The Euclid’s axiom that illustrates this statement is: (A) First Axiom (B) Second Axiom —(C) Third Axiom (D) Fourth Axiom In the given figure, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY then: (A)AB > XY (B) AB = XY (C)AB < XY (D) none of these In figure, if AB |j CD || EF PQ || RS, ZRQD = 25° and ZCQP = 60°, then ZQRS is equal to - (a) 85° (8) 135° (C) 145° (0) 110° Ifone angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the other two angles, then the triangle is - (A) An isosceles triangle (B) An obtuse triangle {C) An equilateral triangle (D) A right triangle An exterior angle of a triangle is 105° and its two interior opposite angles are equal. Each of these equal angles is - 1 1 1 . (A) 372° B) 52° (C) 724° (D) 75 (4) 375 (B) 825 (©) 725 (D) fone of the angles of a triangle is 130°, then the angle between the bisectors of the other two angles can be- (A) 50° (B) 65° (C) 145° (D) 155° In figure, if OP || RS, ZOPQ = 110° and ZQRS = 130°, then ZPQR is equal to - (a) 40° R s B) 50° (B) 7 130° (C) 60° 2° no (0) 70° Q ). Angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 4: 3. The smallest angle of the triangle is - (A) 60° (B) 40° (C) 80° (D) 20° a} @ scanned with OKEN ScannerClass IX : Mathematics 21, If the supplement of an angle is three times its complement, then angle is: (a) 40” {B) 35° (c) 50” (D) 45° 22, 50% of an angle is the supplement of 110°. The value of the angle is : (A) 35° (B) 125° (c) 109° (0) 140° 23. Inthe given figure, the value of 7 BDE is : (A) 65° (B) 75° (C) 45° (D) 35° 24, In the figure, AB || CD. If 7 ABE = 120° and 7 BED = 25°, the value of xis : E 1207 a B c Ay (A) 145° (B) 95° (C) 90° (D) 115° 25. In the figure, QO and RO are the bisectors of “Qand £R respectively. If 7 QPR = 75° and ZPQR = 56°, the measure of ORQis: B (A) 28° (B) 59° (C) 24.5° (D) 29.5° tee eg E1720 I ety am Age @ scanned with OKEN ScannerMerhose = 01028. i's Gy led Ae Euclid’s Geometry & Lines and Angles 1. Which of the following statements is false? {A) A line segment can be produced to any desired length. {B) Through a given point, only one straight line can be drawn. {C) Through two given points, it is possible to draw one and only one straight line, {D) Two straight lines can intersect in only one point. 2. Which of the following geometric terms is undefined ? (A) point (B) line (C) plane {D) all the above 3. Which one of the following statements is true ? (A) A surface has lenath only. {B) Solid is an undefined term. {C) Aline segments can be extended indefinitely in one direction. {D) All right angles are equal to one another, 4. Which of the following is true? {i) A triangle can have two right angles. {ii) A triangle can have all angles less than 60°, (iil) A triangle can have two acute angles. {A) Only (ii) (B) Only (i) (C) Only (ii) {D) All are true 5. Which of the following is true? {i) A triangle can have two obtuse angles. (ii) A triangle can have all angles equal to 60°, (iil) A triangle can have all angles more than 60°. (A) Only (ii) (B) Only (i) (C) Only (ii) (D) All are true 6. Xllies in the interior of ZBAC. If ZBAC = 70° and ZBAX = 42° then ZXAC = (a) 28° (B) 29° (er (0) 30° 7. Inthe given figure, straight lines PQ and RS intersect at O. If the magnitude of 0 is 3 times that of $, then 26 is equal to: R Q (A) 30° (B) 40° 6 (C) 45° e (0) 60° B 8. _ Inthe given figure, if PQ | | RS, then the values of x and y are = (A) x = 65%, y = 55° P. A Q ma {B) x = 55°, y = 65° @ scanned with OKEN ScannerClass IX : Mathematics 9. Inthe figure, AB || DE, the value of / BC! (a) 80° (B) 130° (©) 50 (D) 30° 10. In the figure, if PQ | | RS, then P. Q s (A) a + b° (B) a +b? +e = 180° (Cha? +b c° = 180° (D) a° +b? = 90° + 6° @ scanned with OKEN ScannerALLEN” Euclid’s Geometry & Lines and Angles 8. uc Short answer type questions State an axiom used in each of the following statements (i) fx +7 = 13thenx =6. (ii) Ifs-4=9, thens = 13. (iii) fx =8andy (iv) Ifx=9 andy Sthenx +y = 11. 1, then x-y =8. Define the following terms: (i) Linesegment (ii) Collinear points (iii) Parallel lines (iv) Intersecting lines (v) Concurrent lines (vi) Ray (i) How many lines can pass through a given point? (ii) In how many points can two distinct lines at the most intersect? (i) Given two points P and Q, find how many lines segments do they determine. (ii) Name the lines segments determined by the three collinear points P,Q and R ‘A, Band C are three collinear points such that point A lies between B and C. B Name all the line segments determined by these points and write the relation between them, OA and OB are opposite rays fe (i) Ifx = 75°, what is the value of y? (ii) Ify = 110°, what is the value of x? rt 0 B In the given figure, AB is a mirror, PO is the i find ZPOA. Ifthe angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4, find the three angles. a @ scanned with OKEN ScannerClass IX : Mathematics Basten! Tong answer type questions 9. — Twosalesmen make equal sales during the month of August. In September, each salesman doubles his sale of the month of August. Compare their sales in September. 10. Itis known that x + y = 10 and that x = 2. Show that z + y = 10? 11. In the Fig ; we have X and Y are the mid-points Cc of AB and BC and AX = CY. Show that (i) AC =BC xX, yy (ii) CX A B 12. Inthe Fig; we have ZABC = ZACB, 23 = 24. Show that 41 = 22. A ph Rc 13. In the Fig., We have AC = DC, CB = CE. Show that AB = DE. A E ¢ 14. If Blies between A and C, AC = 15 cm and BC = 9 cm. What is AB? ? 15. In figure, Cis mid-point of the line segment AB. D and E are mid-points of the segments AC and BC respectively. + A D C E B Prove that : (i) AB = 4AD (ii) AB = 4BE 16. In figure, AC = PQ and CP = BQ Prove that P is mid-point of the line segment AB. A C P QB 17. If, Band Care three points ona line, and B lies between A and C, then prove that : AB + BC = AC. D C B eran org 32h may int on ee 92 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerEuclid’s Geometry & Lines and Angles 2 3 Of aright angle. 18. In figure p is a transversal to lines m and n, 21 = 60° and Prove that m|in. P aN cn 19. Find the value of x, if (i) In figure, ABCD (ii) In figure, ABI|CD and BC\IDE 20. In figure, if AB||CD then find the value of fi) x (ii) ~4GHS (iii) ZPRG (iv) ZCHF RSD 33 @ scanned with OKEN ScannerClass IX : Mathematics 21. The side EF FD and DE ofa triangle DEF are produced in order forming three exterior angles DFP. EDQ and FER respectively. Prove that DFP + 2EDQ + ZFER = 360°. 22. In ABC, 21 = 45°, ZC = 55° and bisector of ZA meets BC at a point D. Find ZADB and ZADC. High order thinking skills (HOTS) 23. In figure if BA || DF, AD || FG, ZBAC = 65° and ZACB = 55°, then find 2FGH. 24. 25. |{ figure, AB|ICD. Determine ZXOY. A Y 6 26. The side BC of a triangle ABC is produced to ray BC such that D is on ray BC. The bisector of ZA. meets BC in L. Prove that ZABC + ZACD = 2ZALC. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerEuclid’s Geometry & Lines and Angles COMPETI ee 1. Inthe given figure, A ODC ~ 4 OBA, 2 BOC = 115° and 2 CDO = 80°. Then ZOAB is equal to D c (NTSE STAGE-1 2014) (A) 80° os Osis (C) 45° (D) 65° < . 2. IAP and BP are the bisectors of the angle A and angle B of a parallelogram ABCD, then value of the angle APB is (NTSE STAGE-I 2016) (A) 30° (B) 45° cn [N (D) 90 . a 3. Ifinattriangle ABC, Dis the mid-point of side BC, ZADB = 45° and ZACD = 30°, then ZBAD and ZABC are respectively equal to (NTSE STAGE-II 2016) (A) 15%, 105: (B) 30°, 105: (C) 30°, 100° (D) 60", 100 4. Inthe following figure QTL. PR and QS = PS. If TQR = is (A) 80 (B) 25 (C15 (D) 35 10° and ARPS = 20° then value of x (NTSE STAGE-I 2017) 5. In AABC, AB = AC, Pand Qare points on AC and AB respectively such that BC = BP = PQ = AQ. Then ZAQP is equal to (use x = 180°) (NTSE Stage-II 2017) 2n 3x ., az Sn As BF oF OF 6. Inthe given figure, AB = AC, ZBAC = 40°, BE and CD are angle bisectors of 2B and ZC respectively, If ZDOE = x, the value of xis (NTSE Stage-I 2018) (A) 140° (B) 70° (C) 110° (D) 40° 35 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner